LESSON ONE



UNIT TWO

Topic: Travelling. Means of transport

Grammar: Participle

Talking points:

1. What different ways of travelling by public transport are there?

2. What do you think is the best way of travelling in a city?

3. What is your opinion of cars being allowed in the city?

4. Cars have revolutionised the way we travel but at what cost?

5. What are the environmental problems caused by cars?

6. When you travel to unfamiliar places, do you prefer to travel independently or to go on a package tour? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these different ways of travelling?

7. Is there any other form of travel you would particularly like to experience?

8. Do cars play an important part in your life?

9. Do cars tell us something about the personality of the driver?

Ex. 1. Fill the gaps with an appropriate verb from the ones below in the correct tense.

arrive brake carry charge drive happen skid take

Three hurt in crash

Three people were injured in a crash involving two lorries and a van on the A14 near Bury St. Edmunds on Saturday. The accident _______ in a heavy rain at approximately 2.45 p.m. when a lorry, which _________ grain, _________ on the wet surface of the dual carriageway, spilling its load across both lanes. According to a police spokesperson, the driver of the lorry __________ suddenly to avoid hitting a dog, which had run out into the road in front of him. The drivers of the two other vehicles involved, Darren Holmes, ages 21, and Brendan Murphy, aged 37, ________ too close behind to be able to stop in time. Ambulances, which _________ on the scene within minutes, ________ the injured to the nearby Royal Infirmary. Holmes, of Stanway near Colchester, has three broken ribs and is still under observation. The drivers of the lorries, John Peters, 52, of Ipswich, and Brendan Murphy, of Clacton-on-Sea, were treated for minor injuries and later sent home. The police _________ all three drivers with dangerous driving.

Ex. 2. The word ‘vehicle’ is defined as something in or on which people or goods can be carried along roads (usually having wheels) or through space.

Put the following words into these categories:

a. - vehicles

b. - other means of transport or carriage, not by land

barge, van, ship, coach, liner, canoe, cart, jeep, boat, truck, bus, ferry, lorry, taxi, scooter, yacht, carriage, car, cab, tractor, motorbike, moped, (oil) tanker.

Ex. 3. This leaflet gives tourists information about driving on British motorways. Must is used for all legal obligations, should for anything which isn’t law, and need for things that are physically necessary.

Read the leaflet, and fill the gaps with the affirmative or negative form of one of the three verbs.

Drive carefully...

Although motorways are safer than other roads, nevertheless accidents do sometimes happen - and they can nearly always be avoided.

Before you leave

• If you are feeling tired, you ___________ drive.

• Learner drivers _________ not use motorways.

• Petrol stations may be up to 80 miles apart on some motorways. You ________ make sure you have enough petrol before joining the motorway.

As you go

• Drive at a safe speed. You _______ under any circumstances drive faster than 70 m.p.h.

• If you have a mechanical problem and you _________ stop, pull on to the hard shoulder and switch on your hazard warning lights. You _______ use the hard shoulder for casual stops.

• If driving long distances makes you feel sleepy, you _________ stop regularly at service stations and walk about.

hard shoulder - area at the side of a motorway where drivers are allowed to stop in an emergency

... arrive safely

Ex. 4. Choose the correct word for the gap in each sentence:

trip; boarded; cyclist; flight attendant; take; journey; ride; drive; parking ticket; mechanic; on foot; take off; catch; land.

1. The best way to get here from the airport is to ________ a taxi. 2. How long does the _______ to work take you? 3. We’re going on a three-day ________ to Paris. 4. Hilary was given a _____________ by a traffic warden. 5. Eddie is a keen ________ and rides his bike to work every day. 6. Alison learnt to __________ a motorbike as soon as she was old enough to get a licence. 7. Before take off, the ___________ told me to fasten my seat belt. 8. Richard hates travelling by car and goes everywhere he can _______ . 9. You can _______ a bus at the stop on the corner. 10. The plane couldn’t __________ until all the passengers had ________ 11. Jim works as a ____________ in a local garage. 12. Because of the fog, the plane was not able to __________ and was diverted to another airport forty miles away. 13. Learning to ___________ a car takes most people quite a long time.

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with one of these words. You will need to use some words more than once:

trip journey travel travels voyage flight pilgrimage cruise

1. Mr and Mrs Edwards went on a four-week Mediterranean _________ during which they visited several interesting ports. 2. I really enjoyed reading ‘The __________ of Marco Polo’. 3. When she finished her ________ and Tourism course at college, Lucy got a job as a __________ agent. 4. Joseph loves going on ___________ to places of religious significance. 5. During the __________ the pilot left the cabin and spoke to the passengers. 6. Next week Mr Hardy will be away on a business __________ to Berlin. 7. People say that _________ broadens the mind. 8. Columbus’s first _________ across the Atlantic took just over five weeks. 9. Alan hated his long _________ to work every day. 10. Bernard said that the _________ would be quicker if we took the motorway.

READING

Text one

I FLEW TO BRAZIL BY ACCIDENT

Settling into my seat on the plane, I felt tired, ready for a drink and looking forward to getting home. As I sipped a gin and tonic and pushed my seat back, I remember thinking, ‘Only a couple of hours and I’ll be home.’

I’d phoned my girlfriend, Georgina, from Copenhagen before the plane took off, to tell her I was on my way. She’d said she’d pick me up at Heathrow Airport but I told her not to bother. I’d make my own way home.

After another drink, I snoozed until I heard a flight attendant announce, ‘We will shortly be landing at Heathrow.’ ‘Better get my things together,’ I thought. And that was it. I honestly don’t remember another thing until I woke up again later on.

For a couple of minutes I sat wondering sleepily if we were still on our way down to Heathrow. Then I began to realize something funny was going on. The two seats next to me had been empty when I fell asleep. Now a man was lying across them sleeping. There’d been a little girl in front, who’d kept grinning at me over the back of her seat. She had gone. And weirdest of all, all lights were off and everyone seemed to be asleep.

Slowly it began to dawn on me what had happened. I simply couldn’t believe it and felt increasingly horrified. The plane must have landed at Heathrow, let off some passengers, taken on others and set off on the next part of its journey. And I knew where that was to - Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil.

What on earth was I going to do? Poor Georgina would be wondering what had happened to me, and by now she was probably frantic with worry. And I was stuck on the plane with no ticket. Would they believe it was an accident? Had I really fallen so deeply asleep that I’d completely missed the plane landing and taking off again? I’d certainly been tired but this was ridiculous!

Not knowing what else to do, I went to look for a flight attendant and told her what had happened. I found out it was about 3 a.m. and we were several hours into the 11-hour flight to Brazil. The flight attendant thought it was very funny and told me not to worry. There wasn’t much anyone could do, anyway.

We landed in Rio at lunchtime on the Saturday. I was slightly worried that I might he hauled off the plane and locked up as an illegal immigrant. In fact, they took me straight to the departure lounge and told me that I had to sit and wait for the next flight to London, which was at 10 o’clock.

The first thing I did was call Georgina. She was furious because she had convinced herself that I’d been in a plane crash which she’d heard about on the news. Once I’d made the call, I decided it would be a shame to be in Rio and not see any of it. So, I slipped out of the airport and jumped into a passing taxi. It was surprisingly easy!

The driver took me round Rio and down to Copacabana beach. It was great! There I was, sitting on one of the most exotic beaches in the world instead of being back in gloomy England, hard at work. The thought of work and the valuable contract I knew I had now lost depressed me for a moment. But then I decided that since I couldn’t do a thing about it, I might as well take in the sights.

In the late afternoon I headed back to the airport. I had to confess that I’d sneaked out. The airline staff were not at all pleased and gave me an escort to watch my every move. However, I wasn’t planning on going anywhere else - I wasn’t going to miss that plane home.

Fortunately, there were no problems or delays and we landed at Heathrow at lunchtime on the Sunday. I’d set off from Denmark 48 hours earlier and had spent most of that time in the air. I’d travelled an unbelievable 11,000 miles across the world and back, had a quick paddle in Brazil and landed back home again, tired, fed up but none the worse for the experience.

Georgina recovered from the shock and was able to see the funny side of it, eventually. As for me, I still haven’t worked out how I slept through a whole landing and take off.

Notes:

1. flight attendant - ñòþàðäåññà

2. departure lounge - çàë âûëåòà

3. What on earth was I going to do? - (ýìîö.) ×òî æå ìíå áûëî äåëàòü?

4. Heathrow - an airport in London

5. be none the worse for - íè÷óòü íå ïîñòðàäàòü îò

6. take in (AmE) - îñìàòðèâàòü (äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòè)

Vocabulary

accident (n) 1. - íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé, êàòàñòðîôà, àâàðèÿ He was killed in a motorway accident. Phr He had/met with an accident. - ïîïàñòü â àâàðèþ, â êàòàñòðîôó 2. - ñëó÷àé, ñëó÷àéíîñòü by accident - ñëó÷àéíî You might cut yourself by accident; without accident - áåç ïðîèñøåñòâèé; accidental (adj) - ñëó÷àéíûé an accidental meeting

bother (vt,vi) 1. - íàäîåäàòü, äîêó÷àòü, áåñïîêîèòü Don’t bother me with your foolish questions. Phr bother oneself/ one’s head about - ëîìàòü ãîëîâó / áåñïîêîèòüñÿ èç-çà Its not important, don’t bother your head about it. 2. - òðóäèòüñÿ, äàâàòü ñåáå òðóä Don’t bother about getting dinner for me. I’ll eat out. He even didn’t bother to answer my question bother (n) - áåñïîêîéñòâî, õëîïîòû, èñòî÷íèê áåñïîêîéñòâ We had quite a lot of bother (in) getting here because of the fog. His lazy son is quite a bother to him

stick (vt,vi) (stuck) 1. - âòûêàòü, âîíçàòü She stuck some pins into the material. I found a nail sticking in the tyre;2. - ïðèêëåèâàòü, ïðèêëåèâàòüñÿ stick a stamp on a letter. The paper stuck to the wall.3. çàñòðåâàòü, îñòàâàòüñÿ The door has stuck and I can’t get out. I’m stuck with the job of clearing this mess.4. - çàñóíóòü, âñòàâèòü he stuck his hands in his pockets Phr stick out - òîð÷àòü, âûñóíóòü She stuck out her tongue at them. His ears stick out

completely (adv) - ñîâåðøåííî, ïîëíîñòüþ completely successful; complete (adj) - ïîëíûé; ñîâåðøåííûé, àáñîëþòíûé He is a complete stranger to me; complete (vt) - çàêàí÷èâàòü, çàâåðøàòü The railway is not completed yet.

worry (vt,vi) - áåñïîêîèòü(ñÿ), âîëíîâàòü(ñÿ) What’s worrying you? - Phr worry about/over sth Don’t worry about trifles. What’s the use of worrying?

convince (vt) - óáåæäàòü, óâåðÿòü convince sb of sth I’m convinced of his honesty/ that he is honest

sight (n) 1.[U] - çðåíèå lose one’s sight; have good/poor (eye)sight; 2. - âèä; ïîëå çðåíèÿ Phr know sb by sight - çíàòü êîãî-ëèáî â ëèöî; catch sight of - çàìåòèòü If I catch sight of the children in my garden again I’ll have their blood; keep sb/sth in sight - äåðæàòü â ïîëå çðåíèÿ; lose sight of sb - ïîòåðÿòü èç âèäó He lost sight of his friend in the crowd. She lost sight of her school friends over the years; at first sight - ñ ïåðâîãî âçãëÿäà At first sight the problem seems insoluble; He fell in love with her at first sight; at the sight of - ïðè âèäå They all laughed at the sight of the clown dancing with a dog; in/within/out of sight of sth- - â (âíå) ïîëå çðåíèÿ Stay out of sight; 3. [C] - êðàñèâûé âèä, ïðåêðàñíîå çðåëèùå, (pl) äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòè The grand Canyon is one of the sights of the world. Come and see the sights of London. Phr go sightseeing - îñìàòðèâàòü äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòè 4. - íåïðèãëÿäíîå, ñìåõîòâîðíîå çðåëèùå What a sight she looks in that old dress!

experience (n) -1. [U] - îïûò (æèçíåííûé) We all learn by experience. He has not enough experience for the position. 2. [C] - ñëó÷àé, ïðèêëþ÷åíèå; ïåðåæèâàíèå, âïå÷àòëåíèå an unpleasant/ trying/ unusual experience; experience (vt) - èñïûòàòü, çíàòü ïî îïûòó; èñïûòûâàòü, ïåðåæèâàòü experience pain/ pleasure/ difficulty/ great hardships; (in)experienced (adj) - (íå)îïûòíûé

be fed up with sth (sl) - íàäîåñòü I’m fed up with your grumbling

set off - îòïðàâëÿòüñÿ They’ve set off on a journey round the world

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What did Nigel Hughes feel like when he settled in his seat on the plane in Copenhagen? 2. How did it happen that Nigel fly to Rio? 3. What worried Nigel when he realised that he was well on the way to Brazil? 4. Why did Nigel decide to sneak out from the airport for a few hours? 5. How did he spend the afternoon in Rio? 6. Did he regret falling so deeply asleep on the plane on his way from Copenhagen to London?

Ex. 7. Find in the text the English for the following phrases and use then in discussing the text.

óñòðîèòüñÿ íà ñâîåì ìåñòå; îòêèíóòü ñïèíêó êðåñëà íàçàä; áûòü â ïóòè; çàåõàòü çà êåì-ë. â àýðîïîðò (âñòðåòèòü); íå áåñïîêîèòüñÿ; ñâåò áûë ïîãàøåí; äîõîäèòü äî ñîçíàíèÿ; ïî÷óâñòâîâàòü óæàñ; âûïóñòèòü ïàññàæèðîâ è âçÿòü äðóãèõ; îòïðàâèòüñÿ; îáåçóìåòü îò áåñïîêîéñòâà; çàñòðÿòü; ñîâåðøåííî íå çàìåòèòü (ïðîïóñòèòü) ïîñàäêó; çàïåðåòü êàê íåëåãàëüíîãî èììèãðàíòà; áûòü â ãíåâå; óáåäèòü êîãî-ë.; âûñêîëüçíóòü èç àýðîïîðòà; óïóñòèòü (ïîòåðÿòü) öåííûé êîíòðàêò; îñìîòðåòü äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòè; ïåðñîíàë àâèàêîìïàíèè; çàäåðæêà (ðåéñà); íàäîåñòü; íå ïîñòðàäàòü îò äàííîãî èñïûòàíèÿ; ïðèäòè â ñåáÿ îò øîêà; ïîíÿòü (âû÷èñëèòü).

Text two

THE CAR THAT WAS

Christine and Andrew went into the sitting room. ‘Sit here.’ She stretched out her arm. ‘I want to tell to you something.’

He went over to seat himself beside her, when suddenly there came the loud braying of a Klaxon from outside.

‘Krr-krr-krr-ki-ki-krr.’

‘Damn!’ said Christine concisely. Only one motor horn in Aberalaw could sound like that. It belonged to Con Boland.

Hearing the car slow down and pull at the gate, Christine and Andrew came out to meet the Bolands. The family had arrived in the reconstructed motor car - Con at the wheel in a bowler hat and enormous new gauntlets, with Mary and Terence beside him; the three other children sat close around Mrs. Boland, who had the infant in her arms, in the back, all packed like herrings in a tin.

Suddenly the horn began again: ‘Krr-krr-krr-krr ---‘ Con had accidentally pushed the button in switching off and now it was stuck. The Klaxon wouldn’t stop.

‘In the name of God,’ Con cried, ‘I’m wastin’ juice.’ What’s happened?’

‘It’s the button, Father,’ Mary told him calmly. She took it out with her little fingernail. The racket stopped.

‘Ah! That’s better,’ Con sighed. ‘How are ye, Manson, my boy? How d’you like the old car now? I’ve had her lengthened a good two feet. Isn’t she grand? Mind you, there’s still a little trouble with the gearbox, but she never broke down. We didn’t quite manage the hill, as ye might say!’

‘We only stuck a few minutes, Father,’ said Mary.

‘Ah! Never mind,’ said Con. ‘I’ll soon put that right when I repair her again. How are ye, Mrs. Manson? Here we all are, to wish ye a merry Christmas and take our tea with ye!’

‘Come in, Con,’ Christine smiled. ‘I like your gloves.’

‘Christmas present from the wife,’ Con answered, admiring the gauntlets. ‘Ah! What’s gone wrong with this door?’

Unable to open the door he threw his long legs over it, climbed out, helped the children and wife from the back, looked over the car with care - fondly removing a lump of mud from the windscreen, - then tore himself away to follow the others to Vale View.

They had a cheerful tea party. Con was in high spirits, proud of his car. ‘You’ll not recognise her when she has a coat of paint.’ Mrs. Boland, as was her habit, drank lots of strong black tea. The children began upon the chocolate biscuits and ended with a fight for the last piece of bread. They cleared every plate upon the table with lightning speed.

After tea, while Mary had gone to wash the dishes, - she insisted that Christine looked tired, - Andrew took the baby from Mrs. Boland and played with it on the hearthrug before the fire. It was the fattest baby he had ever seen, a Rubens infant. It tried repeatedly to poke a finger into his eye. Every time it failed a look of solemn wonder came upon its face. Christine sat with her hands in her lap, doing nothing - watching him playing with the baby.

But Con and his family could not stay long. Outside the light was fading and Con, worried about his ‘juice’, had doubts which he didn’t care to express about the functioning of his lamps.

The Bolands were on the point of leaving when Con delivered the invitation: ‘Come out and see us start.’

Again Andrew and Christine stood at the gate while Con packed the car with the children. After a couple of swings the engine obeyed and Con, with a triumphant not towards them, pulled on his gauntlets. Then he raised himself proudly into the driving seat.

At that very moment the car gave out a groan and sank to the ground. The wheels shot outwards, there was the sound of pieces dropping off; then the body of the car came to rest on street level. In the front was Con clutching the wheel, in the back his wife, clutching the baby.

Andrew and Christine gave out a shriek of laughter. Once they began they could not stop. They laughed till they were weak.

‘In the name of God,’ Con said, rubbing his head and picking himself up, ‘she failed me’. Seeing that none of the children were hurt, that Mrs. Boland remained, pale but undisturbed, in her seat, he looked with sadness at the car lying in pieces. For a moment he seemed at a loss. Then his face brightened. He took Andrew by the arm and pointed with melancholy pride to the bonnet, beneath which the engine still made a few convulsive beats. ‘See that, Manson! She’s still runnin’.’

Somehow they dragged the remains into the back yard of Vale View. The Boland family went home on foot.

‘What a day!’ Andrew exclaimed when they had calmed down at last. ‘I’ll never forget that look on Con’s face as long as I live.’

They were silent for a moment; then, turning to her, he asked: ‘You did enjoy your Christmas?’

She replied oddly: ‘I enjoyed seeing you play with Baby Boland.’

He glanced at her.

‘Why?’

She did not look at him. ‘I’ve been trying to tell you all day. Oh, can’t you guess, darling? I don’t think you’re such a smart physician after all.’

(from The Citadel by Archibald Cronin)

Notes:

1. braying (of an ass) - îñëèíûé ðåâ

2. Aberalaw - an imaginary mining town in South Wales.

3. Along with heavy Irish accent Con Boland had a carelessness of speech which the author gives through the exact letter expression of the pronounced words: ‘ye’ for ‘you’, ‘wastin’’ for ‘wasting’, ‘runnin’’ for ‘running’.

4. Vale View - a name of the house. In England it is a tradition for suburban houses to have names, not numbers.

5. The car didn’t have a starter and Con Boland would start the engine running with the help of a special handle (çàâîäíàÿ ðó÷êà).

6. like herrings in a tin - êàê ñåëüäè â áî÷êå

7. In the name of God - ðàäè áîãà

Vocabulary

belong (vi) 1. - ïðèíàäëåæàòü, áûòü ñîáñòâåííîñòüþ; áûòü ÷àñòüþ This car belongs to him. What club do you belong to? After years of living here I feel that I belong. belongings (n) - âåùè, ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè I hope you’ve left none of your belongings in the hotel

waste (vt,vi) sth (on sth) òðàòèòü (ïîïóñòó, çðÿ) waste one’s time and money; one’s words All his efforts were wasted waste (n) - ïóñòàÿ òðàòà (âðåìåíè, äåíåã è ò.ï.) It’s a waste of time to wait any longer. What a waste of energy! waste-paper-basket - êîðçèíà äëÿ ìóñîðà

repair (vt) - ðåìîíòèðîâàòü, ÷èíèòü repair a car/ a road/ a watch, repair (n) - ðåìîíò The road is under repair. The shop will be closed during repairs

care (n) 1. - âíèìàíèå, îñòîðîæíîñòü You should take more care over your work. This is made of glass so take care not to break it. She worked slowly and with great care. Phr take care - áóäüòå îñòîðîæíû; take care of sth -(ïî)çàáîòèòüñÿ î, ïðèñìàòðèâàòü çà; 2. - çàáîòà, ïîïå÷åíèå The child was left in his sister’s care. The library in under the care of Mrs. Brown care (vi) 1. - çàáîòèòüñÿ; áåñïîêîèòüñÿ, òðåâîæèòüñÿ (about) he doesn’t much care about what happens to me. He failed in the examination but he doesn’t seem to care. I don’t much care about going. 2. (for) - èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ, ëþáèòü What would you care for a drink? He doesn’t much care for football.

habit (n) - ïðèâû÷êà habit of smoking; She has many bad habits; be in/fall into the habit of - èìåòü îáûêíîâåíèå, ïðèâû÷êó; He smokes out of habit not for pleasure; get into the habit of/ bad habits - ïðèîáðåñòè ïðèâû÷êó;

speed (n) - ñêîðîñòü, áûñòðîòà travelling at full/top speed; at the speed of thirty miles an hour; Phr speed-limit - îãðàíè÷åíèå ñêîðîñòè; with lightning speed; speed (vt,vi) 1. (sped) - ñïåøèòü, èäòè áûñòðî, ì÷àòüñÿ He sped down the street. 2. (speeded) (up) - óñêîðÿòü, óâåëè÷èâàòü ñêîðîñòü They speeded up production. The train soon speeded up.

insist (vi) (on/that) - íàñòàèâàòü, óòâåðæäàòü He insisted on the importance of being punctual. I insisted that you should come with us / on his coming with us insistence (n) - íàñòîé÷èâîñòü; insistent (adj) - íàñòîé÷èâûé; insistent demands

deliver (vt) 1. - äîñòàâëÿòü, âðó÷àòü (ïî÷òó, ñîîáùåíèå) A postman is a person employed to deliver letters and parcels. Did you deliver my message to your father? 2. - ïðîèçíîñèòü, ÷èòàòü (ëåêöèþ) deliver a sermon/ a course of lectures; delivery (n) - äîñòàâêà We guarantee prompt deliver of goods; pay on delivery - îïëà÷èâàòü ïðè äîñòàâêå

obey (vt) - ñëóøàòüñÿ, ïîâèíîâàòüñÿ, ïîä÷èíÿòüñÿ obey an officer; obey orders; (dis)obedient (adj) - (íå)ïîñëóøíûé a (dis)obedient child (dis) obedience (n) - (íå)ïîñëóøàíèå

point (n) - 1. - ïóíêò a point of departure; a turning point in my career; a point of view - òî÷êà çðåíèÿ; Phr be on the point of doing sth - ñîáèðàòüñÿ íåìåäëåííî ÷òî-ëèáî ñäåëàòü; 2. - ãëàâíîå, ñóòü; öåëü, íàìåðåíèå What was his first point of argument? Phr come to the point - äîéòè äî ñóòè; His answer was not to the point. There is very little point in protesting; point (vt,vi) - óêàçûâàòü, ïîêàçûâàòü He pointed to the door.; point a gun at sb; point out a mistake; He pointed out the best photos to me. I must point out the delay is unwise; pointless (adj) - áåññìûñëåííûé, áåñöåëüíûé It seemed pointless to go on further

run (vi) 1. - ðàáîòàòü (î ìåõàíèçìå, ìàøèíå) Don’t leave the engine of your car running. The machine doesn’t run properly. 2. - õîäèòü, êóðñèðîâàòü (î òðàíñïîðòå) The buses run every ten minutes. 3. - âåñòè, óïðàâëÿòü, âîçãëàâëÿòü run a business/ a theatre/ a company; Phr run risks - ðèñêîâàòü ; run sb down - ñáèòü êîãî-ëèáî (ìàøèíîé); run into sb - ñòîëêíóòüñÿ ñ êåì-ëèáî;

doubt (vt) - ñîìíåâàòüñÿ (â êîì/÷åì-ëèáî) I doubt the truth of this report. Do you doubt my word? I don’t doubt that he will come; doubt (n) - ñîìíåíèå I have no doubt that you will succeed. I have my doubts about this being true. There is no doubt about it. She is in doubt (about) what to do. Phr without doubt - áåç ñîìíåíèÿ, íàâåðíÿêà; no doubt - íåò ñîìíåíèÿ He meant to help, no doubt, but in fact he has been a hindrance

cheer (vt,vi) - ïðèâåòñòâîâàòü ãðîìêèìè âîçãëàñàìè, ïîîùðÿòü îäîáðèòåëüíûìè âîñêëèöàíèÿìè Everyone was cheered by the good news. He cheered up at once when I promised to help him. The boys cheered their football team. Phr. cheer-leader (US) ; Cheers!; cheerful, cheerless

sink (sank, sunk) (vt,vi) - òîíóòü, èäòè êî äíó; îïóñêàòüñÿ, ïîãðóæàòüñÿ Wood does not sink in water. It floats. The ship sank slowly. Her heart sank at the thought of failure. His voice sank to a whisper

drop (vti,vi) 1. - ïàäàòü, ðîíÿòü, îáðîíèòü The cup dropped out of her hand. She dropped the cup. 2. - ïàäàòü, ñïàäàòü, The wind/temperature has dropped. His voice dropped/he dropped his voice to a whisper.3. - îïóñêàòü(ñÿ), áðîñàòü; ïðåêðàùàòü; âûñàäèòü (èç ìàøèíû) She dropped into a chair, utterly worn out. Phr drop sb a hint - äàòü íàìåê, íàìåêíóòü; drop a bad habit - áðîñèòü ïëîõóþ ïðèâû÷êó; drop in on sb/at some place - çàéòè ê êîìó-ë./ êóäà -ë. Please, drop me at the post office. They dropped the subject.

fail (vt, vi) - ïðîâàëèòüñÿ, òåðïåòü íåóäà÷ó; ïîäâîäèòü, íå îïðàâäûâàòü îæèäàíèé; îñëàáåâàòü; ðóõíóòü (î áàíêå) All our plans/attempts failed. He failed (in) an examination. His eyesight is failing. The light was failing. He never fails to write to his mother every week. Several of the biggest banks failed during the depression; failure (n) - íåóäà÷à, ïðîâàë; íåóäà÷íèê All his efforts ended in failure. Success came after many failures. He was a failure as a teacher.

Word combinations

stretch out one’s hand /arm(s) - ïðîòÿíóòü ðóêó

slow down - çàìåäëèòü õîä (òåìï è ò.ï.)

pull up (at the door, gate, etc.) - îñòàíîâèòüñÿ ó, ïîäúåõàòü ê äâåðè (ïîäúåçäó, âîðîòàì è ò.ï.)

break down - ñëîìàòüñÿ, âûéòè èç ñòðîÿ (î ìàøèíå, ìåõàíèçìå)

put sth right - èñïðàâèòü ÷òî-ëèáî

go wrong - 1. -èñïîðòèòüñÿ (î ìåõàíèçìå è ò.ï.); 2. - ïðîâàëèòüñÿ (î ïëàíàõ è ò.ï.); âûéòè, ïîëó÷èòüñÿ íå òàê (êàê áûëî çàäóìàíî)

tear oneself away (from) - îòîðâàòüñÿ (îò)

be in high (low) spirits - áûòü â ïðèïîäíÿòîì (ïîäàâëåííîì) íàñòðîåíèè

a coat of paint (dust, etc.) - ñëîé êðàñêè (ïûëè è ò.ï.)

be at a loss - áûòü â íåäîóìåíèè; ðàñòåðÿòüñÿ

after all - òåì íå ìåíåå, âñå æå, â êîíöå êîíöîâ

Comprehension and vocabulary exercises

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What did the Mansons see when they came out to the gate to welcome their guests? 2. What did Con say about his car? What was the state of the car? 3. How did the party go? 4.What happened when Con raised himself into the driving seat? 5. Why couldn’t Christine and Andrew help laughing when they said good-bye to the Bolands.

Ex. 9. Find the English for the following phrases and use them in discussing the text:

ãîñòèíàÿ; ñ ðåáåíêîì íà ðóêàõ; êàê ñåëüäè â áî÷êå; ïîæåëàòü âåñåëîãî ðîæäåñòâà; îêèíóòü âçãëÿäîì; âåñåëîå ÷àåïèòèå; áûòü â ïðèïîäíÿòîì íàñòðîåíèè; çàòåÿòü äðàêó èç-çà ïîñëåäíåãî êóñêà õëåáà; ñúåñòü âñå äî ïîñëåäíåé êðîøêè; ñ áûñòðîòîé ìîëíèè; ñîìíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå îí íå ïîæåëàë âûñêàçàòü; òîðæåñòâåííî ïðèãëàñèòü; ïîáåäîíîñíî êèâíóòü; íàòÿíóòü êðàãè; èñïóñòèòü ñòîí; ìåäëåííî îñåñòü íà çåìëþ; èñòåðè÷åñêè çàõîõîòàòü; ïîòèðàòü ãîëîâó; ïîäíÿòüñÿ ñ çåìëè; âçÿòü çà ðóêó; îòïðàâèòüñÿ äîìîé ïåøêîì.

Ex. 10. Learn the following phrases and a) recall the sentences in which they are used in the text, b) use them in sentences of your own:

stretch out one’s arm; beside sb; belong to; slow down; pull up at; at the wheel; in sb’s arms; in the back/ front; have trouble with; break down; go wrong with; climb out; with care, in high spirits, be proud of; fight for; worry about; have doubts about sth; on the point of doing sth; with a nod; pull on gloves; give out a groan (a shriek of laughter); sink to the ground; on street level; with sadness; at a loss; take sb by the arm; point to; with pride; on foot; calm down.

Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1. The driver stretched ______ his hand, pulled the hand brake and the car stopped half-way ______ the hill. 2. I see no point ______ your wasting time _____ going there, ring them ____ . 3. If you want to have an evening out, the child is sure to be quite safe ______ the care ____ a baby sitter. 4. Being afraid to disturb the other sleeping patients, the nurse’s voice sank ______a whisper, ‘The doctor insists _____ your taking this pill, it’ll ease the pain.’ 5. I ran _____ an old school-mate of yours the other day and he promised to drop _____ ____ our place one of these days. 6. Say something to cheer her _____, she is _____ low spirits today. 7. I called the wrong number ______ accident. 8. You needn’t worry _____little things, it’s big things that are important. 9. ‘You can use my telephone’, the secretary said ____ a nod _____the telephone ____ her desk. 10. Something went wrong ______my car the other day, I couldn’t get it started. 11. Pointing _____a comfortable chair, he said, ‘Make yourself at home’. 12. He stuck _____his story which didn’t change after many repetitions. 13. The baby calmed ______as soon as he was ____his mother’s lap. 14. If you are _____ doubt _____ the route, have another look at the map. 15. He no longer seems to care ______football as he once did. 16. She was _____ the point _____saying something, but changing her mind remained silent. 17. The car was going _____ full speed. 18. Don’t bother _____the tea, I’ve just had one. 19. There is no better way ____ learning than _____experience. 20. You are to pay ____the goods _____delivery. 21. _____the sight _____the police all the men rushed out.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blank with suitable words in the correct form:

belong, care v (2), n (2), convincing, doubt v, n (3), drop n (2), experience n habit, point n, insist, obey (2), run, sink, sight, speed v, n, speedy, stick (2), take care, waste v (2), worry (2)

1. Orders are given to be _______ . 2. Five minutes before the end of the experiment, we were still in _______ about the results. 3. He wouldn’t ________ his time on people who refused to help themselves. 4. The train ________ through the night, taking us farther and farther from home. 5. She didn’t really _______ what people said about her as long as she felt she was doing the right thing. 6. When she heard that the plane was reported missing, her heart _______ . 7. He started up the engine to see if it was ________ properly. 8. We all had free use of the bicycle as it didn’t seem to _________ to anyone in particular. 9. I’ve always known him to be a truthful person and have no reason to ________ his words. 10. He chose his words with ________ as he didn’t feel quite safe on the subject. 11. Though unexpected questions were asked and ______ openly expressed, he ________ to his story. 12. He had never ________ for football or any other of the noisy outdoor games. 13. He had been hoping for a ________ decision and was disappointed to learn about another week’s wait. 14. The car was picking up ________ . 15. We hadn’t heard from him for some time and were beginning to get ________ . 16. If there‘s no hope of reaching understanding it’s always better to _______ the subject than ________ time arguing. 17. The child had the most upsetting ________ of staring at people. 18. She _________ over the least thing that goes wrong. 19. He was given the name in fun, but somehow it _________. 20. That night the temperature ________ sharply to five below zero. 21. The producer _________ on their strictly __________ his instructions. 22. For one who has spent his life in town a trip into the mountains could prove and unforgettable ___________ . 23. He felt restless, though he knew that every was _________ of and there was no need to ________. 24. Though the story may have sounded __________ enough, I still had my ________ . 25. The scientist’s ________ of view though exactly opposite to mine, was not without interest. 26. They all laughed at the _______ of old Green dancing with a girl of sixteen.

Ex. 13. Paraphrase the following, using words and word combinations given below. Make all the necessary changes.

bother v, care v (2), drop v, drop in (at), obey, stick (to) (2), cheer up, put right, slow down, take care of (2), from habit, without doubt, experience n, put it right, in low spirits, at a loss, in the habit (of), no point (in), go wrong, at first sight

1. He seemed to have little liking for modern jazz. 2. It was no use trying to change the arrangement. 3. She continued getting up early because she had always got up early. 4. He realizes that it will take much time to put his affairs in order. 5. Approaching the turn the car started moving slowly. 6. The difficulties were dealt with one by one. 7. It was all the same to him whether he won or lost the game. 8. Her kind words raised my spirits. 9. Not every habit is easy to get rid of. 10. He promised to let me know if things turned out badly. 11. She said she would pay me a short visit some afternoon. 12. The woman was warned to keep to the facts of the accident. 13. He said he would arrange matters with the tickets, luggage and all the rest of it. 14. It was most certainly the most difficult assignment I’d ever had. 15. She was used to taking a cup of tea in the afternoon. 16. He was uncertain what to do or say. 17. He wouldn’t change a word in his story. 18. She was gloomy and depressed, not like her usual self at all. 19. Children are expected to do as they are told. 20. I recognized him the minute I saw him. 21. It had not been an easy job, but the practical knowledge he got as a result proved well worth the time and effort. 22. He was warned to be careful with the apparatus since there was a danger that if it broke down, there would be no one to repair it. 23. The thought of the children, alone in the house, gave her no peace.

Ex. 14. Modal verbs ‘won’t’/ ‘wouldn’t’ can be used to express unwillingness to do something.

Complete the following sentences using ‘won’t/wouldn’t’.

1. There is something the matter with the car engine, it ______(run). 2. Give me your pen please, the one I have _______(write). 3. There is something wrong with the door, it ______(open). 4. The child was told not to make a noise, but he ______(obey). 5. The doctor told him to stop smoking as it was harmful to his health, but he ________(listen). 6. He was trying hard to build up a fire, but the wood _______(burn). 7. She wanted to write down on paper what she thought and felt, but the right words _______(come). 8. What’s gone wrong with the suit-case? It _____ (lock). 9. We asked him to slow down, but he _______(listen) to us. 10. She was tired and needed a rest, but she ________(hear) of it. 11. We wanted to know the reason for his absence, but he _________(discuss) it.

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences, using ‘won’t/wouldn’t’.

1. Åìó ñëåäîâàëî áû ñåðüåçíî çàíÿòüñÿ ñâîèì çäîðîâüåì, íî îí è ñëûøàòü îá ýòîì íå õî÷åò. 2. Çíàÿ, ÷òî åìó îäíîìó òðóäíî ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ çàäàíèåì, ìû ðåøèëè ïîìî÷ü åìó, íî îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë ïðèíÿòü íàøó ïîìîùü. 3. Ñ íåé áûëî áåñïîëåçíî ðàçãîâàðèâàòü íà ýòó òåìó, îíà íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåëà ãîâîðèòü. 4. ß íè çà ÷òî íå çàãîâîðþ ñ íèì ïåðâûé. 5. Åãî ÷òî-òî áåñïîêîèëî, íî îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë îáúÿñíÿòü ïðè÷èíó âîëíåíèÿ. 6. Åãî íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïðåäóïðåæäàëè, ÷òîáû îí íå åçäèë íà òàêîé ñêîðîñòè, íî îí è ñëóøàòü íå õîòåë, ïîêà íå ïîïàë â àâàðèþ. 7. Äåâî÷åê ïðîñèëè íå øóìåòü, íî îíè áûëè î÷åíü âçâîëíîâàíû è íèêàê íå ïåðåñòàâàëè ðàçãîâàðèâàòü. 8. Ðåáåíîê èñïóãàëñÿ ïðè âèäå íåçíàêîìöà è íèêàê íå õîòåë âûõîäèòü èç ñâîåé êîìíàòû.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences, using ‘finally’ or ‘after all’ according to the sense.

1. Îí äîëãî ñïîðèë, íî, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, íàì óäàëîñü óáåäèòü åãî, ÷òî îí íå ïðàâ. 2. Ïî÷åìó âû ñåðäèòåñü íà íèõ?  êîíöå êîíöîâ, âû ñàìè âèíîâàòû â òîì, ÷òî ïðîèçîøëî. 3. Íå íóæíî áåñïîêîèòñÿ.  êîíöå êîíöîâ, îí âçðîñëûé ÷åëîâåê è ñàì ìîæåò ïîçàáîòèòüñÿ îáî âñåì. 4. Ìîè àðãóìåíòû îêàçàëèñü ïî ñóùåñòâó, â êîíöå êîíöîâ. 5. Îíà ïåðåìåðèëà äþæèíó ïëàòüåâ è, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, êóïèëà ñàìîå ïåðâîå. 6. Îñòàâüòå âñå êàê åñòü, íå èñêëþ÷àéòå ïîñëåäíèé ïóíêò.  êîíöå êîíöîâ, ýòî íè÷åãî íå èçìåíèò. 7. Ðàáîòà îêàçàëàñü, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, íå òàêîé óõ ñëîæíîé, êàê ÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿë ñåáå. 8. Ïîñëå äîëãèõ ïîèñêîâ îí, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, íàøåë òî, ÷òî èñêàë.

Ex. 17. Change the meaning of the following sentences to the opposite, using the vocabulary of the lesson. Make all the necessary changes.

1. Everything seemed to be working out perfectly. 2. There is hardly any sense in speeding up things. 3. As we approached the gates, a car pulled away. 4. A light push and the door came open. 5. The watch is in perfect working order. 6. The witness kept changing his story. 7. She was calm and determined. She kept her head. 8. The book was dull and boring, and the boy hated reading it. 9. She felt low and depressed.

Ex. 18. Phrasal verbs: ‘to set’

set about - 1) begin to do, 2) attack

set aside - 1) save for a special purpose, 2) stop sth for some time

set back - 1) delay progress of sth (hinder), 2) delay an event till a later

date, 3) cost (sl)

set out/off - 1) begin a journey, 2) start a course of action with a clear

aim in mind

set in - start and seem likely to continue

set on - (cause to) attack

set up - 1) start a business, 2) build, erect, 3) establish (a record, etc.)

set sb up - cause sb to receive blame

Complete the following sentences with a phrasal verb based on ‘set’.

1. He rolled up his sleeves and ............... clearing the garden of leaves. 2. Jim is determined to ...............his own business as soon as he is qualified. 3.The bad weather .................the day we arrived at the resort and completely spoiled our holiday. 4. The coach ..............the conditions which would apply to anyone who was chosen to be a member of the team. 5. The rescue party ................ on their search for the missing climber. 6. John couldn’t get the information he wanted from his parents and ..............getting it himself. 7. ‘What time do we ..............tomorrow?’ the travellers asked the guide. 8. He ................ fixing the door while she cleaned the house. 9. We .............. at 6. 00 a.m. in order to reach Birmingham by lunch time. 10. She ............ £20 a week to buy a car. 11. It took only a few weeks to .............the business. 12. ’Don’t worry about your university fees. We’ve got some money .............. for your education’,

said David to his son. 13. He .............. a new record time for the men’s championship. 14. We usually ..........the clock........... one hour at the beginning of autumn. 15. She had to .......... the report .......... until she had dealt with the correspondence. 16. He left his job to ............... his own business. 17. The fire has .......... our plans ........... . 18. He threatened to ............ the dogs ......... us if we didn’t leave. 19. The rain seems to have ............... . 20. Although he knew someone had ............him .......... he couldn’t prove it.

Ex. 19. Translate into English.

(À) 1. Íåîñòîðîæíîñòü øîôåðà ÷àñòî âåäåò ê àâàðèè. 2. Ðàç îí îáåùàë ïîçàáîòèòüñÿ î áàãàæå, òî âàì íå÷åãî âîëíîâàòüñÿ. 3. Ðàáîòàÿ â ñàäó, îí èìåë îáûêíîâåíèå íàïåâàòü ÷òî-òî. 4. Êîãäà åé çàäàëè âîïðîñ ïî ñóùåñòâó, îíà ðàñòåðÿëàñü, íå çíàÿ, ÷òî îòâåòèòü. 5. Âåðíóâøèñü èç êîìàíäèðîâêè íà Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê, æóðíàëèñò ñîãëàñèëñÿ ïðî÷èòàòü ëåêöèþ î ñèòóàöèè òàì. 6. Òðóäíî ñêàçàòü, ïî÷åìó îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë ïî÷èíèòüñÿ ïðèêàçó. 7. Íå æåëàÿ òðàòèòü íè ìèíóòû, îí ïåðåøåë ê ñóòè äåëà. 8. Ïî÷åìó âû ñîìíåâàåòåñü â åãî ñëîâàõ? Ðàçâå ó âàñ åñòü ïðè÷èíû íå âåðèòü åìó?. 9. Îí íàñòàèâàë íà ñâîåì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë ìåíÿòü íè îäíîãî ïóíêòà. 10. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî âî âðåìÿ òóìàíà ìû ïîïàëè â àâàðèþ. 11. Äâåðü çàêëèíèëî è îíà íèêàê íå îòêðûâàåòñÿ. 12. Îñòîðîæíî îáðàùàéòåñü ñ ýòèìè ÷àñàì, îíè - ñòàðèííûå è, åñëè îíè ñëîìàþòñÿ, èõ òðóäíî áóäåò ïî÷èíèòü. 13. Ìû ïîïðîñèëè êàæäîãî âûñòóïàþùåãî ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ òåìû, èíà÷å ìû ïîòðàòèì ïîïóñòó ìíîãî âðåìåíè. 14. Íå êàæäóþ ïðèâû÷êó ëåãêî áðîñèòü. 15. Ðîäèòåëè íàñòàèâàëè, ÷òîáû îí ïîøåë ó÷èòüñÿ â óíèâåðñèòåò, íî îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë ïîä÷èíÿòüñÿ. Îí íå ïðîÿâëÿë èíòåðåñà ê íàóêàì. 16. Ñðåäè òîâàðîâ, äîñòàâëåííûõ åìó óòðîì, îí îáíàðóæèë íåñêîëüêî, êîòîðûå åìó íå ïðèíàäëåæàëè. 17. Ìû äóìàëè, ÷òî îíè ïîïàëè â àâàðèþ, íî îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî èõ ìàøèíà ñëîìàëàñü è çàñòðÿëà â ñíåãó. 18. Îí ñ óæàñîì óêàçûâàë íà ÿðêèé ñâåò, äâèãàþùèéñÿ âñå áëèæå è áëèæå ñ îãðîìíîé ñêîðîñòüþ. 19. Äàâàéòå îñòàâèì ýòó òåìó, ãîâîðèòü îá ýòîì - ïóñòàÿ òðàòà âðåìåíè. 20. Îíà æèçíåðàäîñòíûé ÷åëîâåê, âñåãäà â ïðèïîäíÿòîì íàñòðîåíèè.

(Â) Êîãäà Äàã ïîïûòàëñÿ îòêðûòü ÷åìîäàí, òîò íèêàê íå îòêðûâàëñÿ. Îí ïîäóìàë, ÷òî çàìîê çàåëî. Îí ïîíÿë, ÷òî åäèíñòâåííîå, ÷òî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü, ýòî ñëîìàòü çàìîê. Ýòî áûëà ïóñòàÿ òðàòà âðåìåíè ïûòàòüñÿ îòêðûòü åãî êëþ÷îì. Îí áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî çàìîê ñëîìàëñÿ âî âðåìÿ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè. Êîãäà, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, åìó óäàëîñü îòêðûòü ÷åìîäàí, îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî îí ïðèíàäëåæèò êîìó-òî åùå. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, âçÿë åãî â àýðîïîðòó ïî îøèáêå (ñëó÷àéíî).  ïåðâûé ìîìåíò îí áûë â ðàñòåðÿííîñòè, íå çíàÿ, ÷òî äåëàòü äàëüøå. Åãî ñåðäöå óïàëî, êîãäà îí îñîçíàë, ÷òî ïåðåïóòàë ÷åìîäàíû. Îí ñîìíåâàëñÿ, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðîìó ïðèíàäëåæèò ÷åìîäàí, áóäåò èñêàòü Äàãà, ÷òîáû âåðíóòü ÷åìîäàí. Ïðèåõàâ â Øâåéöàðèþ Äàã áûë â ïðåêðàñíîì íàñòðîåíèè, à òåïåðü îí áûë âíå ñåáÿ îò îò÷àÿíèÿ.

Ex. 20. Parts of vehicles

windscreen / AmE windshield - âåòðîâîå ñòåêëî

bonnet / AmE hood - êàïîò

boot / AmE trunk - áàãàæíèê

numberplate / AmE license plate - íîìåð (ðåãèñòðàöèîííûé)

bumper / AmE fender - áàìïåð

headlight - ôàðà

rear light - çàäíèé ñâåò

tyre / AmE tire - øèíà, ïîêðûøêà

wing mirror - áîêîâîå çåðêàëî

rear-view mirror - çåðêàëî çàäíåãî âèäà

windscreen wiper - äâîðíèêè

steering wheel - ðóëü

horn - ñèãíàëüíûé ãóäîê

dashboard - ïðèáîðíàÿ ïàíåëü

glove compartment - áàðäà÷îê

ignition switch - êëþ÷ çàæèãàíèÿ

speedometer - ñïèäîìåòð

gear lever / AmE gear shift - ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëü ñêîðîñòè

clutch pedal - ïåäàëü ñöåïëåíèÿ

brake pedal - òîðìîç (ïåäàëü)

accelerator pedal / AmE gas pedal - ãàç (ïåäàëü)

petrol tank / AmE gas tank - áàê äëÿ áåíçèíà

gear box - êîðîáêà ïåðåêëþ÷åíèÿ ñêîðîñòåé

motor / engine - ìîòîð

battery - àêêóìóëÿòîð

sparking plug / AmÅ spark plug - ñâå÷è çàæèãàíèÿ

seat belt - ðåìåíü áåçîïàñíîñòè

Ex. 21. Translate into English.

Â÷åðà Äæîí äîëæåí áûë îòïðàâèòüñÿ ñàìîëåòîì èç Ëîíäîíà â Ïàðèæ. Îí âñòàë ðàíî óòðîì, ïîëîæèë áàãàæ â áàãàæíèê ñâîåé ìàøèíû è ïîïûòàëñÿ çàâåñòè ìîòîð. Íî ìîòîð íèêàê íå çàâîäèëñÿ. Äæîí ïîäíÿë êàïîò, íî íå ìîã ïîíÿòü â ÷åì áûëî äåëî. Îí íåìåäëåííî ïîçâîíèë â áëèæàéøèé (ìåñòíûé) ãàðàæ, ÷òîáû ïîïðîñèòü ïðèñëàòü ìåõàíèêà íåìåäëåííî. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ, â ãàðàæå áûë ñâîáîäíûé ìåõàíèê è îí áûë ó Äæîíà ÷åðåç äåñÿòü ìèíóò. Îí ñðàçó æå óâèäåë, â ÷åì äåëî. «Ó âàñ êîí÷èëñÿ áåíçèí», ñêàçàë îí.

Äæîí ïî÷óâñòâîâàë ñåáÿ ãëóïî. «Ïî÷åìó ÿ íå ïðîâåðèë âñå â÷åðà âå÷åðîì?» ñïðîñèë îí ñåáÿ.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà çàäåðæêó, îí äîáðàëñÿ äî àýðîïîðòà, âîâðåìÿ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ è çàòåì íàïðàâèëñÿ ïðÿìî â çàë âûëåòà, ÷òîáû ïðî÷åñòü ãàçåòó, ïîêà îí æäàë ðåéñà. Âñêîðå îí óñëûøàë îáúÿâëåíèå: «Èíôîðìàöèÿ äëÿ ïàññàæèðîâ ðåéñà ÂÀ 282 â Ïàðèæ. Âñå ðåéñû â Ïàðèæ è èç Ïàðèæà îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ èç-çà ñèëüíîãî ñíåãîïàäà.»

«Åñëè áû ÿ ðåøèë ïîåõàòü ìîðåì,» - ïîäóìàë Äæîí, -«ÿ áû âîçìîæíî áûë òàì áûñòðåå.  êîíöå êîíöîâ, è äàæå, åñëè ÿ èíîãäà èñïûòûâàþ ìîðñêóþ áîëåçíü (be seasick) íà ïàðîìå ïðè ïåðååçäå ÷åðåç Ëà-Ìàíø, âñå ðàâíî ïðèÿòíåå ñèäåòü íà ïàëóáå â êðåñëàõ, íàáëþäàÿ çà ÷àéêàìè (seagulls) è äðóãèìè ïàññàæèðàìè. È êóõíÿ (galley) íà êîðàáëå êàæåòñÿ ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò ãîðàçäî ëó÷øóþ åäó, ÷åì íà ñàìîëåòå.»

Grammar

PARTICIPLE

Present Participle (Participle I)

Active voice Passive voice

Present writing being written

Perfect having written having been written

Participle I (present) may denote an action simultaneous to that expressed by the finite form of the verb, closely preceding it and following it.

Participle I (perfect, passive) is rather uncommon.

Examples:

He sat in a comfortable armchair reading a newspaper.

Arriving at the station she found no one to meet her.

She went out closing the door behind her quietly.

Seeing that it was useless to argue with him I dropped the subject.

Being busy with his work, he refused the invitation to the party.

She turned to him for help, not knowing how to deal with the

situation.

Not being fit for the job, he decided to quit it.

They stood on the doorstep watching the car drive away.

Having repaired the car, they drove on though it was past midnight

The experiment being made in the laboratory will be very

important.

He asked for additional information, not being satisfied with the

account of the events.

Past Participle ( Participle II)

Participle II may describe how somebody feels.

Participle II may also be used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, reason and concession.

Examples:

The girl seemed frightened.

The boys looked at the broken window with frightened faces.

Here is a letter addressed to you.

When asked, he answered that he didn’t know anything about it.

Pleased with himself, he left the office in high spirits.

Though frightened, he didn’t show it.

Ex. 22. Compare Participle I and Participle II in the following attribute phrases, translate them into Russian:

1) disturbing silence, disturbed silence; 2) a hurting remark, a hurt look; 3) a sinking ship, a sunk ship; 4) a pleasing smile, a pleased smile; 5) a stopping train, a stopped train; 6) a surprising expression, a surprised expression; 7) a frightened look, a frightening look; 8) an exciting film, an excited child.

Ex. 23. Underline the correct Participle.

(À) 1. They found the film excited/exciting. 2. He was exhausting/exhausted after the marathon. 3. They were worrying/worried that they would be late. 4. Her behaviour is extremely annoying/annoyed. 5. We were shocking/shocked by his behaviour. 6. She told us a very entertaining/entertained story. 7. They were all surprising/surprised when he turned up at the party. 8. The book is very interested/interesting. 9. They were fascinated/fascinating by the view.

(Â) On Sunday, I took my children to the circus. I thought I would have a boring/bored time, but actually I was quite astonishing/astonished by the amazing/amazed acts. We were stunning/stunned by the acrobats. They balanced on top of each other with incredible ease. We were really impressing/impressed by their performance. The children found the lion-tamer’s act exciting/excited. I felt terrifying/terrified when he put his hands into the lion’s mouth, but the children were amusing/amused and the clapped loudly. A magician performed many incredible tricks; it was fascinating/fascinated to watch him make various objects disappear and reappear. The children were more interesting/interested in the elephant act. When the huge animals came into the arena, the audience cheered. The elephants were well-trained and their tricks were entertaining/entertained. Some children from the audience were invited to ride on the elephants’ backs. My children were disappointing/disappointed when were not chosen, but their disappointment faded when the clowns took the centre ring. It was quite a captivating/captivated show. By the time we got home we all felt exhausting/exhausted.

Ex. 24. Paraphrase the parts in bold type using the Participle.

1. They passed a group of workers who were repairing the road. 2. While she was clearing the table she thought of the uselessness of such parties. 3. He saw his mistake and stopped arguing. 4. She answered all the questions calmly and tried to look indifferent. 5. For an hour or so he watched a film he knew by heart, as he had seen it at least half a dozen times. 6. They looked at the bridge which was being built across the river. 7. When they reached the top of the mountain, they sank to the ground, too tired to do anything. 8. As she was very tired, she fell asleep the moment her head touched the pillow. 9. When I saw that it was useless to argue with him I dropped the subject. 10. The windows that faced the garden were open. 11. Then she dropped her voice to a whisper, as she remembered the presence of the children. 12. She couldn’t fall asleep because of the noise that was coming from the street. 13. They were old friends, they had been at school together. 14. As she was certain that she was right, she felt calm and unworried. 15. He asked for additional explanation as he was not satisfied with the answer. 16.As he pulled up at the house, he was surprised to see no light in the windows. 17. Near the dock he ran into a sailor who was returning from town. 18. When he packed all his things, he still had enough time to make a few phone calls. 19. When he caught sight of his friends he stopped to let them catch up with him. 20. When he drank his second cup of coffee he folded his newspaper and rose. 21. There were a lot of foreign quests at the conference that was held in May. 22. The first thing that attracted his attention was a big vase that was filled with beautiful roses. 23. We sat down on the ground that was covered with dry leaves. 24. I reached for the glass that was held out to me. 25. He looked around the coffee-shop that was packed with people and moved to the table that was marked ‘Reserved’. 26. Entering the station I saw a hurrying man who was followed by a porter. 27. They all had to obey the instructions that were given by the head clerk. 28. He acted on a plan that had been worked out a long time ago. 29. She didn’t want to see him for reasons that have already been mentioned.

Ex. 25. Put the verbs in brackets into the Participle or the Infinitive without ‘to’.

1. I saw her _______(turn) the corner and _________(disappear). 2. Can you hear the dog _______(bark) outside? 3. I watched the plane _______ (take off) and then I left. 4. He was listening to the rain ________ (patter) on the roof. 5. Paul noticed a woman ________ (stare) at him while he was waiting at the station. 6. When she opened the door she saw someone _________(try) to steal her car. 7. I watched her ________(get up) and ________(walk) slowly out of the room. 8. I heard the phone _______ (ring) twice and then _______(stop). 9. John saw Kate ______(stand) outside the bakery as he was driving to work. 10. Jill stopped to watch the river ________(flow) down the mountainside. 11. Listen to the wind ________(blow) through the trees. 12. We heard the workmen _________ (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast. 13. The witness saw the burglar ________(break into) the house and _______(steal) the television. 14. Listen to her _______(sing) the song and then tell us what you think of it.

Ex. 26. Open the brackets, using the correct form of Participle I.

1. The house _______(built) at the corner of the street will be a cinema. 2. He sat in a comfortable chair _______(smoke) a pipe. 3. _______(put) aside the newspaper, she raised her eyes at me. 3. _________(visit) the museum before, I knew my way easily. 4. __________(stop) at the traffic lights, he saw to his surprise it was almost eight o’clock. 5. _________ (work) as a taxi-driver for twenty years, he knew every little corner of the town. 6. I felt the car pick up speed. _______ (look) at the speedometer, I saw we were making a hundred. 7. As a child, I spent so much time ________(swim) that people used to call me ‘the Fish’. 8. _______ (live) in the country, we had few social visits. 9. He wrote his greatest novel while _________(work) as an ordinary seaman. 10. ________ (put) down the newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked out. 11. The men __________(work) on the site were in some danger. 12. Mr. Turner caught George _________(imitate) the headmaster. 13. _________(not know) what to do, I telephoned the police. 14. I can see several people _________(stand) at the back. 15. _________(not wish) to continue my studies I decided to become a dress designer.

Ex. 27. Open the brackets using either a present participle or a past participle.

1. The man _______(injure) by the bullet was taken to hospital. 2. _________(stand) here all day, I see some very strange people. 3. Most of the people _________(invite) to the party didn’t turn up. 4. I like the girl _______(sit) on the right. 5. Though _________(defeat) he remained a popular leader. 6. _________(live) in the country, we had few amusements. 7. Deeply _______(shock), I decided never to speak to her again. 8. _________(reject) by all his friends, he decided to leave the town. 9. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was _______ (bore). 10. Sheila’s party was pretty _________(bore). 11. I was very ________ (interest) in the lecture, I thought it was quite ________(interest). 12. If the explanation is __________(confuse) you get __________ (confuse). 13. You may be _________(worry) if you have a _________ (worry) problem. 14. There’s a woman _______(cry) her eyes out. 15. Did you see that boy _______(question) by the police. 16. They sat on a _______ (fall) tree that made a convenient seat. 17. For a moment there was a ________ (shock) silence. 18. I sat _______(smoke) and _______ (wonder) what to do. 19. I looked up at the ceiling _________(paint) by some XVIII century Venetian now _________(forget). 20. There was no evidence _________ (leave). 21. The two boys exchanged quick ___________(embarrass) glances.22. _________(feel) rather tired I telephoned and said I couldn’t come. 23. I made my way towards the ________(park) car.

Ex. 28. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using the Participle.

1. He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. 2. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. 3. The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. 4. I knew he had no money on him. I offered to pay his fare. 5. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall. 6. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned off the TV. 7. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 8. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere. 9. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building. 10. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. 11. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed. 13. He had spend all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job. 14. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. 15. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. 16. They found the treasure. They began quarreling about how to divide it. 17. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking. 18. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw. 19. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park. 20. She was lost in thought. She did not hear the knock on the door. 21. The old man settled himself comfortably in his chair. He picked up the newspaper. 22. The tickets were delivered too late. They were of no use to them. 23. I was left alone. I could consider the matter more calmly. 24. She became tired of the loud music. She turned off the player. 25. He was left alone. He stood motionless for some minutes.

Ex. 29. Translate the following sentences, using Participle I in the correct form.

1. Ïîäúåçæàÿ ê äîìó, îí âñïîìíèë, ÷òî çàáûë îïóñòèòü ïèñüìî. 2. Äàâ åé îáåùàíèå, îí íå ìîã íå çàéòè ê íåé íåíàäîëãî. 3. Ïðîñëóæèâ â àðìèè äâà ãîäà, îí âåðíóëñÿ ïîâçðîñëåâøèì. 4. Îíà ñèäåëà ìîë÷à, óñòàâèâøèñü íà îãîíü. 5. Áóäó÷è ñàì æèçíåðàäîñòíûì ÷åëîâåêîì, îí óìåë ïîäíÿòü íàñòðîåíèè äðóãèì. 6. ×òîáû óñïåòü íà ïîåçä, ïðèáûâàþùèé â 8 óòðà, åé ïðèøëîñü âñòàòü î÷åíü ðàíî. 7. Äîìèê, êîòîðûé ñòîÿë â ñòîðîíå îò äîðîãè, ïðèíàäëåæàë øêîëüíîìó ó÷èòåëþ. 8. Ïîíÿâ ñâîþ îøèáêó, îí ïåðåñòàë ñïîðèòü. 9. Ïîäõîäÿ ê äîìó, îí óâèäåë, ÷òî ñâåò íà ïåðâîì ýòàæå ïîãàñ. 10. Äîðîãà, êîòîðàÿ ñåé÷àñ ðåìîíòèðóåòñÿ, áóäåò çíà÷èòåëüíî øèðå. 11. Âîéäÿ â êîìíàòó, îíà ñðàçó çàìåòèëà êàêóþ-òî ïåðåìåíó. 12. Áóäó÷è â õîðîøåì ðàñïîëîæåíèè äóõà, îí áûë âåñåë è ðàçãîâîð÷èâ. 13. Îíà îòâå÷àëà íà âîïðîñû ðàññåÿííî, âñå âðåìÿ äóìàÿ î ñëó÷èâøèìñÿ. 14. Òàê êàê îí î÷åíü óñòàë, îí ðåøèë ïðîäîëæèòü ðàáîòó íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü.

Ex. 30. Translate the words given in brackets using a participle where possible.

1. At that moment a man __________(äåðæàâøèé) a letter in his hand came in. 2. There is a man __________ (âåðíóâøèéñÿ) from the trip all over the world. 3. The air __________ (èäóùèé) through the open window smelled of the sea. 4. The sidewalks were crowded with people __________(ïðèøåäøèõ) to see the parade. 5. He lifted __________(ïëàêàâøåãî) child and began comforting him. 6. I envied these boys __________(ãóëÿâøèõ) in the garden. 7. There were a few large pictures _________(âèñåâøèõ) on the walls. 8. The picture ____________ (âèñåâøàÿ) here last year is at the exhibition now. 9. The two men looked at the people ____________(ïðîõîäèâøèõ) along the pale grey pavements. 10. We went to see our friends ___________ (âîçâðàòèâøèõñÿ) from a far voyage. 11. He had a massive gold watch ______________ (ïðèíàäëåæàâøèå) to his father.

Ex. 31. Translate the following sentences, using Participle II.

1. Ó íåãî áûë èñïóãàííûé âèä. 2. Ýòî ïèñüìî ïðèøëî âìåñòå ñ ïî÷òîé, äîñòàâëåííîé óòðîì. 3. Îí ñ òðóäîì íåñ ÷åìîäàí, íàáèòûé êíèãàìè. 4. Îí íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåë òðàòèòü äåíüãè, îòëîæåííûå íà ïîåçäêó. 5. Ó íåãî áûë âçâîëíîâàííûé âèä. 6.Îíà îãëÿäåëà ñàä ñ äîâîëüíîé óëûáêîé. 7. Ïîäîéäÿ ê ñòîëó, îí óâèäåë ïèñüìî, àäðåñîâàííîå åìó. 8. Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó, îíà ñîáèðàëà êóñî÷êè ðàçáèòîé ÷àøêè. 9. Õîðîøî îäåòûé íåçíàêîìåö ñðàçó ïðèâëåê íàøå âíèìàíèå. 10. Ôèëüìû, ñäåëàííûå ýòèì ðåæèññåðîì, âñåãäà î÷åíü èíòåðåñíû. 11. Ñäåëàííûé íà çàêàç êîñòþì ñèäåë íà íåì î÷åíü õîðîøî.

Causative Form

have/get something done

This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else.

I’ve just had/got my car serviced. I have/get it done every winter.

It can also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone.

We had/got our car broken into last month.

The verb ‘have’, when used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with ‘do/does/did’

She doesn’t have the flowers arranged.

Did you have the brakes checked?

Ex. 32. Answer the questions, using the causative form.

1. If he doesn’t drive more carefully, the police will take away his license. What will happen to him? 2. I didn’t use to employ someone to do the housework for me. What didn’t I use to do? 3. The mechanic is repairing her car. What is done to her car? 4. She will get someone to deliver the computer. How will she get the computer? 5. Our cooker is being repaired after the accident when the lights went off. What is being done to our cooker? 6. Someone will repair our leaking roof. What will we do? 7. The mechanic had serviced their car before they went on holiday. What had they done? 8. His car was badly damaged during the accident. What happened to his car? 9. He got someone at the office to send the fax. What did he do? 10. I should have someone look at the painting, it might be valuable. What should I do?

Ex. 33. Continue the following sentences, using the causative.

1. He has a terrible toothache. (pull out). 2. The machine has broken down. (repair) 3. The suit is unfit to be seen in. (dry-clean) 4. There is some trouble with the gear-box. (repair) 5. The kid’s teeth are uneven. (straighten) 6. The house looks ugly. (paint) 7. The dress is far too long (shorten) 8. I don’t like my hair-do. (do it in a different style)

Ex. 34. Translate into English.

1. Êîãäà ìû ïðèøëè âñå åå âåùè áûëè óïàêîâàíû. 2. Òåáå íåîáõîäèìî ïîñòðè÷üñÿ. 3. Âàì ñëåäóåò îòðåìîíòèðîâàòü òîðìîçà. 4. Åé õî÷åòñÿ ñøèòü âå÷åðíåå ïëàòüå. 5. ß íå ìîãó ñåé÷àñ ãîâîðèòü. Ìíå òîëüêî ÷òî âûðâàëè çóá. 6. Ó âàñ ÷òî-òî ñåðüåçíîå ñ ðóêîé. Âàì íàäî, ÷òîáû âðà÷ îñìîòðåë åå. 7. Ìû äîëæíû îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ â ïîíåäåëüíèê. 8. Ìíå áû õîòåëîñü, ÷òîáû ìîè ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ âûïîëíÿëèñü íåìåäëåííî. 9. Ãäå òû ñøèë ýòîò êîñòþì. Îí íà òåáå ïðåêðàñíî ñèäèò. 10. Ìíå íóæíî îòðåìîíòèðîâàòü êâàðòèðó.

Ex. 35. Open the brackets, using the Participle.

1. __________ (look) out of the window, she saw there was a man ____________(work) in the garden. 2. __________(read) a few pages, he fell asleep. 3. The wind _________ (come) from the North was bitterly cold. 4. She didn’t pay any attention to the _________ (ring) phone. 5._________ (do) all that was required he was the last to leave the office. 6. _________ (know) that she couldn’t trust Jim, she sent Peter instead. 7. I noticed him give a __________ (surprise) look. 8. They sat around the fire ________ (stare) at it. 9. ________ (finish) his work, he seemed more ________ (please) that usual. 10. In the middle of the night he woke up ________ (shake) with cold. 11. ________ (confuse) by his joke, she blushed. 12. He wants to have his luggage ________ (pick up) on the way to the station. 13. I don’t really see what can be done about the ________ (ruin) picture. 14. The path _________ (lead) to the house was covered with yellow leaves. 15. He walked out of the room, _______ (leave) the door open. 16. They were worrying about the child _______ (leave) alone in the house. 17. __________ (look) forward to that moment for a long time, he felt no pleasure now that it had arrived. 18. __________ (inform) of their arrival the day before, he was better prepared to meet them. 19. Not __________ (find) me in the postman left the parcel with my next-door neighbours. 20. ‘I don’t know if I see what you mean’, he said with a _________ (hurt) expression. 21. __________ (remember) the episode I couldn’t help laughing. 22. ___________ (elect) to sit in Parliament, he started upon his administrative career. 23. He will hardly be able to accompany the singers, not ________ (play) the piano for about three years.

Ex. 36. Translate the following, using the Participle.

1. Ïðîñëóøàâ âíèìàòåëüíî åãî îò÷åò, ÿ ïîíÿë, êàêóþ áîëüøóþ ðàáîòó îí ïðîäåëàë. 2. Ñëóøàÿ âíèìàòåëüíî âñå, î ÷åì îí ãîâîðèë, ÿ îäíîâðåìåííî íàáëþäàë çà àóäèòîðèåé. 3. Áåñïîêîÿñü î åãî áóäóùåì, îíà äóìàëà î òîì, êàê åìó ïîìî÷ü. 4. Îíà îòâå÷àëà íà âîïðîñû ðàññåÿíî, âñå âðåìÿ äóìàÿ î ñëó÷èâøåìñÿ. 5. Áóäó÷è íîâûì ñîòðóäíèêîì, îí ïîêà íå âûñêàçûâàë ñâîþ òî÷êó çðåíèÿ íà ïåðåìåíû â ðàáîòå, áîÿñü ñäåëàòü îøèáêó. 6. Óâèäåâ, ÷òî ìàøèíà çàìåäëèëà õîä, ÿ ïîíÿë, ÷òî îíè ìåíÿ ïîäâåçóò. 7. Óñïîêîèâøèñü, îíà íà÷àëà ðàññêàçûâàòü î íåñ÷àñòíîì ñëó÷àå, êîòîðûé ïðîèçîøåë íà åå ãëàçàõ. 8. Ïîâèíóÿñü, ïðèêàçó èíñòðóêòîðà, âîäèòåëü çàìåäëèë õîä. 9. Ìû ïðèñëóøàëèñü ê òèøèíó, èçðåäêà íàðóøàåìîé ïåíèåì êàêîé-òî ïòèöû. 10. Óñëûøàâ åå èìÿ, îí òîò÷àñ æå âñïîìíèë, ãäå îíè âñòðåòèëèñü âïåðâûå. 11. Åãî îáèæåííûé âèä ðàññìåøèë âñåõ. 12. Áóäó÷è ðàññòðîåííûì, îí ïîâåðíóë íå â òó ñòîðîíó. 13. Ìíå áû õîòåëîñü óêîðîòèòü ïàëüòî. 14. Ôèëüìû, ñäåëàííûå ýòèì ðåæèññåðîì, âñåãäà î÷åíü èíòåðåñíû. 15. Ïîäõîäÿ ê äîìó, ÿ óñëûøàë ÷üè-òî øàãè çà ñïèíîé. 16. Âîéäÿ â êîìíàòó, îíà ñðàçó çàìåòèëà áîëüøóþ êîðîáêó, ñòîÿùóþ íà ñòîëå.

Ex. 37. Open the brackets, using the participle. Tell the story in narrative form.

It was reported in the press that certain car dealers have been bugging their showrooms so that they can hear what people, who have come to buy a car, are saying while the salesman is in the back office, _________ (make) it easier for the salesman to know what the intentions of the buyers are.

A couple _______ (leave) alone in the showrooms have been looking at a brown Panda for some time when the salesman comes out of the back office _______(say). ‘Well, Fanny, how do you like our new Panda?’ ______ (point) at the car.

_________(look) at the salesman in great surprise the woman asks, ‘How did you know my name was Fanny?’

‘Your husband McKinley told me.’

The husband says, ‘I never told you her name. And how did you know my name was McKinley never ________ (meet) me before?’

The salesman says, ‘Well, honestly, I didn’t know but I took a wild guess. You look like a Fanny and a McKinley. Now let’s talk about the car. You want to have a brown car with brown leather seats.’

Fanny says _________ (look) at the salesman, ‘You must be a mind reader.’

‘_______ (be) in the business for many years I know that certain people like certain colours.’

‘Let’s get out of here,’ says Fanny _______ (feel) nervous.

‘Can I talk to my wife alone?’ McKinley asks ________ (turn) to the salesman.

‘Of course,’ the salesman answers _________ (walk) off to the back office and _______ (leave) the couple alone.

‘Let’s tell him we’ll think it over and be back next Tuesday,’ McKinley starts whispering to his wife. __________ (rush) out of the back office the salesman shouts, ‘Could you make it Wednesday? I don’t work on Tuesday, and I’d hate to lose the sale.’

(after Bugging Showrooms by Art Buchwald)

Reading and speech exercises

Ex. 38. Read the following article about young people and cars. Five paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from paragraphs A-F the one which fits each gap (1-5). There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use.

FRIDAY NIGHT BURNOUT

Teenagers and cars are a volatile combination.

Three young Australians talk about their

attachment to the automobile

Rick started work at sixteen. In the three years since then he has owned five cars. Two were stolen and stripped (Australia has the highest rate of car theft in the world). Another was damaged beyond repair after a drinking session with his mates.

(1).......................

Even though he’d upgraded each machine, Rick also lost financially on each deal. He kept the car - and the repayments - even when unemployed for six months. ‘I spend around a third of my pay on my car, and I still owe $6,000.’ Rick calls his car a ‘mean-looking custom V8,’ a phrase which his insurance company translates as ‘high-risk’.

2) ....................

Rick is a skilful driver, probably more skilful than he is with the machinery at work. And there’s the additional benefit of not having a factory supervisor to tell him when he’s made an error. The feeling of control both excites and frees him. Driving and cornering quickly - especially with passengers - gives him a thrill.

(3)......................

Sharon bought her wheels of independence when she was seventeen and still at school. ‘I couldn’t afford to move out of home but the car’s the next best thing.’

(4).......................

Sharon’s two brothers also have their own cars but she doesn’t see much point in sharing. ‘That’d be like wearing hand-me-down clothes or eating leftovers all the time. There’s no way I could do that and still save face with my friends.’

(5).......................

‘I’ll need it for work,’ he says bluntly. ‘It’s not a luxury. I need an impressive-looking car to impress potential employers.’ Riding in Kevin’s car is about as quiet as the office he hopes to call his own. There’s an air of silent efficiency and of luxury, an image he’s happy to display.

A. She drives a small yellow two-door which is kept tidier than her room but demands a good deal more pocket money. ‘I couldn’t survive without a car. I don’t want to be depending on guys for lifts. I don’t want to give them that advantage. All my friends have cars and mine’s probably the cheapest.’

B. It also makes him a sure target for the highway patrol. ‘All the guys at work drive hot cars. There’s a regular burnout on Friday nights.’ And Rick’s convinced the girls love it too. ‘A lot of them wouldn’t go out with you if you were driving a pram or a shopping trolley.’

C. The highway patrol is busiest on Saturday nights and they say that female drivers are increasingly forming part of their workload. The number of speeding offences committed by females in the 17-25 age-group is fast approaching that of young males.

D. Kevin has just enrolled on an accountancy course at college. He bought an imported sports coupé on credit (with a little help from his parents) - a car costing twice his probable starting salary.

E. His car has a loud exhaust which is almost as deafening as the factory where he works, but totally within his control. And of course he’s got a car stereo that can also deafen. Not surprisingly, his usual way of driving is ‘windows down’. Rich isn’t easily amused, but he says with a smile ‘I turn heads. Yeah. I know that.’

F. Rick is one of the statistical ‘high-risk under 25’s. Last year, car accident cost Australians almost $6,000 million. Almost 3,000 people were killed, and more than 29, 000 were injured.

a) Find in the article the English for the following and use them in discussing the text:

ðàçáèòü ïîëíîñòüþ (íå ïîäëåæèò ðåìîíòó); óëó÷øèòü ìàøèíó; èñêóñíûé ìåõàíèê; èìåòü äîëã â 6 000 äîëëàðîâ; äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðåèìóùåñòâî; îãëóøèòåëüíûé; íå âèæó ñìûñëà ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ìàøèíîé âìåñòå ñ áðàòîì; çàïèñàòüñÿ íà áóõãàëòåðñêèé êóðñ;

b) Answer the questions about the three young Australians.

1. What kind of cars do they own? 2. What’s their attitude to their cars? 3. Why did they buy such cars?

Ex. 39. Read and discuss the text.

IS YOUR CAR REALLY NECESSARY?

All over Britain vast areas of land are being covered with cement for bigger motorways, car parks and garages. That land used to give us fresh air, oxygen from grass and trees; fruit and vegetables; a rest and beauty for weary eyes; a relaxation; an escape. Today that land gives lead-poisoned and polluted air; noise; more nervous tension; and injury, damage and death. No one anywhere is safe now. In country lanes which were quiet, isolated and peaceful, children and old people are knocked down and murdered by holiday cars tearing arrogantly along to get back to the nearest motorway. We are told to expect more and more cars every year, and more and more acres of land under deadening cement. What are all these cars used for? For urgent and important purposes, essential to our modern life? No of course not. The majority of cars are mostly used to take Mr Smith to the tobacconist for a packet of cigarettes or to the pub; to take Mrs Smith to the supermarket for a packet of cornflakes or the hairdresser; to take Mr and Mrs Smith and the two little Smiths and the dog for an aimless drive anywhere at all.

I do not accept the proposition that we must have more cars. We do not really need all the cars we have now. I propose that no more new cars, whether British or foreign, should be sold in Britain for a period of ten years. There are already plenty of cars to last us for ten years. Look at all the thousands of unsold second-hand cars in dense rows around the garages all over Britain. Some people take pride in driving ‘old crocks’ and today’s new and second-hand cars can last for another ten years. if some cars fall irreparable to pieces from old age or are totally smashed in road accidents during the ten years, all the better. And we may at last regain a little fresh air and relaxation and sanity. What do you think?

(from Modern Reading by J. Bentley)

a) Answer the questions about the text

1. What does the author think is the impact of cars on the environment? 2. What are the author’s arguments against the car? Are they convincing? 3.What are the author’s propositions that might improve the situation? 4. Do you believe the solution offered by the author is capable of making a radical chance? 5. What arguments would you suggest in favour of the car or against the car?

Ex. 40. Read the texts and discuss the environmental problems caused by cars.

Text 1

Leave your car at home

In the last hundred years, cars have revolutionised the way we travel... but at what cost? If you’re a driver, using your car less is one of the most important things you can do to help the environment - and help make it easier for everyone to get around. Here’s why.

It’s a choke

Car fumes are the leading cause of smogs, which are choking our towns and cities, and a major contributor to poor air quality in rural areas, threatening the health of one in five people.

Pregnant women, young children and people who suffer from heart and lung disease are most at risk.

Going nowhere

With 21 million cars already clogging up UK roads, travelling can be a slow and frustrating experience. If we don’t do anything to cut car use, there could be more than 30 million cars competing for road space by the year 2025. Road congestion already costs our environment £15 billion every year.

Climate catastrophe?

Road traffic is the fastest growing cause of carbon dioxide, the main ‘greenhouse gas’. Rising levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere threaten to make the Earth hotter leading to disastrous changes in the world’s climate. Cars pump out 14% of all the UK’s carbon dioxide pollution.

Carmaggeddon

Making cars, producing fuel and building roads gobbles up precious natural resources, destroys and poisons huge areas of land. In the UK, road building threatens to damage or destroy over 50 of our finest wildlife reserves.

What a waste!

When cars are scrapped, many materials end up in the ground or burnt, poisoning our air, water and soil with harmful chemicals. Each year 1,4000,000 cars are scrapped worldwide.

Text 2

Most big cities were built long before the heyday of the private car. As a result they rarely have enough space for moving traffic or parked vehicles, and long queues of stationary vehicles are a common sight. Indeed some cities end up being almost permanently congested during the day. Those that have a relatively free flow of traffic at non-peak periods of the day do not escape either. The rush hour of early morning or early evening can easily see traffic brought to a standstill. The effect of exhaust fumes on air pollution in cities has been well documented. Buses might be seen as the solution, but they move slowly because of the sheer volume of other traffic, thus encouraging more commuters to abandon public transport.

Text 3

Bicycles

Why don’t the British cycle? Only a quarter of the estimated twenty million bicycles in the country are thought to be in regular use. In Denmark which is flatter but no darker or rainier than Britain twenty per cent of all journeys are made by bicycle, while in Britain the figure is only 5%. The government are trying to improve this. It is hoped that a grant of millions of pounds from the National Lottery will encourage more people to use their bikes. The money will be used to pay for a 6,500 mile national network of cycle tracks. Britain needs to introduce environmentally friendly schemes such as this. The southern third of the country is one of the most crowded areas of the world. Environmentalist make it difficult to build new roads, and existing roads are very overcrowded. One official committee described the growth of motor transport as ‘’possibly the greatest environmental threat to the UK’’. The aim of building the cycle tracks is to motivate people to use their bicycles instead of their cars. However, the new tracks are being built between cities and not though them. This means that only long distance journeys may be easier and safer. Those cyclists who want to travel inside cities will still be in danger of losing their lives on busy roads every time they use their bicycles.

Ex. 41. Open the brackets using either an infinitive or a participle and discuss the text.

Women Drivers

For years women drivers have traditionally been seen as bad drivers. However, a survey _______ (carry out) for the British television network, the BBC, seems ________(tell) a different story. Over three times as many men as women confess to bad _______(drive) habits. According to a survey, men are more likely ________(drive) too close to the car in front or read a map while _______ (drive)! More men appear ______(drive) when they are tired and in danger of falling asleep. Women stop at red traffic lights and have fewer serious accidents. Is this due to traditional female characteristics such as gentleness ________ (compare) with typical male characteristics such as aggression or a difference in the intelligence? According to the Royal Automobile Club, things change as men get more older. After the age of 30, they tend ______ (become) safer!.

Ex. 42. Read the text and speak about the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by train.

THE RAILS THAT NARROW THE MIND

By the time the boat had left Dover, the class division between the passengers was clearly visible. Cross-legged on the deck were the backpackers, the Interrailers, the young and poor, making do with stale baguettes and warm beer. The owners of the expensive cars below, the yuppy tourers and families on their way to their villas, were crammed into the restaurant, or consuming picnics at round plastic tables outside. They were elevated both physically and in status from the hardier folk on the deck. The only thing the two groups had in common was their footwear, the ubiquitous nylon training shoe.

I was with the young and poor, armed with paperback novels and a moneybelt containing the essentials: passport, travellers cheques and the all-important Interrail pass, which gives freedom of Europe’s railways at an economical price. I had eight days and planned to head for the Alps, then Italy, before swinging back through Southern Germany and Holland. In the following days, I was to travel 3,000 miles, spending four out of seven nights on the move. Twice, the demands of this schedule were to make me fork out extra money for a couchette, something that hard core backpackers generally begrudge. ‘We try,’ explained Patricia, from Canada, squatting on deck with her two companions, ‘not to go above $20 a day. Budgeting is a state of mind ... you don’t use restaurants but grocery stores.’

Patricia and her friends had already been travelling for nine weeks, including five days in Britain. There, alas, their passes were invalid. ‘We wanted to visit friends in Leeds but the fare was too expensive.’ What had been the highlight so far? ‘Munich’ they chorused in unison. ‘We found our first MacDonalds. We ran so fast! You know the food is basically good there - it’s kind of regulated’. Europe, they added, had many attractions. In Munich again, they had found themselves inadvertently taking part in an American TV series.

Alison, a student from Manchester was making her sixth consecutive trip. ‘I’ve seen every country in Europe except Romania. I’ve never spent more than three nights in a row on the train, even though it saves you such a lot of accommodation bills.’ ‘Sometimes,’ she added, ‘Interrail holidays could seem more fun in retrospect.’ Some of those I met might have agreed, like the three lads I met on the train from Salzburg to Trieste. They were hoping to make their passes really pay by taking part in a competition to record the highest mileage. Unmistakeably in need of a bath, they explained, ‘If we get to the end and we haven’t got quite enough, we’ll take a train to the North of Norway, and then catch another one straight back.’

Most travel in twos and threes, but some can be found on their own. The trains and stations of Europe are buzzing with strangers meeting each other and exchanging information. Off the boat, the youthful human stream headed for the train to Paris. Holly and Paula, 17, stood sharply out from the crowd - each had scarlet-painted fingernails and hair that had clearly been done very recently in a top London salon. The cash for the trip had been raised by long hours after school in a pizza restaurant. In the autumn they would be going to university in Los Angeles. ‘What we’ve enjoyed most,’ said Holly, ‘is the British Grand Prix’.

Then the Paris Metro and the Gare du Lyon, with Kate, Mark and Paul, deeply depressed at finishing their studies at Cambridge, now heading for the Mediterranean. ‘We don’t want to go everywhere,’ said Mark, as the humble pizzas - actually very humble indeed - arrived. It is supposed to be a holiday.’ Kate described the sad end to Cambridge that they would remember for the rest of their lives. ‘It was a wonderful party. We fed each other jelly, blindfolded.’

Making my way to the Chamonix train I noticed that the first unlucky station sleepers were already bedding down for the night, having arrived too late to find a bed anywhere. With any luck they would fare better than travellers in Venice, where as several Interrailers told me, the police are in the habit of arriving at four in the morning and blowing whistles until everyone gets up. I looked again at the Interrail pass, divided into thirty sections. Thirty journeys in a month: that would not be bad going. At the end of the last space, the pass informed me: ‘To obtain a booklet of additional pages, please apply to the nearest station.’ Somehow, I didn’t think I would be doing that.

a) Explain and give the Russian for the following phrases:

the class division

cross-legged

make do with stale baguettes

elevated both physically and in status

hardier folk

armed with paperback novels

the fare was too expensive

highlight

three nights in a row

saves you a lot in accommodation bills

in retrospect

travel in twos and threes

on one’s own

stand sharply out from the crowd

the cash was raised by ...

humble pizzas

b) Give the English for the following:

ïîãëîùàòü (ñúåäàòü) çàâòðàê; èìåòü îáùåå ñ êåì-òî; áèëåò íåäåéñòâèòåëåí; ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü (ñîáëàçíû); ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî; êîðìèòü äðóã äðóãà; èìåòü ïðèâû÷êó (îáûêíîâåíèå) äåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî; ïðèîáðåñòè êíèæå÷êó ñ äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè ñòðàíè÷êàìè; îáðàòèòüñÿ ñ ïðîñüáîé êóäà-ëèáî;

Ex. 43. Translate into English.

1. Ìîÿ ìàøèíà ïîòðåáëÿåò î÷åíü ìíîãî áåíçèíà. Îíà íå ýêîíîìè÷íà. Åñëè áû ÿ áûë èñêóñíûì ìåõàíèêîì, ÿ áû åå óëó÷øèë (ìîäåðíèçèðîâàë). 2. ß áûëà áû ïðèçíàòåëüíà, åñëè áû òû âûêëþ÷èë ñâîå ñòåðåî, òàê êàê ìóçûêà ïðîñòî îãëóøèòåëüíàÿ. 3. Îí ïîíèìàë, ÷òî åìó íå õâàòàëî îïûòà, ÷òîáû îòêðûòü (íà÷àòü) ñâîå äåëî. 4. Âàøà ëèöåíçèÿ áóäåò íåäåéñòâèòåëüíà ñ íîâîãî ãîäà. Âàì ñëåäóåò ïðèîáðåñòè íîâóþ. 5. Îíà çàïèñàëàñü íà áóõãàëòåðñêèå êóðñû. Îíà õî÷åò íàó÷èòüñÿ (ïîëó÷èòü ïðîôåññèþ) ýêîíîìèñòà. 6. Åãî ìàøèíà áûëà ïîëíîñòüþ ðàçáèòà (íå ïîäëåæàëà ðåìîíòó), è îí íå èìåë ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ, êàê óáåäèòü ðîäèòåëåé îäîëæèòü åìó äåíåã íà íîâóþ. 7. Îí òàê ìîäåðíèçèðîâàë ñâîþ îáû÷íóþ ìàøèíó, ÷òî îíà òåïåðü ìîæåò ó÷àñòâîâàòü â àâòîðàëëè. Îí î÷åíü èñêóñíûé ìåõàíèê. 8. Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòà åìó î÷åíü õîòåëîñü ïðèîáðåñòè íîâóþ ìàøèíó. Åìó îñòî÷åðòåëà åãî ñòàðàÿ ðàçâàëèíà. Ïîýòîìó îí âîñïîëüçîâàëñÿ âîçìîæíîñòüþ êóïèòü ìàøèíó â êðåäèò. 9. Îí îáîæàåò ìàøèíû. Ñåé÷àñ îí îáëàäàåò ïÿòüþ ìàøèíàìè. Åìó íðàâèòñÿ ïðèîáðåòàòü ñòàðûå ïîäåðæàííûå ìàøèíû è ðåìîíòèðîâàòü èõ. 10. Îí î÷åíü íåîñòîðîæíûé âîäèòåëü. Ìàøèíà áûëà ñîâåðøåííî ðàçáèòà è íå ïîäëåæàëà ðåìîíòó. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ îí ñàì íå ïîñòðàäàë. 11. ×òîáû êóïèòü íîâóþ ìàøèíó åìó ïðèøëîñü çàíÿòü äåíåã ó äðóçåé. Îí óæå âûïëàòèë ÷àñòü äîëãà, íî îí åùå äîëæåí îêîëî 3 000 äîëëàðîâ. 12. Îíà íå õî÷åò áûòü çàâèñèìîé îò äðóçåé è ïðîñèòü èõ ïîäâåñòè åå, è îñîáåííî äàâàòü ïðåèìóùåñòâà ìîëîäûì ëþäÿì. 13. Îí íå õî÷åò ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ìàøèíîé âìåñòå ñ áðàòüÿìè (äåëèòü ìàøèíó). Îí íå âèäèò â ýòîì íèêàêîãî ñìûñëà. Ýòî ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê íîñèòü îáíîñêè îò ñòàðøèõ áðàòüåâ. 14. Îíà çàïèñàëàñü íà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé êóðñ, òàê êàê îíà î÷åíü õî÷åò ïîëó÷èòü ðàáîòó (áûòü íàíÿòîé) â êðóïíîì áàíêå. 15. Îí çàìåòèë (îáðàòèë âíèìàíèå) íà äåâóøêó, ñèäÿùóþ â óãëó, ïîãëîùàþùóþ äîâîëüíî ñêðîìíóþ (æàëêóþ) ïèööó. 16. Åãî ëèöåíçèÿ áûëà íåäåéñòâèòåëüíà, è ÷òîáû ïðèîáðåñòè íîâóþ åìó ïðèøëîñü ïðîâåñòè íåñêîëüêî äíåé, ñîáèðàÿ íåîáõîäèìûå äîêóìåíòû.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download