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(Please turn Track Changes on in order to read the comments in this file)Full paper(Specify the category of the paper)Chaosia purpurea, a new mycorrhizal species associated with epiphytic orchids in tropical AsiaTakayuki Aokia, Takashi Yaguchib, Yoshitaka Onoc, Tsutomu Hattoria,*a National Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-1234, Japan b University of YYY, …., Japan c University of ZZZ, …., Japan*Corresponding author. National Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-1234, Japan.E-mail address: abcd@efg.hi.jp (T. Hattori).Text: 15 pages; tables: 2; figures: 3Supplemental materials: 2 Supplementary Tables and 3 Supplementary Figures(Add page numbers to the manuscript using the “insert page numbers” function of Microsoft Word or other software)ABSTRACT(Full papers: 200 words or less. Short communications/Notes: 150 words or less as a standard format)Please provide an abstract with a length of no more than 200 words for Full papers and Reviews or 100 words or less for Short communications and Notes. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references. In general, do not include the names of authorities for taxa in the title and abstract.Keywords: Atractiellales, Phalaenopsis, Phylogeny, Pucciniomycotina, Taxonomy(up to 5 words or phrases; in alphabetical order; do not repeat words already present in the title; not capitalize initials of common words except for proper nouns)1. Introduction(primary heading; in bold; hierarchically numbered; used ONLY for Full papers/Reviews)Start paragraphs with indentation. Italics and boldface type should be specified using the features of standard word-processing software. A Short communication and Note should not be divided into sections, except for References.Use tab stops or other commands for indents; do not use the space bar. Cite references in the text by surname of the author(s) and year of publication in parentheses, like Imazeki and Hongo (1965). Articles should be cited chronologically (e.g., Cooke & Rayner, 1984; Chatasiri & Ono, 2005; Foltz, Perez, & Volk, 2013, p. 112). In the case of articles with multiple authors, all author names should be cited when the numbers of authors are no more than five, i.e., two, three, four and five authors, but be abbreviated using “et al.” in the case of more than six authors, when they are cited firstly, e.g., (Domsch, Gams, & Anderson, 1980a, 1980b [three authors]; Buyck & Hofstetter, 2011 [two authors]; Buyck, Cruaud, Couloux, & Hofstetter, 2011 [four authors]; Buyck, Kauff, Eyssartier, Couloux, & Hofstetter, 2014 [five authors]; Buyck et al., 2016 [six authors]). Articles of three authors or more should be abbreviated by using “et al.” after their second citation, i.e., Domsch et al. (1980a, 1980b) [three authors]; Buyck and Hofstetter (2011) [two authors]; Buyck et al. (2011, 2014, 2016) [four, five and six authors, respectively]). 2. Materials and methods2.1. Morphology[second-level heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered; you may use the second-level headings (but not hierarchically numbered) for Short communications/Notes, if necessary]Start second-level headings at the left margin in boldface (but not italic). Authors are urged to deposit voucher specimens and cultures in internationally acknowledged herbaria and culture collections. The registered specimen numbers or strain numbers must be cited in the paper.According to the recommendations in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), authors describing new species or new infraspecific taxa are recommended to deposit a living culture (ex-type culture), whenever practicable, in at least two institutional culture or genetic resource collections, and cite these accession numbers in the paper (G. Okada, personal communication, August 19, 2017).2.2. Molecular phylogeny2.2.1. DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and sequence alignment(third-level heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered)Third-level headings are in italics; bold formatting is not used. Molecular sequence data must be deposited in a molecular sequence repository (DDBJ, ; EMBL, ; or GenBank, ) and the accession number(s) must be cited in the paper.2.2.2. Phylogenetic analysesThird-level headings are italicized. Authors are requested to deposit sequence alignments in TreeBASE () or in other internationally acknowledged databases and to indicate the accession number in the manuscript.3. Results3.1. MorphologyStart the first paragraph after main headings here. Do not start sentences with numbers, symbols, or abbreviated words (e.g., abbreviated taxon names). Do not forget to cite all figures in the text (e.g., Fig. 1; Fig. 1A, B; Fig. 1Aa, b, Ba, b; Figs. 1, 2; Figs. 1, 2, 4; Figs. 1–3).3.2. TaxonomyChaosia purpurea S. Takam., G. Okada & Y. Ono, sp. nov. Figs 1, 2.MycoBank no.: MB #####.Diagnosis: to be described in English. Diagnosis is a brief statement composed of key words and phrases to clearly distinguish a proposed taxon from allied taxa. Diagnosis here is different from a technical Description below.Type: COUNTRY, locality, host or substrate, date of isolation or collection, isolator or collector, registration numbers: e.g., MALAYSIA, Perlis State, Chuping, in roots of Phalaenopsis violacea Teijsm. & Binn., 1 Jan 2017, leg. Y. Ono (holotype, TNS-F-#####; isotype, TFM:FPH-#####; ex-type cultures, JCM ##### = CBS #####).Gene sequences ex-holotype: AB ##### (18S), AB ##### (ITS), AB ##### (EF-1α).Etymology: Purpureus, from the color of orchid flower.Start the description in English. Record measurements as length by width (or diameter). Place exceptional dimensions in parentheses. Indicate mean values separately.Example: Conidia (10–)13–16(–18.5) × 7–8(–9) μm, 15.5 × 7.5 μm on average. Chlamydospores 10–12(–13) μm diam, finely warted.Habitat and distribution: xxxxxxxxxx.Additional specimens/cultures examined: xxxxxxxxxx.3.3. Molecular phylogeny4. Discussion4.1. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chaosia species4.2. Ecology of Chaosia purpurea4.3. Key to species of Chaosia 1a. Mycelial layer tomentose ............................................................................................. 21b. Mycelial layer smooth .................................................................................................. 32a. Button spherical (0.8–1.2 cm) attached to a thick subiculum, expanded basidiome 1.4–2.5 cm wide, exoperidium not splitting in two layers, capillitial threads 3.4–5 μm diam, branched and tapering tips ......................................................... C. purpurea2b. Button ovate and bluntly pointed (2–5 cm) with a poorly developed subiculum, expanded basidioma 3–6 cm wide, exoperidium splitting in two layers, capillitial threads up to 11 μm diam, often branched near the tapering tips ..........C. velutina3a. Expanded basidiome 1–5 cm in diam, spores 3.2–5.5 μm diam, ornamented with columnar processes up to 0.6 μm high ......................................................... C. saccata3b. Expanded basidiome 2–2.5 cm diam, spores 2–3 μm diam, ornamented with low verrucae up to 0.2 μm high ................................................................................... C. minutisporaDisclosureThe author(s) declare(s) no conflicts of interest. All the experiments undertaken in this study comply with the current laws of the country(-ies) where they were performed.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (no. XXXXX) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. We thank Dr. YYYYY, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, for providing Phalaenopsis plants for inoculation experiments.ReferencesAoki, T., Scandiani, M. M., & O’Donnell, K. (2012). 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Hawksworth (Ed.), Frontiers in mycology (4th International Mycological Congress 1990) (pp. 69–84). Wallingford: CAB International.Kudo, A., & Kaneko, S. (1977). Parasiticity of Aecidium meliosmae-myrianthae to grapes [Abstract] (in Japanese). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 43, 322.Lee, J. S., & Lee, H. B. (2014). Research note: eight previously unreported species of fungi identified in Mt. Manggyeong, Korea. Korean Journal of Mycology, 42, 344–348.Lee, Y. N., & Cho, D. H. (1976). Basidiomycetes on Mt. Sobaek and Andong areas with some addition to the Korean flora. Korean Journal of Microbiology, 14, 57–64.LoBuglio, K. F., & Pfister, D. H. (2008). A Glomerella species phylogenetically related to Colletotrichum acutatum on Norway maple in Massachusetts. Mycologia, 100, 710–715. , P., Kakishima, M., & Ono, Y. (1990a). A revision of genus Nyssopsora (Uredinales). Mycological Research, 94, 907–922. (09)81305-1.Lohsomboon, P., Kakishima, M., & Ono, Y. (1990b). 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Lactifluus volemus in Europe: three species in one e revealed by a multilocus genealogical approach, Bayesian species delimitation and morphology. Fungal Biology, 120, 1–25. , T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, & T. J. White (Eds.), PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications (pp. 315–322). San Diego: Academic Press.Wollenweber, H.W., Reinking O. A. (1935). Die Fusarien, ihre Beschribung, Schadwirkung and Bek?mpfung [The fusaria, their description, damage and control], Berlin: Paul Parley.Figure legendsFig. 1 – Chaosia purpurea (TNS-F-#####). A: Light micrograph (LM) of a transverse section through the root of Phalaenopsis violacea. B: TEM image showing root colonization in P. violacea. C: Simple-septate basidia (LM). D: Basidiospores (LM). E: Basidiospores (SEM). Bars: A 20 μm; B 1 μm; C–E 5 μm.Fig. 2 – Neighbor-joining tree derived from the 18S rRNA gene sequences from the 50 fungi classified in the Atractiellales. The scale bar indicates one base change per 100 nucleotide positions. Bootstrap values were calculated from 1000 replications.(Fig. 1 –Sample figure 1.)Fig. 2 – Sample figure 2.(Fig. 3. Sample figure 3. (The font size should be adjusted as readable when printed in A4 size page; to be larger than that shown in this figure, as the minimal size but not recommended))Table 1 Comparison of Chaosia purpurea with similar species.SpeciesAssociated plantSize of basidiospores (μm)SourceC. purpureaPhalaenopsis violacea10–15 × 7–12This studyC. viridiP. appendiculata18–23 × 9–15Tubaki (1950)C. nigraP. amboinensis6–10 × 5–6.5Kobayasi and Hiratsuka (1920)Table 2Taxa sequenced in this study.AnamorphLocalityStrain no.DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.18SITSEF-1αChaosia purpureaMalaysiaATCC ##### aAB ######AY ######AF ######C. purpureaThailandCBS #####AB ######AY ######AF ######C. nigraIndonesiaJCM #####AB ######AY ######AF ######Helicogloea lagerheimiiSwedenMAFF #####bAB ######AY ######AF ######Atractiella solaniPolandNBRC #####AB ######AY ######AF ######a Ex-holotype.b Ex-neotype.Highlights(Highlights are submitted as a separate file in EES by selecting “Highlights” from the drop-down menu when uploading the files)1. Highlights are a collection of short bullet points that convey the core findings and provide readers with a quick textual overview of the article.2. Three to five bullet points describing the essence of the research (e.g., results or conclusions).3. A maximum of 85 characters including spaces, per bullet point.4. xxx.5. yyy.Supplementary data ................
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