Small Business: Job Creation

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

Updated July 14, 2022

Congressional Research Service R40985

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

Summary

The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small business access to capital; contracting programs to increase small business opportunities in federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist their recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training programs to assist business formation and expansion.

Congressional interest in these programs has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy.

This report provides a brief description of the SBA's access to capital programs and includes congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the following:

P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), provided the SBA an additional $730 million, including $375 million to temporarily subsidize SBA fees and increase the 7(a) loan guaranty program's maximum loan guaranty percentage to 90%.

P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, authorized numerous changes to the SBA's loan guaranty and contracting programs; provided $510 million to continue the SBA's fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage through December 31, 2010; and provided about $12 billion in tax relief for small businesses.

P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other provisions, created a new $349 billion (later increased to $813.7 billion) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to provide forgivable, lowinterest loans to assist small businesses, small 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, and small 501(c)(19) veterans organizations that have been adversely affected by COVID-19. The loans were originally available through June 30, 2020, and were later made available through May 31, 2021.

When the national economy is doing well, congressional debate typically involves the extent to which the federal government should provide the SBA additional resources to assist small businesses in acquiring capital necessary to start, continue, or expand operations and create jobs. Those opposing providing additional resources typically worry about the long-term adverse economic effects of spending programs that increase the federal deficit. They generally advocate business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and federal fiscal restraint as the best means to assist small business economic growth and job creation.

During and immediately following recessions, concerns about fiscal constraint are typically superseded by the perceived need to help small businesses access the capital necessary to create or retain jobs. During these times of economic distress, congressional debate tends to focus on finding the means to provide additional SBA assistance to small businesses as quickly and efficiently as possible.

This report addresses a core issue facing the 117th Congress: What, if any, additional action should the federal government take to enhance small business access to capital?

Congressional Research Service

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

Contents

Small Business Access to Capital.................................................................................................... 1 The Supply and Demand for Private-Sector Small Business Loans................................................ 4

Federal Reserve Board: Surveys of Senior Loan Officers ........................................................ 4 SBA Lending ................................................................................................................................... 5 Laws Designed to Enhance the Supply of Small Business Loans................................................... 8 Laws Designed to Enhance the Demand for Small Business Loans ............................................. 13 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 15 SBA Funding ................................................................................................................................. 17 Concluding Observations .............................................................................................................. 19

Figures

Figure 1. Small Business Lending Environment, 2008-2022.......................................................... 5

Tables

Table 1. Selected Small Business Administration Financial Statistics, FY2007-FY2021............... 6 Table 2. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY2005-FY2022 ................................. 18

Table A-1. Selected Provisions, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010.......................................... 21 Table A-2. Selected Provisions, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

(CARES Act) as amended .......................................................................................................... 24

Appendixes

Appendix. Selected Provisions in the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 and the CARES Act .............................................................................................................................................. 21

Contacts

Author Information........................................................................................................................ 25

Congressional Research Service

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

Small Business Access to Capital

One of the primary reasons the Small Business Administration (SBA) was created in 1953 was "to preserve free competitive enterprise" by assisting small businesses and, by doing so, prevent large businesses from forming oligarchies and monopolies that can control the supply of goods and services and the prices paid for those goods and services. The idea was that the preservation and expansion of full and free competition "is basic not only to the economic well-being but to the security of this Nation."1 The perceived by-product of full and free competition was a more efficient and robust economy that creates and retains jobs.

To achieve these goals, the SBA administers several programs to support small businesses needing access to capital, including venture capital programs to provide "long-term loans and equity capital to small businesses, especially those with potential for substantial job growth and economic impact"2 and loan guaranty programs to encourage lenders to provide loans to small businesses "that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms and conditions."3 Three of the most used SBA business loan programs are

the 7(a) loan guarantee program (loans totaling $36.8 billion in FY2021),4 the 504/CDC loan guarantee program (loans totaling $8.3 billion in FY2021),5

and

the Microloan direct lending program (loans totaling $49.5 million in FY2021 to Microloan intermediaries and $74.6 million from the Microloan intermediaries to Microloan borrowers).6

In addition, the SBA's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) accepted applications--with some interruptions--from April 3, 2020, through August 8, 2020, and then from January 11, 2021, through May 31, 2021. The SBA approved about $800 billion in PPP loans to assist small businesses negatively affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Under specified conditions (e.g., at least 60% of the loan proceeds must be used for payroll), these loans may be forgiven by the SBA.7

Historically, one of the justifications presented for funding the SBA's access to capital programs, other than promoting a full and free competitive economic system, has been that small businesses

1 15 U.S.C. ?631.

2 U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Fiscal Year 2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 58, at .

3 SBA, Fiscal Year 2010 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 30, at aboutsbaarticle/Congressional_Budget_Justification_2010.pdf.

4 For additional information and analysis concerning the 7(a) loan guarantee program and its subcomponents (such as the SBAExpress, Community Advantage Loan, and International Loan programs), see CRS Report R41146, Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.

5 For additional information and analysis concerning the 504/CDC loan guarantee program, see CRS Report R41184, Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.

6 For additional information and analysis concerning the Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.

7 For additional information and analysis of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), see CRS Report R46284, COVID19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options, by Robert Jay Dilger and Bruce R. Lindsay.

Congressional Research Service

1

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

can be at a disadvantage, compared with other businesses, when trying to obtain sufficient capital and credit.8 As an economist explained

Growing firms need resources, but many small firms may have a hard time obtaining loans because they are young and have little credit history. Lenders may also be reluctant to lend to small firms with innovative products because it might be difficult to collect enough reliable information to correctly estimate the risk for such products. If it's true that the lending process leaves worthy projects unfunded, some suggest that it would be good to fix this "market failure" with government programs aimed at improving small businesses' access to credit.9

Congressional interest in the SBA's programs has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy.10

Economists generally do not view job creation as a justification for providing federal assistance to small businesses. They argue that in the long term such assistance will likely reallocate jobs within the economy, not increase them. In their view, jobs arise primarily from the size of the labor force, which depends largely on population, demographics, and factors that affect the choice of home versus market production (e.g., the entry of women in the workforce). However, economic theory does suggest that increased federal spending may result in additional jobs in the short term.

For example, the SBA reported in September 2010 that the $730 million in additional funding provided to the agency by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), created or retained 785,955 jobs.11 Also, a study by economists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the SBA's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), created by P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), "increased aggregate U.S. employment by 1.4 million to 3.2 million jobs through the first week of June 2020."12 Perhaps indicative of the methodological challenges in determining PPP's impact on employment, other estimates range from a self-reported high of 51 million jobs saved by PPP recipients to a positive, but imprecise effect on employment by economists at the National Bureau of Economic Research.13

8 Proponents of providing federal funding for the SBA's loan guarantee programs also argue that small business can promote competitive markets. See P.L. 83-163, ?2(a), as amended; and 15 U.S.C. ?631a. 9 Veronique de Rugy, Why the Small Business Administration's Loan Programs Should Be Abolished, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, AEI Working Paper #126, April 13, 2006, at . Also, see U.S. Government Accountability Office, Small Business Administration: 7(a) Loan Program Needs Additional Performance Measures, GAO-08-226T, November 1, 2007, pp. 3, 9-11, at . 10 For further information and analysis concerning the role of small businesses in job creation, see CRS Report R41523, Small Business Administration and Job Creation, by Robert Jay Dilger. For further information and analysis concerning programs enacted to assist small businesses during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, see CRS Report R46284, COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options, by Robert Jay Dilger, Bruce R. Lindsay, and Sean Lowry. 11 SBA, "FY2009/2010 Final--Recovery Program Performance Report, September 2010," September 2010, at . 12 David Autor, David Cho, Leland D. Crane, Mita Goldar, Byron Lutz, Joshua Montes, William B. Peterman, David Ratner, Daniel Villar and Ahu Yildirmaz, "An Evaluation of the Paycheck Protection Program Using Administrative Payroll Microdata," July 22, 2020, pp. 3, 4, at . 13 Ashley D. Bell, SBA southeast regional administrator, "PPP Save Over 51 Million Jobs," at

Congressional Research Service

2

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

During good economic times, congressional debate about the SBA typically involves the extent to which the federal government should provide the SBA additional resources to assist small businesses in acquiring capital necessary to start, continue, or expand operations and create jobs. Those opposing providing additional resources to the SBA typically worry about the long-term adverse economic effects of spending programs that increase the federal deficit. They generally advocate business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and federal fiscal restraint as the best means to assist small business economic growth and job creation.14

During and immediately following recessions, concerns about fiscal constraint are typically superseded by the perceived need to help small businesses access the capital necessary to create or retain jobs. During these times of economic distress, congressional debate tends to focus on finding ways to provide additional SBA assistance to small businesses as quickly and efficiently as possible. For example, the SBA, which normally is appropriated somewhat less than $1 billion annually, received supplemental appropriations totaling $760.9 billion in FY2020 and $378.5 billion in FY2021 to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.15

When determining how to best help small businesses access capital, Congress has recognized that the small business lending environment has two key features: the willingness of lenders to offer loans (the supply) and the willingness of small businesses to seek loans (the demand). For example, during economic downturns, lenders tend to tighten loan underwriting standards (e.g., the minimum requirements concerning the applicant's credit history, the extent of available collateral, the business's past and projected cash flow, and the extent of the owner's previous business experience) in anticipation that the risk of small businesses defaulting on loans will increase during recessionary times. This reduces the supply of small business loans. The demand for small business loans also tends to fall during recessionary times because many small business borrowers worry about their ability to repay new loans, particularly if the business's revenue is in decline.

Congress also recognizes that there are different ways to address small business loan supply and demand issues. For example, temporarily increasing SBA loan guaranty percentages encourages lenders to offer (supply) small business loans because the higher guaranty percentages shift lending risk from the lender to the federal government (the taxpayer). In contrast, temporarily providing SBA fee waivers encourages small business borrowers to seek (demand) new loans because the cost of securing SBA loans is reduced.

This report addresses a core issue facing the 117th Congress: What, if any, additional action should the federal government take to enhance small business access to capital? It provides an assessment of the supply and demand for small business loans, and discusses recently enacted

about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/ppp-save-over-51-million-jobs; SBA, "Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Report, Approvals through 06/30/2020," p. 4, at PPP%20Results%20-%20Sunday%20FINAL.pdf; and Alexander W. Bartik, Zoe B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca, Christopher T. Stanton, and Adi Sunderam, "The Targeting and Impact of Paycheck Protection Program Loans to Small Businesses," National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 27623, July 2020, p. 3, at . 14 See Susan Eckerly, "NFIB Responds to President's Small Business Lending Initiatives," Washington, DC, October 21, 2009; and National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), "Government Spending," Washington, DC, at . 15 For additional information and analysis of the SBA's budget, see CRS Report R43846, Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends, by Robert Jay Dilger.

Congressional Research Service

3

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

laws designed to enhance small business access to capital by increasing the supply of small business loans, the demand for small business loans, or both.

The Supply and Demand for Private-Sector

Small Business Loans

Federal Reserve Board: Surveys of Senior Loan Officers

For many years, the SBA's Office of Advocacy's economists have used the Federal Reserve Board's quarterly survey of senior loan officers to assess the supply and demand of the small business lending environment.16 The survey includes a question concerning the senior loan officer's bank's credit standards for small business loans: "Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for C&I [commercial and industrial] loans or credit lines--other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions--for small firms (annual sales of less than $50 million) changed?" The senior loan officers are asked to indicate if their bank's credit standards have "Tightened considerably," "Tightened somewhat," "Remained basically unchanged," "Eased somewhat," or "Eased considerably." Subtracting the percentage of respondents reporting "Eased somewhat" and "Eased considerably" from the percentage of respondents reporting "Tightened considerably" and "Tightened somewhat" provides an indication of the market's supply of small business loans.

As shown in Figure 1, senior loan officers reported that they have generally tightened their small business loan credit standards during recessions and eased their loan credit standards during periods of economic recovery and expansion.17

The survey also includes a question concerning the demand for small business loans: "Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for C&I loans changed over the past three months for small firms (annual sales of less than $50 million)?" Senior loan officers are asked to indicate if demand was "Substantially stronger," "Moderately stronger," "About the same," "Moderately weaker," or "Substantially weaker." Subtracting the percentage of respondents reporting "Moderately weaker" and "Substantially weaker" from the percentage of respondents reporting "Substantially stronger" and "Moderately stronger" indicates the market's demand for small business loans.

As shown in Figure 1, senior loan officers reported that the demand for small business loans generally declined during and immediately following recessions and increased during periods of economic recovery and expansion.

16 SBA, Office of Advocacy, "Small Business Economic Bulletin: November 2021," at category/research/facts-about-small-businesses/economic-bulletins/.

17 The Great Recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009. The 2020 recession began in February 2020 and ended in April 2020.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an independent, nonprofit research group, is generally used as the source for determining the start and end dates for recessions in the United States. The NBER

does not define recession as two consecutive quarters of declining real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is a popular metric used by the media. Rather NBER uses a broader definition of recession as a period where there is a significant decline in economic activity that spreads across the economy. NBER uses a number of indicators to measure economic activity, including real GDP, economy-wide employment, real sales, and industrial production.

See CRS In Focus IF10411, Introduction to U.S. Economy: The Business Cycle and Growth, by Lida R. Weinstock.

Congressional Research Service

4

Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation

Figure 1. Small Business Lending Environment, 2008-2022

(senior loan officers' survey responses)

Sources: Federal Reserve Board, "Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices," at ; and Brian Headd, "Forum Seeks Solutions To Thaw Frozen Small Business Credit," The Small Business Advocate, vol. 28, no. 10 (December 2009), p. 3, at default/files/The%20Small%20Business%20Advocate%20-%20December%202009.pdf.

SBA Lending

Table 1 shows selected financial statistics for the SBA from FY2007 to FY2021. It provides an overview of the extent of the SBA's various programs to enhance small business access to capital.

The first column reports the total amount of SBA-approved 7(a) loans, 504/CDC loans, and loans to Microloan intermediaries from FY2007 to FY2021. Each year, 7% to 10% of 7(a) and 504/CDC approved loans are subsequently canceled for a variety of reasons, typically by the borrower (e.g., the borrower found funding elsewhere, sold the business, etc.).

The second column indicates the net amount, after cancellations and returns, of SBA-approved Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans in FY2020 and FY2021. PPP lending volume was unprecedented. Largely due to the PPP, the SBA's total lending amount in FY2020 exceeded the total amount provided from all of the SBA's lending programs combined over the previous 29 years.

The third column reports the contract value of bonds guaranteed under the SBA's surety bond guarantee program.18 A surety bond is a three-party instrument between a surety (someone who agrees to be responsible for the debt or obligation of another), a contractor, and a project owner.

18 For further information and analysis of the SBA's surety bond guarantee program, see CRS Report R42037, SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.

Congressional Research Service

5

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download