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UNIT 7: Genetics
Unit 7 Vocabulary:
|Word |Parts/meaning of word, if |Definition |Picture example if any |
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|Heredity | | | |
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|Trait | | | |
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|Genetics | | | |
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|Recessive | | | |
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|Dominant | | | |
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|Homozygous |“Homo” means same. | | |
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|Heterozygous |“Hetero” means different. | | |
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|Gene | | | |
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|Allele | | | |
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|Genotype | | | |
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|Phenotype | | | |
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|Punnett square | | | |
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|Chromosome | | | |
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|DNA | | | |
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|Somatic cell | | | |
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|Sex cell | | | |
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OLS Lesson 1: Mendel’s Pea Plants
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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| |Gregor Mendel noticed that pea plants had certain identifiable and measurable |
|What did Mendel discover? |features, or characteristics. |
| |Mendel observed that some characteristics, such as flower color, seed shape, and |
| |seed color, were heritable, or passed on from parents to offspring regardless of |
| |the environment. |
| |[NOTE: Many traits can be inherited, influenced by environmental factors, or |
| |influenced by lifestyle choice (not everything is just determined by our genes!)]|
| |[pic] |
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| |A dominant trait shows up, or is expressed, even in the presence of the other |
| |factor. A recessive trait does not show up even in the presence of the other |
| |factor. |
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| |[pic] |
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|What are dominant and recessive alleles? | |
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|Video – Introduction to Genetics | |
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OLS Lesson 2: Genes and Alleles
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|What are basic units of inheritance and where are they found? |A section of a chromosome that typically contains the code for a particular |
| |protein, which determines a specific trait is a gene. |
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| |[pic] |
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| |DNA is found in all living cells |
| |It controls all functions inside a cell |
| |It stores all the genetic information for an entire |
| |living organism |
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| |Alleles - two different forms of a single gene (dominant and recessive) |
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| |Dominant Allele: the allele that determines what the organism will look like |
| |(upper case letter) |
| |Recessive Allele: the allele that is not expressed in the organize unless both |
|What is DNA? |alleles are recessive (lower case letter) |
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|What are dominant and recessive alleles? |DNA makes RNA makes PROTEIN |
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|How are proteins made? | |
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|Video – genes | |
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OLS Lesson 3: Inheritance
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|How do genes carry the information for inherited traits from parent to |Sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as other body cells because one sex |
|offspring? |cell from each of two parents combines to form a new organism. |
| |Male sex cell – sperm |
| |Female sex cell – egg |
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| |The two chromosomes in a pair are called homologous chromosome. Every cell (other |
| |than the sex cells) carries 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
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| |If both alleles in a pair of genes are the same, then the organism is said to be |
| |homozygous for that trait. The prefix homo means “the same.” |
| |EX: AA or aa |
|What is homozygous vs. heterozygous? |If each allele from a pair of genes is different, then the organism is said to |
| |be heterozygous for that trait. The prefix hetero means “different.” |
| |EX: Aa |
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| |In mammals, the two sex chromosomes are called X and Y, because of their shapes. |
| |Females have two X chromosomes (XX). Males have one X chromosome and one Y |
| |chromosome (XY). |
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|Why are you male or female? | |
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OLS Lesson 4: Punnett Squares
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|What did Reginald Punnett create? |He created a Punnett square which is a grid used to predict the results of |
| |genetic crosses. |
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|How can we predict the traits that parents will pass on to their offspring? |EXAMPLE Showing Cross Between Two Black Rabbits Both Heterozygous (Bb) for Fur |
| |Color (black is the dominant phenotype – B, white is the recessive phenotype – b)|
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| |[pic] |
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| |Three of the potential offspring would be BLACK (since they have the dominant |
| |allele for black fur)! |
| |One of the potential offspring would be WHITE (since they have BOTH recessive |
| |alleles for white fur)! |
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| |The combination of alleles for a trait is an organism’s genotype. (EX: BB, Bb, |
| |bb). The visible trait that an offspring exhibits is called its phenotype. (EX:|
| |black fur or white fur) |
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|What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? | |
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OLS Lesson 7: Similarities Among Organisms
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|What are the boundaries between species? |A species is a group of organisms that closely resemble one another and are able |
| |to interbreed. |
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|Why are organisms within a species different? |Variation- differences that exist between individuals of the same species |
| |-can be genotypic or phenotypic |
| |Give an example of genotypic and phenotypic variation in humans |
| |1.Tall / short |
| |2.Dimples / no dimples |
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| |GENES and ALLELES. |
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|What is responsible for different traits in a species? | |
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| |Even though we have different combinations of alleles from each parent, we still |
|Why would you never confuse a human with a different species of animal? |have the same number and kinds of chromosomes as our parents. |
| |[pic] [pic] |
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| |Each species carries a certain number of chromosomes and certain kinds of |
| |chromosomes. |
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| |HUMANS – 46 chromosomes. |
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OLS Lesson 8: Chromosomes
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|What is the code carrying material in our body? |DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid; this is the molecule, unique to each individual, carrying |
| |the genetic information to be found in every cell; all the information an organism needs|
| |to live and reproduce is contained in its DNA |
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| |Double Helix: in biology, the term used to describe the shape of DNA; helix means |
| |spiral, and the two sides of the DNA strand make it a double spiral |
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| |[pic] |
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| |Chromosome-a single long molecule of DNA wound around special proteins |
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| |DNA makes RNA makes PROTEIN! |
|Where is our DNA? |[pic] |
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|How does DNA work? | |
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OLS Lesson 9: Meiosis
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|Why is every individual human unique? |With sexual reproduction, a male produces sperm & a female produces eggs. |
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| |Sperm and eggs are referred to as sex cells, or gametes. |
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| |The process called meiosis produce daughter cells that are not identical to the |
| |parent cell or to each other. (genetic variation) |
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| |Meiosis produces daughter cells that each have half the number of chromosomes the|
| |parent has. |
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|How does meiosis produce gametes? |Each sperm or egg is a cell with half the usual chromosome number. For example, |
| |most human cells have 46 chromosomes. This means that a human sperm or egg cell |
| |has 23 chromosomes. |
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| |A zygote is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm come together &|
| |contains a full set of chromosomes. |
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| |23 from egg + 23 from sperm = 46 |
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| |TURTLE EXAMPLE – notice different number of chromosomes. |
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| |[pic] |
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| |Diploid-having 2 of each type of chromosome, constituting pairs of homologous |
| |chromosomes with the same genes |
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| |haploid-containing 1 chromosome of each type |
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|What are diploid and haploid? | |
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OLS Lesson 10: Meiosis and Mitosis
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|How are mitosis and meiosis different? |mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, and meiosis results |
| |in four genetically different haploid cells. |
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| |MITosis takes the cell and Makes It Two (diploid) |
|(GREAT SUMMARY) -----------------> |Meiosis has to do with sex |
| |From the cell’s point of view: |
| |mITosis results in Identical Twin cells |
| |mEioSis results in Egg and Sperm (haploid) |
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| |Mitosis ends in two daughter cells that are identical to the parent. |
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| |Meiosis ends with four daughter cells, each with half the genetic material of the|
| |parent, and each with a new, unique combination of genes. |
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| |Stages of Mitosis: |
| |Prophase: Chromosomes coil and compact |
| |Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle |
| |Anaphase: Chromosome separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. |
| |Telophase: Cells begin to divide in the middle, half of the chromosomes move to |
| |each new half |
| |Cytokinesis: The final stage when the cell separates into two new cells. |
|What are the stages of mitosis? | |
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| |Meiosis has two steps: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. |
| |Meiosis I – see stages above. |
| |Meiosis II – |
| |•During meiosis II, the replicated chromosomes (or chromatid pairs) in each of |
| |the two cells line up along the middle of the cell, and then the chromatids |
| |separate at the centromere during anaphase II. These separated chromatids are now|
| |called chromosomes. |
| |•Each chromosome moves to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell divides. |
| |•Four gametes result, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. |
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|What are the stages of meiosis? | |
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OLS Lesson 12: Mutations
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|Do our cells ever make a mistake? |A mutation is any change in a gene or DNA. Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or |
| |have no effect at all. |
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| |A substitution occurs when a single nucleotide is exchanged for another. |
|What are small-scale mutations? |[pic] |
| |A deletion occurs when one or more bases are removed or left out of the DNA. |
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| |When an insertion happens, one or more bases are added to the DNA. |
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| |Large sections of chromosomes are changed. |
| |Sections of a chromosome may be duplicated. This may result in extra copies of a |
| |gene that may “amplify” the effects of that gene. |
| |Large sections of a chromosome may be deleted, resulting in the loss of entire |
| |genes. |
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|What are large-scale mutations? | |
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|VIDEO – consequences of mutations | |
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|Activity to practice DNA bases | |
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OLS Lesson 13: Genetic Engineering
|Essential Questions |Main Concepts |
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|In nature, how do traits change in a species? |natural selection-process by which organisms with certain traits survive to |
| |reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring |
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| |selective breeding-the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable |
|How do humans intentionally change traits in an organism? |traits |
| |Examples: dairy farms breeding cows that are the strongest and produce the most |
| |milk, breeding the fastest race horses together, only breeding fruits without |
| |seeds so people can have seedless fruit, etc. |
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| |genetic engineering-the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms |
| |with new properties |
| |Genetic engineering is a highly controversial issue today! |
| |Some reasons people are for it: |
| |1. Using less pesticides, |
| |2. Growing more crops, |
| |3. Improving nutritional content of food |
| |Some reasons people may be against it: |
| |1. It is trying to control nature, |
| |2. We don’t know how it could impact us down the road |
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| |Gene therapy: a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes |
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