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UNIT 7: Genetics

Unit 7 Vocabulary:

|Word |Parts/meaning of word, if |Definition |Picture example if any |

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|Heredity | | | |

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|Trait | | | |

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|Genetics | | | |

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|Recessive | | | |

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|Dominant | | | |

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|Homozygous |“Homo” means same. | | |

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|Heterozygous |“Hetero” means different. | | |

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|Gene | | | |

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|Allele | | | |

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|Genotype | | | |

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|Phenotype | | | |

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|Punnett square | | | |

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|Chromosome | | | |

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|DNA | | | |

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|Somatic cell | | | |

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|Sex cell | | | |

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OLS Lesson 1: Mendel’s Pea Plants

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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| |Gregor Mendel noticed that pea plants had certain identifiable and measurable |

|What did Mendel discover? |features, or characteristics. |

| |Mendel observed that some characteristics, such as flower color, seed shape, and |

| |seed color, were heritable, or passed on from parents to offspring regardless of |

| |the environment. |

| |[NOTE: Many traits can be inherited, influenced by environmental factors, or |

| |influenced by lifestyle choice (not everything is just determined by our genes!)]|

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| |A dominant trait shows up, or is expressed, even in the presence of the other |

| |factor. A recessive trait does not show up even in the presence of the other |

| |factor. |

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|What are dominant and recessive alleles? | |

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|Video – Introduction to Genetics | |

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OLS Lesson 2: Genes and Alleles

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|What are basic units of inheritance and where are they found? |A section of a chromosome that typically contains the code for a particular |

| |protein, which determines a specific trait is a gene. |

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| |[pic] |

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| |DNA is found in all living cells |

| |It controls all functions inside a cell |

| |It stores all the genetic information for an entire |

| |living organism |

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| |Alleles - two different forms of a single gene (dominant and recessive) |

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| |Dominant Allele: the allele that determines what the organism will look like |

| |(upper case letter) |

| |Recessive Allele: the allele that is not expressed in the organize unless both |

|What is DNA? |alleles are recessive (lower case letter) |

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|What are dominant and recessive alleles? |DNA makes RNA makes PROTEIN |

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|How are proteins made? | |

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|Video – genes | |

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OLS Lesson 3: Inheritance

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|How do genes carry the information for inherited traits from parent to |Sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as other body cells because one sex |

|offspring? |cell from each of two parents combines to form a new organism. |

| |Male sex cell – sperm |

| |Female sex cell – egg |

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| |The two chromosomes in a pair are called homologous chromosome. Every cell (other |

| |than the sex cells) carries 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. |

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| |If both alleles in a pair of genes are the same, then the organism is said to be |

| |homozygous for that trait. The prefix homo means “the same.” |

| |EX: AA or aa |

|What is homozygous vs. heterozygous? |If each allele from a pair of genes is different, then the organism is said to |

| |be heterozygous for that trait. The prefix hetero means “different.”  |

| |EX: Aa |

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| |In mammals, the two sex chromosomes are called X and Y, because of their shapes. |

| |Females have two X chromosomes (XX). Males have one X chromosome and one Y |

| |chromosome (XY). |

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|Why are you male or female? | |

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OLS Lesson 4: Punnett Squares

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|What did Reginald Punnett create? |He created a Punnett square which is a grid used to predict the results of |

| |genetic crosses. |

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|How can we predict the traits that parents will pass on to their offspring? |EXAMPLE Showing Cross Between Two Black Rabbits Both Heterozygous (Bb) for Fur |

| |Color (black is the dominant phenotype – B, white is the recessive phenotype – b)|

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| |[pic] |

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| |Three of the potential offspring would be BLACK (since they have the dominant |

| |allele for black fur)! |

| |One of the potential offspring would be WHITE (since they have BOTH recessive |

| |alleles for white fur)! |

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| |The combination of alleles for a trait is an organism’s genotype. (EX: BB, Bb, |

| |bb). The visible trait that an offspring exhibits is called its phenotype. (EX:|

| |black fur or white fur) |

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|What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? | |

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OLS Lesson 7: Similarities Among Organisms

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|What are the boundaries between species? |A species is a group of organisms that closely resemble one another and are able |

| |to interbreed. |

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|Why are organisms within a species different? |Variation- differences that exist between individuals of the same species |

| |-can be genotypic or phenotypic |

| |Give an example of genotypic and phenotypic variation in humans |

| |1.Tall / short |

| |2.Dimples / no dimples |

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| |GENES and ALLELES. |

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|What is responsible for different traits in a species? | |

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| |Even though we have different combinations of alleles from each parent, we still |

|Why would you never confuse a human with a different species of animal? |have the same number and kinds of chromosomes as our parents. |

| |[pic] [pic] |

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| |Each species carries a certain number of chromosomes and certain kinds of |

| |chromosomes. |

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| |HUMANS – 46 chromosomes. |

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OLS Lesson 8: Chromosomes

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|What is the code carrying material in our body? |DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid; this is the molecule, unique to each individual, carrying |

| |the genetic information to be found in every cell; all the information an organism needs|

| |to live and reproduce is contained in its DNA |

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| |Double Helix: in biology, the term used to describe the shape of DNA; helix means |

| |spiral, and the two sides of the DNA strand make it a double spiral |

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| |Chromosome-a single long molecule of DNA wound around special proteins |

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| |DNA makes RNA makes PROTEIN! |

|Where is our DNA? |[pic] |

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|How does DNA work? | |

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OLS Lesson 9: Meiosis

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|Why is every individual human unique? |With sexual reproduction, a male produces sperm & a female produces eggs. |

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| |Sperm and eggs are referred to as sex cells, or gametes. |

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| |The process called meiosis produce daughter cells that are not identical to the |

| |parent cell or to each other. (genetic variation) |

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| |Meiosis produces daughter cells that each have half the number of chromosomes the|

| |parent has. |

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|How does meiosis produce gametes? |Each sperm or egg is a cell with half the usual chromosome number. For example, |

| |most human cells have 46 chromosomes. This means that a human sperm or egg cell |

| |has 23 chromosomes. |

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| |A zygote is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm come together &|

| |contains a full set of chromosomes. |

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| |23 from egg + 23 from sperm = 46 |

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| |TURTLE EXAMPLE – notice different number of chromosomes. |

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| |Diploid-having 2 of each type of chromosome, constituting pairs of homologous |

| |chromosomes with the same genes |

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| |haploid-containing 1 chromosome of each type |

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|What are diploid and haploid? | |

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OLS Lesson 10: Meiosis and Mitosis

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|How are mitosis and meiosis different? |mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, and meiosis results |

| |in four genetically different haploid cells. |

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| |MITosis takes the cell and Makes It Two (diploid) |

|(GREAT SUMMARY) -----------------> |Meiosis has to do with sex |

| |From the cell’s point of view: |

| |mITosis results in Identical Twin cells |

| |mEioSis results in Egg and Sperm (haploid) |

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| |Mitosis ends in two daughter cells that are identical to the parent. |

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| |Meiosis ends with four daughter cells, each with half the genetic material of the|

| |parent, and each with a new, unique combination of genes. |

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| |Stages of Mitosis: |

| |Prophase: Chromosomes coil and compact |

| |Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle |

| |Anaphase: Chromosome separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. |

| |Telophase: Cells begin to divide in the middle, half of the chromosomes move to |

| |each new half |

| |Cytokinesis: The final stage when the cell separates into two new cells. |

|What are the stages of mitosis? | |

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| |Meiosis has two steps: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. |

| |Meiosis I – see stages above. |

| |Meiosis II – |

| |•During meiosis II, the replicated chromosomes (or chromatid pairs) in each of |

| |the two cells line up along the middle of the cell, and then the chromatids |

| |separate at the centromere during anaphase II. These separated chromatids are now|

| |called chromosomes. |

| |•Each chromosome moves to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell divides.  |

| |•Four gametes result, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. |

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|What are the stages of meiosis? | |

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OLS Lesson 12: Mutations

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|Do our cells ever make a mistake? |A mutation is any change in a gene or DNA. Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or |

| |have no effect at all. |

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| |A substitution occurs when a single nucleotide is exchanged for another. |

|What are small-scale mutations? |[pic] |

| |A deletion occurs when one or more bases are removed or left out of the DNA. |

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| |When an insertion happens, one or more bases are added to the DNA. |

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| |Large sections of chromosomes are changed. |

| |Sections of a chromosome may be duplicated. This may result in extra copies of a |

| |gene that may “amplify” the effects of that gene. |

| |Large sections of a chromosome may be deleted, resulting in the loss of entire |

| |genes. |

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|What are large-scale mutations? | |

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|VIDEO – consequences of mutations | |

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|Activity to practice DNA bases | |

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OLS Lesson 13: Genetic Engineering

|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |

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|In nature, how do traits change in a species? |natural selection-process by which organisms with certain traits survive to |

| |reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring |

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| |selective breeding-the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable |

|How do humans intentionally change traits in an organism? |traits |

| |Examples: dairy farms breeding cows that are the strongest and produce the most |

| |milk, breeding the fastest race horses together, only breeding fruits without |

| |seeds so people can have seedless fruit, etc. |

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| |genetic engineering-the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms |

| |with new properties |

| |Genetic engineering is a highly controversial issue today! |

| |Some reasons people are for it: |

| |1. Using less pesticides, |

| |2. Growing more crops, |

| |3. Improving nutritional content of food |

| |Some reasons people may be against it: |

| |1. It is trying to control nature, |

| |2. We don’t know how it could impact us down the road |

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| |Gene therapy: a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes |

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