School43.mogilev.by



SchoolСписок выражений по темеbe within walking distance from my house — находится на расстоянии шаговой доступностиbrightly painted classrooms — ярко-окрашенные аудиторииget on with each other very well — хорошо ладить друг с другомdemanding teachers — требовательные учителяThere is always a friendly (hard-working) atmosphere — всегда дружелюбная (рабочая) атмосфера на урокахtake much time — занимать много времениhave to sit up — приходится засиживаться допозднаwrite a composition — писать сочиненияprepare a report — готовить докладget basic knowledge of — получить базовые знание поdevelop abilities — развивать способностиbe taught to be responsible — учиться быть ответственнымиexperience of a real life — настоящий жизненный опытПримеры предложений на английском языке по теме ?School?My school?is within walking distance from my house.Its?brightly painted classrooms?with new furniture look very cozy.My classmates are very friendly and we?get on with each other very well.The teachers were very?demanding?and gave us a lot of homework.There was always a friendly (hard-working) atmosphere?at the lessons.School?took so much time?that I hardly had time for anything else.I often?had to sit up to write a composition or prepare a report.At school we?get basic knowledge of?different subjects and?develop our abilities.At school we?are taught to be responsible,?polite and honest.School is the first true?experience of a real life.Возможный вариант устного высказыванияMy SchoolGeneral DescriptionAttitude to schoolTeachers and SubjectsFavourite SubjectsSocial LifePossible ChangesFirst of all, I’d like to say some words about my school. I have been a student of school № … for 11 years. It is a?secondary comprehensive?school, which is within a walking distance from my place.? The five-storey school building is quite ordinary with a stadium behind it. It is surrounded by trees.My Attitude to SchoolTo my mind, school is an attractive place for students who?do well in?most subjects, for those who don’t it is boring and uninteresting. I can’t say that I like my school. In my opinion, the worst thing about school is homework. It took so much time that there was hardly any time for anything else. But I?must admit that?school gave me not only knowledge, but also?true experience of a real life.?It helped me?to learn how to get on with?other people and become successful in life.Teachers and SubjectsTeachers play an important role in our education. I think that I am lucky because all my teachers were very?experienced and encouraging. They supported us and took care of us.I was a rather good student and did not have many problems at school.? I tried to do my best and very often I had?to sit up?to write a composition, prepare a report, learn a poem. If I had had less homework, I would have had more time for my hobbies.My Favourite SubjectsMy favourite subjects were English and Maths. We had a very good Maths teacher, her name is… She was very?motivating.?When she became our teacher many of us got interested in the subject.I also liked English. Our English teacher spoke English very fluently and always?encouraged?us to speak English at the lessons. We learnt a lot about English speaking countries. We watched films in the original and tried to understand native speakers.Social LifeI spent much time after classes at school because our social life was very well-organized. We had different clubs.?We often went to the museums and theatres. Also sport was played much attention at our school and it was very important for me as I was very good at sports and often took part at different sports competitions.Possible Сhanges at SchoolI wish we had no uniform.I wish we had a swimming pool at our school.I wish we could choose subjects.I wish the atmosphere at the lessons would be more relaxed, less stressful.Лексика по теме SchoolKinds of School? (Типы учебных заведений):primary school – начальная школаsecondary (high) school – средняя школаhigher school – высшее учебное заведениеcomprehensive school – общеобразовательная школаa school, specializing in — школа, специализирующаяся наgymnasium — гимназияlyceum – лицейtechnical school — техникумcollege — колледж2. School Building & School Interior (Школьное здание снаружи и внутри):three-storey building — трехэтажное зданиеclassroom — кабинетclassroom of Russian (= Russian classroom)computer classroom – кабинет информатикиbe well-equipped with — хорош-оборудованныйon the ground (first) floor — на первом этажеstaff room (teacher’s room)- учительскаяsick room (doctor’s office, medical room) — медпунктschool office — канцелярияcanteen – буфетdining-hall — столовая в школеrecreation — рекреацияcloak-room (changing room) – раздевалкаassembly hall – актовый залgym- hall (gymnasium ) – спортивный залworkshop – мастерскаяheadmaster’s office — кабинет директораlaboratory – лабораторияlibrary – библиотекаentrance hall – вестибюльschool museum – школьный музейaquarium — аквариумdiploma — грамотаpalm — пальмаposter — плакатstand — стенд3. Staff, Students & Attendance (Персонал, учащиеся и посещаемость):headmaster (headmistress) — директорdirector of studies — завучform mistress — классная руководительницаlibrarian — библиотекарьnurse — медсестраsecurity guard — охранникpupil — ученик начальной школыstudent — учащийся (ученик средней школы)schoolboy — школьникjunior pupils – ученики младших классовsenior students –старшеклассникиattend?lessons and classes — посещать уроки и занятияenter?school — поступить в школуleave (finish)?school — закончить школуpass?from …. to….- перейти из….. в….miss?school — пропускать школуchange?school — поменять школу4. School Curriculum &?School Subjects (Учебный план и предметы):timetable — расписание (on the timetable)curriculum — учебный планterm – четвертьacademic year – ?учебный годat the end of each term… — в конце четвертиobligatory — обязательныйoptional – факультативныйlesson of Chemistry = Chemistry lesson — урок химииlearn (study) different subjects — изучать различные предметыadvanced mathematics – углубленный курс математикиScience — точные наукиThe Humanities — предметы гуманитарного циклаstudy Science/ the Humanities — изучать предметы научного / гуманитарного циклаattend the optional (elective) class in ….. – необязательный, факультативныйУчебные предметы на английском языке:?Maths, Algebra, Geometry, Russian, English, Biology, Geography, History, Literature, Chemistry, Botany, a foreign language, Physics, PE (Physical Education), Design and Technology (технология), Information Technology, Mechanical Drawing, Social Science / Social Studies? (обществоведение), Art, World Culture (МХК), Economics, Handicraft (ТРУД): (Cooking, Needlework,Woodwork, Metal work).5. Studying at School? & School? Problems (Учеба в школе и школьные проблемы):do well — учиться хорошоdo badly — учиться плохоsolve problems in mathematics, physics — решать задачи по математике, физикеprove theorems — доказывать теоремыdo equations — решать уравненияdo experiments in the lab — делать опыты в лабораторииswot smth – зубритьmake smth out – понимать, разбираться в чем-тоcheat – списывать, пользоваться шпаргалкамиprompt – подсказыватьwork by fits and starts — заниматься урывкамиstudies — занятияexams — экзаменыextra lessons — дополнительные занятияprivate lessons — частные урокиtake lessons — брать урокиgive lessons — давать урокиtake an exam in Maths — сдавать экзамен по математикеfail an exam — провалить экзаменpass an exam — сдать экзаменweak point? — слабое местоpoor memory — плохая памятьcan’t remember dates (words, formulas) — не запоминать даты, слова, формулыfail?to retell texts – не получается пересказывать тексты6. Out-of-class Activities (Внеклассная деятельность):school activities – школьная деятельностьtake part in school activities — принимать участие в школьных мероприятияхhave school traditions — иметь школьные традицииchoir — хорclub — кружокDrama Club — театральный кружокgo hiking — ходить в походgo on excursion to – ездить на экскурсию в…..performe in school theatre — играть в школьном театреtrip to… – поездка в …Choosing a careerList of Professions. Полный список профессий на английском языкеThere are 5 types of professions:creative?— творческиеworking with machines?— работа с машинамиworking with people/ animals?— работа с людьми и животнымиextreme?— экстремальныеintellectual?(working with figures/ words — умственные (экономические)I. Creative (творческие):a designera photographera modeler – модельерa stylist – стилистa model – манекенщицаan architecta painter (an artist)a film maker – кинорежиссерa producer – режиссерa composer –композиторa conductor – дирижерa musiciana pianistan actor (an actress, film actor)a singera ballet dancera figure dancer – фигуристкаan entertainer – эстрадный артистan inventor – изобретательa layout man – оформительan illustrator – иллюстраторII. Working with machines (работа с машинами):an operator – операторa programmera mechanic – механикa bus/ taxi drivera locomotive engineer – машинистa worker / a builder?a construction worker (constructer) — строительa seamstress – швеяa tailor/ dress maker – портнойa carpenter – плотникa fitter – сборщикa plumber — слесарьIII. Working with people/ animals (работа с людьми/ животными):a directora film director – постановщик, режиссерa producer – режиссер, продюсерa teachera nursea nanny ( babysitter ) – приходящая няняa tutor – наставник, руководитель группы (воспитатель)a doctor / dentista physician / pediatrician — врач / педиатрa surgeon – хирургa masseuse – массажисткаa social worker – работник сферы обслуживанияa psychologist – психолог ( psychology – психология)a psychiatrist – психиатр (psychiatry- психиатрия)a zookeeper – смотритель зоопаркаa zoologist – зоологa veterinarian?(vet)?– ветеринарa salesperson / a shop assistant – продавецa secretarya clerk [kla:k] – служащий в офисеa journalista reporter / a correspondent – репортер / корреспондентa hair dresser /barber – парикмахер женский/ мужскойa travel agent – агент бюро путешествийa tourist guide [gaid] – гидa managera headmaster/mistress – директорa hotel manager – управляющий отеляa lawyera forester/ gardener – лесник/ садовникa priest – священникa clown – клоунan investigator – следовательa flower-girl – цветочницаIV. Extreme (экстремальные):a policeman/ police officeran emergency service officer – офицер МЧСa firemana stuntman – каскадерan animal trainer – дрессировщикan acrobat/ circus actor/ rider- акробат/ артист цирка/ наездникa security guarda bodyguarda life guarda geologist — геолог?V.?Intellectual (working with figures/ words- умственный/ экономический):a bankera bank clerk – служащий банкаan accountant – бухгалтерan auditor – аудиторan economist – экономистa mathematician — математикan engineera programmera scientist?a chemist – химикa biologist – биологa physicist – физикan ecologist – экологa translatоr /an interpretera philosopher – философVI. Other professions (другие):a modela military man – военныйa postmana librariana waiter / waitress – официант/ официантка(a street / yard) cleaner / a litter man – дворникa sportsmana professional footballera gymnast – спортсмен, профессиональный футболист, гимнастa stuntman – каскадерa housewifean announcer – дикторa cook / chefБуду рада, если вы дополните этот список новыми профессиями!Запомните профессии с суффиксом –ist: journalist, pianist, psychologist, artist, economist, biologist,НО?programmer — программист, footballer (football player) – футболист.Варианты устных высказываний по теме:IWhen a young man starts to think about a future career, he imagines a very glorious picture. But a person gets older he faces real life with its problems. After graduation from the Institute young specialists don’t have many variants. The most common one is to get work as a manager.As for me, I don’t want to spend all the time in a stuffy office full of computers and printers. I believe that I will never impose unnecessary goods, compose boring reports, and be on phone all day. I understand that modern life could be more difficult without managers, but this kind of work not for me. We have one life and we ought to spend it wisely. I’m sure that in the future I’ll ask myself what I’ve achieved. I believe that any person is born to fulfil some goals, which nobody else, but himself, could define. So as sooner I define my goals as happier I will be.I’m leaving school at the end of the spring and I always think about an educational institution which I need to choose. I think the ideal option for me will be any Choreographic Academy. I have been dancing all since I was five and I can’t imagine my future life without choreography. Dancing is the best way to express myself, to capture my emotions and thoughts to people. I adore dancing. When I’m engrossed in creation, I don’t think about my school problems and everyone around. I call it “inspiration”. I feel that a real connection between me and the Universe. So I just pick up some ideas and express them through dance using my body and emotions.If I tell my friends or parents about this plan, perhaps they will say that I am aspiring to be famous. By no means, fame is a heavy burden. There is an important difference between the desire to be a famous artist and the desire not to be forgotten dancer. I don't think the people of art are exceptional. If an architect creates buildings that will stand for many years, people will be thankful for his great work. If the writer’s novels are read in three hundred years, it will be wonderful. If a dancer’s creation will be remembered next generations, he will live in human hearts.Any career should make the human who has chosen it satisfied. Otherwise, working routine will be an excruciation and nothing else. I really don’t want to write reports and answer the phone sitting in the office all day. I want my profession to make me happy, and I want to see happy people around me.Now I have to think about my entrance exams. They are not so easy. I believe that my dream to become a great dancer will come true and I will be able to share the pleasure of dancing with other people.IIChoosing a career is like any other activity; it is best to work to a plan. Too many people start looking for a specific job before thinking out their occupational aims. It is a good idea to begin by attempting to define in clear terms what your requirements are from a career. This involves taking a realistic view of your strengths and weaknesses. You may think for example, that you would like a job which involves organizing people, but liking such a job is not a sufficient justification if experience you already may have suggests that this is not your strong point. On the other hand, you should remember that training will equip you to do new things. A further point to consider is how far you will be willing to do for a time things which you do not like knowing that they are necessary to achieve your longer term objectives. Having thought carefully about the sort of person you are, try to work out a realistic set of occupational requirements. In particular, you can answer to important questions. First: what sort of life do you want to lead? For example, do you want to live in the country or in the town? Is leisure time of great importance to you? Is the size of your salary important? Do you want to put down roots or travel widely? Second: what sort of work do you want to do? For example, do you like working alone or with others? Does teaching people appeal to you? Do you want to be an organizer of other people's activities? Do you want to develop new ideas and initiate changes.As for me, I have made up my mind to be an engineer. As my parents are an engineers they have made a great influence on my choice and I can say that this profession runs the family. My choice of this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. I think that nowadays this profession is of great need and importance to our country. It is my aim to be a qualified specialist and to serve the interests of my country. To be a well prepared engineer I should have some important qualities: great capability persistence, knowledge of science and, of course, knowledge of foreign languages. In spite of these arguments we mustn't forget about everybody's vacation. I think that my facilities combined with the knowledge would be quiet enough to succeed in my work.IIIWhat do you want to be when you grow up? We have heard this question many times during our school years. Perhaps, it was difficult for us to give a definite answer earlier. But now we understand that the time to choose our future profession has come. Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school-leavers. Many roads are open before us: technical schools, colleges and universities. Centuries ago there were only a few jobs: people were farmers, bakers, butchers or carpenters. Today there are thousands of different kinds of jobs, and new ones are constantly appearing. No wonder that it is not an easy thing to make the right choice.When choosing a future career, we should consider different factors. In my opinion, money is one of the most important factors when you make a choice. There are highly paid jobs and low-paid jobs. For example, a businessman, a president or a film star, are highly paid jobs. A worker, a doctor or an engineer, are low-paid jobs. I think everybody wants to earn as much money as possible. Training, promotional prospects and conditions should be also taken into account.On the other hand, it's good when you get satisfaction from your job. It is very important to choose a profession that suits your interests. In my opinion, a job should be interesting and socially important. Some jobs are considered to be more suitable for men and others for women. For example, the professions of secretary or nurse are more suitable for women. A lifeguard or a pilot are more likely the jobs for men. You should also decide whether you want to work indoors or outdoors.To make the right choice, you should take into account your traits of character. It goes without saying that to become a good doctor you must be patient, caring and kind. Teacher's work requires love for children, profound knowledge of subjects, and the ability to explain. A secretary has to be efficient and careful in order to do her work quickly and accurately. Salespeople need to be friendly and persuasive, to get people buy their products.There are so many people who influence us in choosing our occupation. Parents and friends play a very important role in our choices.My father works for an international company as a managing director. It is a highly paid job and it offers a lot of opportunities. You can travel abroad and meet different people. My father is a friendly person and he is easy to talk to. He thinks that I must choose my future profession according to my taste and preferences. I respect him and I want to become a businessman, too.I have always been interested in economics and I am good at Maths. I have an aptitude for working with people, and I think I'm rather communicative and have good social skills. I have good analytical abilities and I am good at problem-solving. Besides, I am good at English. English has become the standard language for all kinds of international business communications. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every businessman.To become a successful businessman you should know a lot. So after finishing school I want to enter the university and to study marketing or management. Management deals mainly with people. A manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. Managers spend a great deal of time communicating, coordinating and making decisions affecting the daily operations of their organization. Almost everything, a manager does, involves decisions, and in decision-making there is always uncertainty and risk. So managing is a very interesting, but difficult, job.Marketing deals with market research and commercial activity in general. It involves analyzing business situations, evaluating market opportunities, developing market strategies and controlling their implementation. It is important for a specialist in marketing to be flexible and prepared to make adjustments where necessary, as it is unlikely that any marketing plan will succeed exactly as planned.I haven't decided yet what to study. But I still have time to think and to choose.FashionFashion in BelarusIn my country, there are always trends and so teenagers wear a variety of clothes. A lot of teenagers are influenced by American TV and they try look like some American kids wear. Many boys like to wear large baggy trousers, Nike or Adidas trainers and baseball caps. Most girl seem to follow the latest fashion that they see in magazines and so they wear whatever is in. Others are inspired by rock groups and wear the same clothes that their favorite singer wears. Some teens want stand out from the crowd, many people think that they dress weird and stupid, but teenagers as to express their independent and individuality. There are teenagers who don`t tend to follow the latest fashion, but dress comfortably and tastefully. in our country clothing available to all. Even if you don`t have much money you can dress fashionably. In Belarus there are shops with designer clothes that can buy rich people, and shops aimed at the middle class. Other like going to markets or second-hand shops. I think most people would spend about 100$ a month or clothes.Fashion in GB and USMany British people don't think about clothes very much. In Britain, as well as in the USA, men in offices usually wear suits and ties and women wear dresses or skirts (not trousers). Doctors, lawyers and business people wear quite formal clothes.And in some hotels and restaurants men have to wear ties and women wear smart dresses. Jeans and open shirts are sometimes not allowed. It is difficult to say exactly what people wear in Britain and the States because everyone is different. It you are not sure what to wear watch what other people do and then do the same. Or ask the advice of a friend or your host. You'll fell relaxed if you don't look too different from everyone else.British people just like to be comfortable. When they go out to enjoy themselves, they can wear almost everything. At theaters, cinemas and concerts you can put on what you like - from elegant suits and dresses to jeans and sweaters. In many ways, Americans are more relaxed than British people, but they are more careful with their clothes. At home or on holiday most Americans wear informal or sporty clothes. But when they go out in the evening, they like to look elegant. In good hotels and restaurants men have to wear jackets and ties and women wear pretty clothes and smart hairstyles. But these days most people in Britain and the USA do not wear very formal clothes. But sometimes it is important to wear the right thing.Means of communicationPeople use various means of communication to get from one place to another. In the old days people had to travel several days, weeks and months to get to the place they needed. They either went on foot, by coaches driven by horses or on horseback or by. boats and ships. Then trams, cars, buses, planes, underground and other means appeared.Many people like to travel by air as it is the fastest way of traveling. A lot of people like to travel by train because they can look at passing villages, forests and fields through windows. Some people like to travel by car. There they can go as slowly or as fast as they like. They can stop when and where they want.People who live in big cities use various means of communication to get from one place to another. Londoners use the underground railway. They call it "the tube". London's underground is the oldest in the world. It was opened in 1863. There was one route at that time, four miles long. Now London's underground has 277 stations and it is 244 miles long. Londoners use buses. The first bus route was opened in London in 1904 Today there are hundreds of routes there. The interesting thing is that some of the routes are the same as many years ago.London's buses are double-decked buses. Londoners do not use trams, though London was the first city where trams appeared. And now it is one of the biggest cities in the world where there are no trams. The last tram left the streets of London many years ago. Londoners use cars. One can see a lot of cars in London streets. When Londoners leave the town, they use trains, ships or planes.EnvironmentIMan pollutes the environment with domestic and industrial waste. This is a by-product of civilization. Factory and furnace chimneys threw into the air clouds of black poisonous coal smoke already hundreds of years ago. Now there are even more factories, and with them, poisoning air, water and land substances: they are found even in Antarctica and the Himalayan peaks. So far we can only limit harmful emissions, recycle household garbage and waste products, and use materials that are decomposed by living organisms, for example, soil bacteria.The ozone layer delays the ultraviolet rays of the sun, which cause skin cancer. Against the background of chronic pollution of the environment, ecological disasters sometimes happen. For example, in the event of an accident, oil is poured from the hold of the tanker and forms a huge spot on the surface of the ocean. Oil covers the animals with a fatal slick. Chlorofluorocarbons, which are used in the manufacture of refrigerators and aerosol cans, rising to the upper atmosphere, destroy the ozone layer. Recently, dangerous "Ozone Holes" have been discovered over the Arctic and Antarctic, and they continue to increase.Exhaust gases contain nitrogen oxides, and when burning coal in power plants, sulfur dioxide is released. Connecting in the air with water, these substances turn into acids, which then fall out together with the rain. Acid rain erodes buildings, ruins forests and ponds. New technologies can reduce emissions, but this requires colossal costs.Exhaust gases contain harmful lead, oxide and carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which are not only the cause of acid rain but also a choking smog. Now people put catalytic converters on exhaust pipes of cars: they reduce harmful emissions.Poisonous and other hazardous wastes are often buried. In this case, they kill all life around, spreading with water. The Northern Sea, once rich in fish, is almost completely poisoned now.IISince ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.Every year world industry pollutes the ahmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelarussian and other nations.Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken. Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries - members of the UNO - have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment. But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.IIIWater pollution is one of the famous and one of the largest problems in our world. People in Africa cannot drink clean water; their children die because a big part of our water has been polluted. Children in Kenya often have to go many kilometers to collect drinking water. At all over 2 million people don't have clean water. And we do not know how it will be in future.But the pollute water killed animals and plants too. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. "Nuclear-poisoned" fish can be eaten by people.Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles cannot live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water.But we MUST keep our planet and water of our planet clean. If we want to live, we should guard our clean water and do not pollute them because we could live without food about a month but without water we could die in 4-5 days. Let's keep our water clean!WeatherClimate is the weather a certain place has over a long period of time. Climate has a very important influence on plants, animals and humans and is different in different parts of the world. Some scientists think that the world is becomming hotter. If you compare Moscow winter and summer temperatures at the beginning of our century and at its end you will see that climate has really changed. Winters have become warmer. Sometimes there is little snow in January, and there were winters when it rained on the New Year's Eve. Many people say that it is so because of the greenhouse effect. During the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This gas in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesn't let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer. Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burn big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide! As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet, which needs protection. Earth is millions of years old, much older than the humans. We know many of its secrets. Yet there is still much to learn.SeasonsIWinter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year. December, January and February are the winter months The weather is cold, usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing. March, April and May are the spring months. It is a very nice season. The weather is fine, it is warm. There are many green trees in the streets in the parks and in the yards. Sometimes it rains but usually the sun shines brightly. The birds return from the hot countries and build their nests. June, July and August are the summer months. It is hot or warm. The days are long and the nights are short. There are many nice flowers in the parks and squares in the summer. The pupils do not go to school, they have summer holidays. June is the first month of summer. We have the longest day and the shortest night in the year on the 21st-22nd of June. July is the middle month of summer. It is hot and sun shines brightly. The sky is blue and cloudless. August is the last summer month some times it is cold in August, but there are many mushrooms, berries and fruits. September, October and November are autumn months. The weather is changeable. It often rains. You can see yellow, red, brown leaves everywhere. It is time to gather the harvest.IIIt's a universal truth that every season is beautiful in its own way. Isn't it wonderful to tramp down the country lanes on a frosty winter day? Everything is white with snow and it crunches under your feet. The rime sparkles on the branches and the icicles like precious diamonds hang from the roofs of the houses. It's a merry time for both children and grownups. They can go skating and skiing, sledging and having a fight with snowballs or making a snowman. I suppose, it is very pleasant while the frost lasts, an unpleasant time comes when the thaw begins.Cars and buses go along streets splashing the mud an slush on the passers-by. Everyone is grumbling and scolding the weather. But soon a warm wind blows up heavy grey clouds and the sun shines brightly in the cloudless azure sky. In a few months summer will come.Summer is the most suitable season for holidays and vacations. People enjoy bright summer days if they are in the country or at the seaside. They go bathing and swimming, and fishing and boating. But it's unbearable to stay in town on such hot and glaring days. Everybody droops and shambles and tries to hide in the shade.Then after a good rest autumn and harvest time comes. The corn has turned golden and the farmer will reap it and put it in his barn. The air is fresh and full of the autumn fragrance of ripe apples, plums and peaches and of course, coloured asters, chrysanthemums. But the weather is so changeable in autumn, people have to wear raincoats and umbrellas if they don't want to get wet through. The dead leaves cover the ground like a thick motley carpet, the roads are slippery and wet, there are lots of puddles in the streets and again everyone is looking forward to frosty winter days and much snow out-of-doors.It's rather difficult to say what season is the best one, however dull and nasty or charming and marvelous the weather may be.As to me, I always look forward to summer. I am never tired of its long sunny days, warm rains with thunderstorms and hail, the buzz of mosquitoes and midges. I like to spend my summer holidays at the seaside.In my childhood I used to enjoy playing on the beach, making castles and forts in the sands. When one becomes older one begins to notice the murmur of the sea and it's so beautiful to look at the moon's way on the water in the darkness. The air is fresh and it's easy to breathe. I like to lie in the sun getting as brown, paddle in the water or get splashed by the waves. But it's not every year that you can go to the seaside. Sometimes I spend my holidays in the country. Most of my time I spend in the woods gathering strawberries and flowers or at the river bathing and swimming in it. Very often, I help my granny in the vegetable garden weeding it or gathering tomatoes, cucumbers or radish. I like to walk in the rain or just sit indoors watching the raindrops falling down from the green leaves and blades of the grass onto the ground. When summer is over, I always feel sorry, because it was too short and was too quick to pass.Healthy Way of Lifehealthy way of life = healthy living — здоровый образ жизниunhealthy way of life =?unhealthy living — нездоровый образ жизниbad/ unhealthy habit — вредная привычкаtake care of your health — заботиться о своем здоровьеget into a habit of — завести привычкуget rid of a bad habit — избавиться от вредной привычкиmake it a rule — поставить за правилоprefer organic food — предпочитать натуральную едуfood with additives/ junk food/ fast food — еда с добавками, фастфудfood rich in calories = fatty food — калорийная пищаinfluence our health — влиять на здоровьеimprove health — улучшить здоровьеruin health — навредить здоровьюdo harm — причинять вредskip breakfast — пропускать завтракbe overweight — иметь избыточный весlose weight — похудетьput on weight? — поправитьсяkeep to a diet / be on diet / follow a diet — быть на диетеhave little physical activity — мало двигатьсяtake regular exercises — регулярно заниматься упражнениямиlive a regular life — вести правильный образ жизниa late riser — тот, кто поздно встаетan early riser — тот, кто рано встаетbe as fit as a fiddle — быть в добром здравии и прекрасном настроенииOur health depends on many things: our physical activity, the food we eat and our good and bad habits. Although a lot of people are interested in staying healthy, not many people do very much about it. Modern way of life when people have little physical activity, use cars instead of walking, watch television and work on computers for many hours is quite dangerous for their health. People’s? health also influences their mood.There are many opportunities to stay healthy and be fit and one of them is?going in for sports.?But you needn’t be a professional sportsman. Just?simple regular exercises?give you energy and help you feel and look better.Exercises that involve repeated movements such as are walking, jogging or swimming are the best. Bending and stretching which are practiced in aerobics or yoga make your body flexible and light. The cheapest and most popular sport is jogging.? If you don’t have time for it, make small changes like using stairs instead of the lift or walking or cycling instead of taking the bus and it can help you to improve your health and make you a more active person.Also it is very important to get rid of?bad habits. The worst ones are smoking and drinking alcohol. Smoking doesn’t only causes heart and lung problems but also makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy.Food we eat?also influences our health. A lot of people like drinking Coca-Cola and coffee and enjoy pizza and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not healthy. You should avoid eating in fast food restaurants and make it a rule to cook meals at home using organic food as much as possible.Only a healthy man can enjoy his life, work well and be happy. There are proverbs?“Health is better than wealth” and “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise”.Healthy FoodFood is necessary for all living creatures, it is the main "fuel" for life. Food gives us energy and thereby warms us and helps to grow. Food ration is what we eat and drink every day. It is different depending on the power sources in different parts of the earth. A man is able to digest products of both plant and animal origin. Vegetarians do not eat meat for health reasons, for religious or other reasons. Lack of food leads to illness, growth disorders and even starvation. Diseases are also caused by malnutrition. Bacterias that multiply in food spoil it. They multiply more slowly in salty, smoked, frozen, very sour and sweet food. Canning removes all the air and heats it. It helps to stop the decomposition process. A balanced diet provides the body with everything necessary for health and growth. Foods contain carbohydrates and fats, which the body "burns", receiving energy. The amount of energy in food is measured in calories. So, a child of 10 years needs 2000 calories a day. Proteins are important for growth. You can find them in meat, fish, milk, eggs, nuts and cereal products. The health of the eyes, skin and the strength of blood vessels depend on vitamins. Water promotes the dissolution and digestion of food. Development is impossible without mineral substances: calcium provides healthy teeth, iron renews blood. Some fibres contained in food are not digested, but thanks to the food are retained in the intestine. Flour products and rice are nutritious, energy-rich and protein-rich foods. The same applies to cereals and legumes, such as peas and beans. They are prepared in different countries in different ways. Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, fibres and natural sugars. Some vegetables, such as potatoes, contain carbohydrates - a source of energy. Nuts are a great source of fats and proteins. Mushrooms contain fibres and minerals. Eggs and dairy products contain a lot of fats; they are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. Meat and poultry provide the body with proteins necessary for growth, and fat, giving energy.IIAll food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Different kinds of food contain different nutrients.Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt, we have to know a bit more about the kind of food these things might be in. The biggest problem comes when these things are hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on. The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it. But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal productions, like red meat, butter and cheese.Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced. Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat — meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown using chemicals and additives.Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the demand for organically grown products. Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other problems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.The food we eat, depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.Income is also an important factor. That is why not surprisingly, money, rather than a lack of knowledge about how to eat well, is at the heart of the problem.Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating: First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat. Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt. Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.IIIYou are what you eat. But can we eat properly? We can meet different caf?s and restaurants in the each corner of the streets. So, fast food is very popular not only with adult people but in most of the cases with children. But how does this food influence the health?Why do people prefer fast food? Firstly, it is a good chance to have a snack when you do not have enough time. This food is cooked very fast and you don`t need to wait for a long time being hungry. Secondly, fast food is not expensive and you can buy it almost everywhere. If you want to eat you don`t have to pay a lot of money for it. Thirdly, fast food is tasty and nourishing.But some people don`t eat fast food. They think that it is very unhealthy and it is harmful for their health. This food consists of cholesterol, and because of it, people, who like fast food and eat it very often, suffer from the obesity and they are inclined to the heart disease, gastric disease and some other problems.We should understand that food is an important part of our life. We should choose healthy food which is not harmful for us. I am against of fast food but sometimes I can allow to have a snack when I am terribly hungry and I do not have enough time to eat properly. Food must be useful but fast food destroy our health, but we know that "health is the greatest wealth".Культура стран изучаемого языкаHolidays and Traditions. 1. Kinds of holidaysholiday — 1. выходной день 2. праздникfestival — праздникholidays – каникулы (мн.ч.)vacation – каникулы (ед.ч.)day off – выходнойfamily holiday – семейный праздникreligious holiday – религиозный праздникpublic holiday = national holiday = state holiday – государственный праздникpagan holiday — языческий праздник2. Main National and Religious (Pagan) HolidaysGuess the Russian names for the celebrations below:New Year’s DayHogmanaySt. Valentine’s DayPancake Day =ShrovetideDefender of Motherland Day? (23 февраля — День защитника отечества)Women’s DaySt. Patrick’s DayEasterApril Fool’s DayMay DayVictory DayIndependence DayDay of KnowledgeTeacher’s DayThanksgiving DayGuy Fawkes NightHalloweenChristmasBoxing Day3. Main British HolidaysThe main holidays in Great Britain are?New Year’s Day, Good Friday (Пятница на Страстной неделе), Easter Monday, Labour Day, Christmas Day and Boxing Day.Public holidays are called Bank Holidays because on these days banks, most of shops and offices are closed.Besides public holidays the British people observe certain traditions on such days as?Pancake Day, Guy Fawkes’ Night, St. Valentine’s Day, April Fool’s Day, St. Patrick’s Day, Halloween?which are ordinary working days.Christmas?is the main religious holiday in many countries. It is celebrated in Europe on the 25th of December, in Russia on the 7th of January. It is the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, though the actual date of his birth is not known.Boxing Day (UK)?is the next day after Christmas, when rich people give small presents in boxes to the servants, etc.The New Year?is not as widely celebrated as Christmas in Britain. Some people ignore it completely and go to bed at usual time. Others, however, do celebrate it in one way or another. The most common way of celebration is a New Year Party.Hogmanay?is the most popular holiday in Scotland, celebrated on the New Year’s Eve.Easter?is a very important festival in the Christian calendar. The Christians think that on the day of Easter Jesus Christ rose from dead.?The actual date of Easter changes every year.?The preparations for Easter really begin 40 days before Easter, on Shrove Tuesday. This marks the beginning of a period of fasting, called Lent.There are also local festivals all through the year. In spring village children dance round Maypole (Майское дерево). Maypole is an ancient emblem of the beginning of summer. In ancient times it was a pagan spring festival. A tall pole decorated with flowers, maypole, was erected to which ribbons were attached and held by the dancers.Guy Fawkes Night (UK)?is on November, 5. Guy Fawkes Night goes back to the days of King James I who was vary unpopular as a protestant. So some of the Catholics made an attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament. The man who was to explode the building was Guy Fawkes. But he was discovered, arrested and hanged. Since that time people burn a straw dummy of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire on the 5th of November.4. Main American HolidaysNational festivals in the USA are?New Year’s Day, Thanksgiving Day, Independence Day, St. Patrick’s Day, Mother’s Day and Memorial Day.New Year’s Day?is a national holiday, people make promises, for example, to give up smoking, to change their life. Ii is not so important as in Russia, very small presents are given.New Year Resolution?is a promise which many people make before New Year. Usually they? want to improve their behavior and to give up bad habits.Valentine’s Day?is on February, 14. It is not a national holiday, but the holiday of love and friendship. It is one of the most loved holidays. There are romantic cards and gifts for those who are in love. The most popular wish:” Be my Valentine!” There are also cards for wives, husbands, mothers, fathers, and even grandparents.St. Patrick’s Day?is on March, 17.? It was a religious holiday. Now everybody wears green this day. Former Irish holiday (the Irish believed that St. Patrick freed Ireland from snakes.) Day of fun and parades.April Fool’s Day?is on April, 1. No one is sure how April’s Fool day got started. Most countries seem to have a day when people play tricks on each other. Children specially like these days. Some people think that trick days begin in India. People there celebrate a spring holiday called Holi. A favourite trick on Holi is to fill a bamboo pipe with coloured powder and blow the powder at people. Sometimes children fill the pipe with water and squirt each other.Mother’s Day, Father’s Day??are the days when the Americans thank their parents, give them flowers and presents. In the UK there is only?Mother’s Sunday.Good Friday?is the Friday before Easter (страстная пятница). On that dat people eat hot cross buns.Easter Sunday, Easter Monday.?The symbol of the holiday is Easter Bunny who brings the eggs. The traditional presents coloured eggs and chocolate eggs.Memorial Day??is the last day in May. It is a national holiday (since 1917) to remember the soldiers killed in battles.Independence Day??is on July,4. This day the USA became independent from the United Kingdom in 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was accepted.Labour Day?is the day to honor all the workers.Columbus Day?is on October, 12, 1492 Columbus discovered America. Now it is celebrated on the second Monday in October.Thanksgiving Day?is on the 4th Thursday in November. It is a national holiday, family holiday. The first Europeans on American land wanted to thank God and the Native Americans for their help during their first winter which was cold and hungry. Traditional food is turkey, mashed potatoes, pumpkin pie. The original celebration was held in 1621 after the first harvest in New England.Halloween?is on October, 31. It is not a national holiday. Children make costumes and go from house to house. They say “ Trick or treat ”. People give them tasty things.Christmas?is a national and religious holiday which is celebrated on December, 25. Santa Claus visits children and puts their presents into their stockings.The UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and above five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively.The British isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, center and southeast - is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain. (1343)There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The population of the country is over 87 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. The UK is constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen, but in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Liberal party is the ruling party nowadays.Holidays in GBEngland is a country of traditions and public holidays.The public holidays are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, Good Friday, Easter, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday and Late summer holiday.January has a nice holiday New Year's Day. The most famous celebration is in Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square in London. It is not widely celebrated in England; it is most popular in Scotland.February 14th is St Valentine's Day. On this day young people send cards or flowers to those whom they love.March 25th is s Mother's day' English people decorate their houses with flowers and cook a nice holiday dinner.On the morning of the 1st of April the English people play funny tricks. Most newspapers have at least one unlikely story.May Day is celebrated on the first Monday in May. It is a spring holiday of flowers, dancing and games.Halloween takes place on the 31st of October. At parties people dress up in strange costumes and pretend they are witches. They cut horrible faces in pumpkins and put a candle inside.The 5th of November is Gue Fawkes Night.In 1605 King James the First was on the throne. Some catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament. Gunpowder was to be exploded by a man called Guy Fawkes. But he was discovered, arrested and later hanged. Since that day the British celebrate the 5th of November by burning a dummy.On the 11th of November all English people remember those who died in the two world wars, in churches special services are held.Christmas Day is on the 25th of December. Families decorate their houses with brightly coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a Christmas tree. with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is giving of presents. Family members leave gifts at the bottom a Christmas tree on Christmas Eve, 24th of December be found in the morning.26th of December is Boxing Day. People visit friends and relatives or watch one of the many sporting events.At Easter, the British celebrate the new birth of Christ.On Good Friday bakers sell hot cross buns, which are toasted and eaten with butter.Easter Monday is a holiday and some people travel to the seaside for the day.English stereotypeAs is known in Britain there exists the accepted code of behavior. This accepted code of behavior of the British people doesn't allow the straightforward expression of what they think and feel. In contrast to Russians who prefer directness, British people tend to understate things.A conversation in English is full of hints, half tones and half-statements. British people will not particularly like to interfere in other people's affairs. They are known to have a cult of privacy. They generally tend to keep to themselves to hate to intrude in other people's privacy. For example, as a matter of fact, they don't particularly like to speak about their personal matters and interests and when they do, they always do it in an apologetic manner. In a conversation they mostly avoid direct questions and strong dogmatic ones, 'cause the culturally accepted code of behavior doesn't allow asking other people about their personal matters in a direct way.So we see that the British are guided by the principal of non-interfering in other people's affairs. The British see self-possession as the highest quality of human character. They regard the free display of emotions as vulgar and antisocial. They value highly the ability to stay calm in all kinds of situations and leave things unsaid. In one word - British are extremely reserved people. They are also considered to be industrious, polite, tradition-loving, courteous, honest, extremely nationalistic and etc. They are known to have a specific sense of humor. To my mind their humor is delicate.LondonLondon is the capital of the United Kingdom, its economic, political and cultural center. It is one of the world's most important ports and one of the largest cities in the world. London with its suburbs has a population of about 11 million people.London has been a capital for nearly a thousand years. Many of its ancient buildings still stand. The most famous of them are the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's Cathedral. Most visitors also want to see the Houses of Parliament and the many magnificent museums.Once London was a small Roman town of the north bank of the Thames. Slowly it grew into one of the world's major cities.Different areas of London seem like different cities. The West End is a rich man's world of shops, offices and theatres. The City of London is the district where most offices and banks are concentrated; the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England are here, too. The East End is a district where mostly working people live. The old port area is now called "Docklands". There are now new office buildings in Docklands, and thousands of new flats and houses.By the day the whole of London is busy. At night, offices are quiet and empty, but the West End stays alive, because this is where Londoners come to enjoy themselves. There are two opera houses here, several concert halls and many theatres, as well as cinemas. In nearby Soho the pubs and restaurants and nightclubs are busy half the night.Other cities of GBGreat Britain is a highly developed industrial country, and most of the people live in large cities.Naturally, the capital comes first among the biggest industrial cities of the country. Lots of things such as clothes, food, planes and cars are made in London.Birmingham is the biggest town in the centre of England. Machines, cars and lorries are made here. TV- and radio-sets are also produced in Birmingham.Manchester is an industrial capital of the North of England. It is a very old city. It is the centre of cotton industry. Manchester was the first city in Great Britain to build an airport in 1929. Manchester has many libraries, museums, art galleries and theatres.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. It is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Its main attractions are the Floral clock made of growing flowers, and the Edinburgh Art Festivals, the annual summer performances of operas, dancing, music and drama.Glasgow is another great Scottish city. It is famous for its shipyards. Glasgow is a great industrial city and also the centre of Scottish culture.Cardiff is the capital of Wales.It is a big port and ships come here from all over the world.Cambridge and Oxford are the oldest university towns in Great Britain. Many great men studied in these universities: Cromwell, Newton, Byron, Darwin and others.Leisure time and hobbiesIMany people have hobbies. They make our life more interesting. A hobby is what people like to do when they have free time. Everyone chooses a hobby according to his character and taste. Some people are fond of music, others like to read books. Some people like to collect stamps, coins or badges, others prefer gardening or hiking or taking photographs. Some people like to cook, others like to knitter sew. Generally speaking, a hobby is a matter of taste.My hobby is playing computer games. Both grown-ups and children are fond of it now. It has become one of the most popular hobbies nowadays. I think that playing with a computer is very interesting. It is not only "wasting time" as some people puter games make us to think things over properly, they widen and develop our mind and imagination. I have a good collection of different games and when I have some free time I play them with great pleasure. My favourite game is...?Some of my friends have the same hobby and we like to play together.IIMusic is my everything. I think that it is one of the most important things in my life. You know - a man can`t live without music - just like a flower without sun.Not everybody can find something beautiful in things which seem to be weird, awful and ugly in some ways. My favorite kind of music is hevy metal, and not everybody can listen to it. But for me it is the best music.Some years ago, just about three or four, my favourite music was rap. I enjoyed listening to it and being a rapper - wide jeans, long t-shirts and shiny chains, you know. But then I started to feel rather boringabout it - I just needed something really fresh.And one day I found a very interesting song while surfing the Internet. The name of this song was "Hit The Lights" and the band who had played it was Metallica.That was the beginning of my way in the metal world! I was really impressed - "Hit The Lights" sounded crazy and I liked it very much. Soon I listened to some other songs of Metallica - some oldy ones from the 80th and I understood that metal music was the only music I wanted to listen to and I gave up rap. To tell the truth, now I think that I looked rather silly when I was a rapper. But the things had changed.For the first time it was really difficult for me to understand the texts of the new songs - I just listened it for energy. But then I started to search for the texts of songs in the Web... and guess what? I understood that some songs weren`t just crazy and energetic, but clever and even phylosophical. Y was shocked! I recognizedthat almost every band had their special ideas and themes of their songs, for example, "Slayer" told everybody about wars and it`s darkness in our world, "Megadeth" explained that it is rather hard to be a human on our Earth, not a human-like beast. The other thing - with the help of metal songs I improved my knowledge of English - I found a lot of new words and phrases. And now I see that they are really useful!With all kinds of metal I gather a lot of interesting things to think about every day. And I am getting much kinder - something like a "Mr. Nice Guy", huh...You know - music is an international language, just like English. "Just as Jesus created wine from water, we humans are capable on transmuting emotions into music" said one man of wisdom. I think that if all of us will get closer to music, our world would be a lovely place to live in. And it will be so, I am sure.IIISport is very important in my life. And, of course, it is popular with young and old people.I try to take part in different sport sections. I like to watch sport games, listen to sport news. I prefer reading interesting stories about sportsmen. At college I have got physical training lessons twice a week. We play volley-ball and basket-ball at the lessons. Sport helps me to keep good health. If you go in for sports, you are in a good mood and don’t often catch cold.I think that all people must take care of their health and do morning exercises regularly. But I don’t do it because I don’t like to get up early. Recently I have begun to go in for boxing. I want to be a good boxer. I think that this kind of sport will help me in my everyday life. But it is physical training for my body. Also I like to paint different drawings. This hobby is for my soul. I like to combine form and colour into harmonious unity. I use different colours. The colours may be cool and restful, delicate and soft. I like to draw a landscape, a seascape, a battle piece and a self-portrait. I have a lot of interesting self-portraits.I think that the main thing is that our hobby increases our knowledge in some particular field and broaden our outlook.IVHobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste - you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. Hobbies are divided into four large classes: doing things, making things, collecting things, and learning things.The most popular hobby group is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities, everything from gardening to traveling and from chess to volleyball. Gardening is one of the oldest man's hobbies. It is well-know fact that the English are very found of gardening and growing flowers, especially roses.Both grown-ups and children are found of playing different computer games. This is a relatively new hobby but it is becoming more and more popular. Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, handicrafts and others. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. Some hobbyists write music or play musical instruments.President Bill Clinton, for example, plays the saxophone. Almost everyone collects something at some period of his/her life: stamps, coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards, toys, watches and other things. Some collections don't have real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in museums and art galleries. Many world famous collections started in a small way with one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare books and other art object. Often such private collections are given to museums, libraries and public galleries so that others might see them.No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he/she always has the opportunity of learning from it. By reading about the things he/she is interested in, he/she adds to what he knows. Learning things can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby. So I think that everyone should have a hobby, it is like the target of your life.FamilyOur family is neither large nor small. I have a mother, a father and a sister. We all live together in a three-room flat in one of the industrial districts of Kharkiv. We are an average family.My father Ihor Ivanovych is 45 years old. He is a tall and well-built man with short black hair and grey eyes. He works as a manager at a big plant. He likes his work and spends most of his time there. By character my father is a quiet man, while my mother is energetic and talkative.My mother’s name is Olha Petrivna. She is a teacher of music and plays the piano well. My mother always has a lot of work to do about the house and at school. She is a busy woman and we all help her.My sister’s name is Alla. Like our mother Alla has blue eyes and fair hair. She is a very good-looking girl. Alla is three years younger than me. She is a pupil of the 8th form. She does well at school and gets only good and excellent marks. Literature is her favourite subject and she wants to become a teacher, as well as I do.Our family is very united. We like to spend time together. In the evenings we watch TV, read books and newspapers, listen to music or just talk about the events of the day. Our parents don’t always agree with what we say, but they listen to our opinion.All of us like to spend our weekends in the country. We often go to the village where our grandparents live. They are aged pensioners now, but prefer to live in the country. My grand-grandmother is still alive. She lives in my grandmother’s family and is always glad to see us. Her health is poor and she asks us to come and see her more often. I also have many other relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins. We are happy when we are together.ArtArt plays an important role in my life. It aids the people`s understanding of their culture. No doubt tastes should be developed through images of high artistic culture, whereas works of popular culture as a rule meet consumer`s tastes.In my opinion the habit of looking at good pictures is in itself a means by which taste can be formed. Art allows people to talk about emotionally meaningful experiences. Every artist tries to develop his own style of painting to differ from other ones. There are many styles of painting in art: a portrait, a still life, a landscape, a seascape and etc. An artist has the skill to combine form and colour into harmonious entity and to represent a brilliant colour scheme. The artist`s pictures may be dull, crude, chaotic and colourless daub of paint. But in spite of it they are an exquisite piece of painting.I`d like to add that an artist can become famous overnight and die forgotten and penniless.MusicThere are so many kinds of music in our life. For example, rap and pop music, rock and alternative music, industrial and disco music, drum & bass and techno music, and, of course, classic music. Different people like different music. The scientists say that they can define your character if they know what music you like. For example, they suppose that people who listen rock music are very clever and reasonable. British scientists confirm that the most of young people listen to the aggressive music as metal and rock. Scientists say that these people are good students, because of their character and assiduousness. I agreewith this statement, because I think that music shows your soul and nature.As for me, my favorite group is "Linkin Park". They sing in different styles, such as: alternative, new metal, heavy metal and rock. I like this group because of good texts and unusual musical decisions. This group was formed in 1996. They released 9 albums. I like all their songs without distinction. My favorite song is “In The End”. There are six men in this group: Chester Bennington, Mike Shinoda, Rob Burdon, David Farell, Bred Delson and Joe Hahn. The most prominent person of the group is Chester Bennington. He is very talented. Also I like him because he overcame his drug addiction and made his musical career. Nowadays he is taken the 27th place in the hit parade list of “100 of all times top heavy metal vocalists”. He writes poems and composes music.I always adored people who compose music and write poems. I think that such people are very talented. Also I believe that they can draw pictures and show their feelings by their music or poems. They can make you cry or laugh. Moreover they make you think about global problems or you may lie soft and just dream while you are listening to the music.I guess that we can’t live without music. My motto is: “Silence is killing!” As for me, I always listen to the music, when I’m happy or when I’m unhappy. It helps me in my everyday life. I listen to the music everywhere: at home, in the bus, in the street.Nowadays we have relaxing music, which we use in medicine. More helpful than all kinds of music is classic music by such famous composers as Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and Vivaldy.Music is everywhere! It’s on television, over radio, in all movies! Can you imagine any movie without music?! Of course not. What if you watch television without sound, what if you see ballet without music, what if you hear voices without melody at the opera? Our life will be boring without music.IIPeople cannot live without music. They can listen to music everywhere even in the forest, when they walk and hear birds singing.Music can be classical and modern. Classical music is performed by symphonic orchestras in the great halls. There are a lot of famous composers whose music is played nowadays. Classical music is serious and requires good understanding that's why it may seem to be boring and dull for some.Most people prefer modern music. Modern music is performed by TV and radio. Modern music has different kinds: pop, rock, disco, rap, techno and others. Most young people like dance and pop. Older people are fond of jazz, rock and pop. There are a lot of singers or music bands who perform this or that kind of music.Now there are a lot of discs and records of different performers.The last achievement in music production is a clip. Musical clips are short films accompanied by the melody. It may be a short story what the song is about or simply a great number of different pictures. People like to watch clips because it’s not only listening to music but also watching interesting things. I’m fond of music and like to listen to it for it helps me to have good relaxation.My home is my castleI think, every person always dreams about a place where he can speak about his problems, chat with close friends, where he can feel happy and quiet. For me it is my family and my home. It is the best place in the world and my dearest people live here. My family is not large we are 4. I have a father, a mother and a brother. We all live together in a new flat. My father is 45. He is a tall and well-built man with short black hair and grey eyes. He is quiet and hardworking. Really, he is a bread maker of the family. Dad is handy with many things. His hobby is fixing everything at home. My mother is very lively. She is life and soul of the family. She is the pleasant woman of forty with beautiful chestnut hair and dark brown eyes. She is a lofty ideal for me. My parents have been married for 20 years they have much in common, in everyday life Dad is impractical and needs mother to look after him. Parents have different views on music, books, films. For example, my father likes horror films and my father likes . My father is a football fat and Mum doesn't like sports. But they try to have the same opinion about the education and upbringing of their children. My brother is only 11. He goes to school. He is funny and curious. He is constantly asking many questions, often silly ones. But this only a moment - I can't imagine my life without our little monster. We all feel happy when we are together. In the evenings we often have little gatherings in the kitchen by the cup of tea, chatting, laughing and discussing the events of the day. Those evening are the best of all. But sometimes I have problems with my parents. They don't like the clothes I wear the music I listen to and the friends I bring home. It's not easy to be a teenager. In summer I visit my Granny. I love her when I was a child she used to tell me fairytales and stories of her life. My parents are hardworking. They combine work with housekeeping. Mum manages our household very well. We all are in the habit of helping her to run the house. They say: "My home is a cosy place." Our relatives and friends like to come to our place. My parents are very hospitable everybody feels at home in their flat. Really.Home is where the heart isI personally think that home is a small world where one lives according to his/her own rules. It's a place where you feel comfort, warmth and reliability. And I believe that it's not the size of the place where you live that matters, but the way you feel about it. And if your house is not just a building for you but a place that you can call home, it means that you want to stay there as long as possible and it's a place where you always want to return to.The importance of home is depicted in languages of all the nations: we say "East or West, home is best ", the English say "My home is my castle." Home is a place that awakens the most pleasant feelings and high emotions in soul of every person. Always after a hard day I return home and think "At last I came home". For me there is no place like home.I'm sure that home of a person is as much a reflection of his personality, as the clothes he wears, the food he eats, the books he reads and the friends he spends his time with. Homes reflect the way of life and habits of their owners.I adore my home; I like to be there, because it's always filled with happiness and joy. Even after the first few minutes in our flat you can understand all hospitality and friendliness of this place and the family which lives there. Our flat is very warm and cosy, so it makes any person feel at home. It's the place where I wake up every morning to the refreshing smell of coffee from the kitchen and where every day of my life starts, that's why it is so important for me.My home, my sweet home... Sometimes after a long journey I return home with such pleasure and happiness, that I feel myself like a baby that returns to its mother. I love every corner and every thing in my flat. "My home is my fortress", it is my territory, my place where I feel good and comfortable. And nobody can disturb me here.FriendshipThere is a wise saying that,?it is better to walk with a friend in the dark than to walk alone in light!?Why would anyone say such a thing, unless he or she means that a friend is a far better gift than even having our path lighted up??It is a true and a wise saying.Even if your path is lighted up, you have to walk the path all alone; but when your friend is walking with you, even if the road is dark, you know help is near you in the form of your friend. A true friend will support you during the most difficult times.The Language of FriendshipThere are friends who may seem to support you in everything you do. They have a smooth tongue and a language meant to flatter you. But many such friends are only fair-weather friends, who are there just to share the fun.A true friend will support you during your emotional, professional and financial difficulties. He is willing to make sacrifices for you and willing to forego the benefits that might have come to him otherwise. A true friend is someone who is there to support you whenever you need him.Friendship has its own language. It is not bound by the language of words. Friendship extends beyond the boundaries of status, countries and religion. There are illustrious stories of friendship that stretches across man-made distinctions. What it looks for is the genuineness of?mutual trust?and the feeling of wishing the best for friends.The Road to a Great FriendshipFriendship is a bond which is most durable and even survives the?toughest challenges. Just like Rome was not built in a day, friendship also takes years to build up.The road to friendship may be paved with many disagreements and difference of opinions; yet what makes it enduring becomes its greatest strengths. It overcomes all the disagreements and conflicts.With time and patience, a friendship thrives and becomes a bond that is strong enough to overcome the prejudices.Forgiveness is the key?to overcome and overlook the?small errors?between friends becomes a second nature. Give and take without keeping anything in the heart is what leads to a healthy relationship.The road to friendship is not a journey with a destination. In reality, the journey itself is the destination. The road does not culminate in any grand destination; but it is the journey that makes the road worthwhile.All the ups and downs of life, moments of joys and sorrows; which gets shared by the friends, is what makes the journey of friendship so much more enjoyable and worthy of having spent valuable time.ConclusionOne of the perquisites of human life comes from the bonds of friendship that people form over the years. Some of these may start early in life, during childhood or when the person is studying in school or college. But true friendship is not limited to just being colleagues, even at work.We make some special bonds with people from all walks of life. Some of these relationships endure lifelong; especially those that are built upon mutual trust and the?desire to help?each other. These become our life-support systems that we need to lean upon during serious crisis in life.True friendship?never disappoints or leaves one empty-handed. It is a cherished gift that comes with a lifetime guarantee. ................
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