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Latin American RevolutionsStudy GuideLatin American Revolutions: Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 18th century. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful, but few achieved the success of the American Revolution.L'Ouverture, Toussaint: (1743?-1803) Revolutionary leader who is responsible for ousting France from Haiti during the Latin American Revolutions in the early 19th century.Peninsulares: In colonial Latin America, Spanish official sent to govern Latin American colonies. They controlled government completely.Spanish Control of Latin America:A. Government: Viceroys or representatives of the king were sent to control the colony. Natives were excluded from government.B. Economy: Mercantilism colonies benefit the mother country.C. Encomienda System: colonies were prohibited from trading with nations other than Spain. Conquistadors were granted land (encomienda’s vast royal land grants) and could demand tribute ($$) and labor from Native Americans.II. Social Structure/ Classes in Latin America: PENNINSULARESAristocracy born in Spain (The Iberian Peninsula) CREOLESDescendants of Peninsulares, but were born in the Spanish colonies in Latin America they were wealthy and had top positions.MESTIZOS2400300-86741000Mixed Native American and European, lower middle class, merchants, managers, farmers. NATIVE AMERICANSWorked for others on haciendas and in mines. FREED BLACKSLaborers, some in skilled trades. SLAVESProperty of owners, had some rights, could purchase freedom.The most powerful classes were the ones on top. They also had the fewest people.The social classes were based on parentage and race.The first two classes (Penninsulares and Creoles) controlled Encomiendas.The wealth of the Spanish Empire depended on the forced labor of Native Americans and imported slaves that were forced to work very hard and treated terribly.Latin American Independence MovementsEnlightenment ideas spread from Europe and the United States.Successes of the American and French Revolutions were examples.There were many one crop economies (dependent on only one crop) such as coffee, sugar, or beef and a changing climate or world market would often lead to economic disaster. Working for plantation owners left peasant with little time or land to produce Enough food. Leaders of Independence MovementsA. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Former slave and leader of the revolution in the French Colony of Haiti. First Latin American Colony to revolt.B. Simon Bolivar: “The Liberator” Creole who led a revolution against Spanish rule in South America. He led a series of military campaigns that won independence for Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.C. Mexican Revolution: (1910 – 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurredKey Figures in Mexican Independence1. Benito Juarez: First Native American to be elected president of Mexico.2. Porfirio Diaz: was a caudillo (local military strongmen who put together armies and challenged governments for control) that ruled Mexico as a dictator. 3. Pancho Villa: had a strong peasant following. U.S. refused to support him because of his brutality. 4. Emilio Zapata: Native American that led a peasant revolt in the south, supported land reform.5. Venistiano Carranza: elected president of Mexico in 1917 and approved a new constitution.2428875762000000Latin American Revolutions Practice Questions:1. Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and Josde San Martín led independence movements in:(1) the Middle East (2) western Africa (3) South Asia(4) Latin America2. Simón Bolívar, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and José de San Martín are all associated with revolutions in:(1) Africa (2) Europe(3) South Asia(4) Latin America3. During the 19th century in Latin America, the Catholic Church and the military generally supported the interests of:(1) wealthy landowners(2) landless peasants(3) democratic reformers(4) indigenous peoples4. Which statement about the French and Latin American revolutions is accurate?(1) People in both regions were fighting for freedom from England.(2) Strong French monarchs led revolutions in Latin America.(3) Revolutions in both regions were based on the idea of natural rights.(4) The French Revolution was modeled after revolutions in Latin America.5. Which term is defined as land grants and taxation policies used in colonial Latin America by the Spanish to provide labor in the fields?(1) encomienda system (2) mercantilism (3) Middle Passage(4) capitalism6. In which way did the geographic diversity of Latin America affect newly independent countries?(1) limiting the military power of Creoles(2) forcing the Church to guarantee land reform(3) making political unity difficult(4) necessitating a reliance on SpainBase your answer to question 7 on the maps below and on your knowledge of Social Studies.7. Between 1790 and 1828, which situation helped cause the change reflected on these maps of South America?The Aztecs regained control of many areas of South America.South American voters removed Spanish and Portuguese rulers from power.Spain sent conquistadores to South America.Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States to South America.Base your answer to question 8 and question 9 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.8. Based on a comparison of these maps of South America, which conclusion is accurate?Many regions of South America Gained their independence between 1790 and 1828.All of South America was independent by 1828.Spain continued to gain South American colonies in the 19th century.Between 1790 and 1828, South American political boundaries remained unchanged except for Brazil.9. Which individual is most closely associated with the changes indicated on these maps?(1) Emiliano Zapata(2) Simon Bolivar(3) Porfirio Diaz(4) Pancho VillaBase your answer to question 10 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.10. Which conclusion about Spanish colonialism in the Americas can be drawn from this diagram?(1) The fewest people in the population had the greatest power.(2) Africans and Native Americans were politically powerful.(3) The Peninsulares made up the majority of the population.(4) Mestizos and mulattoes controlled the most land in the colonies.11. The Haitian Revolution and the Sepoy Rebellion happened in response to:(1) European colonial policies(2) indigenous ethnic rivalries(3) urban development(4) religious divisions12. Spanish is the dominant language in much of Central and South America, and French is a dominant language in West Africa. What caused these languages to be spoken in those areas?(1) regional specialization(2) colonial rule(3) modernization(4) ethnic divisions13. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the:(1) dominance of Spanish-born nobility(2) emerging equality between classes(3) influence of mestizo economic power(4) increasing social mobility of Native American Indians14. Which statement best describes a key aspect of mercantilism?(1) removing tariffs to increase free trade between empires(2) acquiring colonies to provide a favorable balance of trade(3) eliminating private ownership of the means of production(4) encouraging subsistence agriculture? Colonies are required to provide raw materials.? Development of manufacturing in the colonies is discouraged.15. Which European policy is being described by these statements?(1) appeasement (2) mercantilism (3) regionalism(4) neutrality______________________________________________________________________________16. Which event came first in Latin American history?(1) Panama regained control of the Panama Canal.(2) Simón Bolívar established Gran Colombia.(3) Fidel Castro became the communist leader of Cuba.(4) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by Mexico, Canada, and the USBase your answer to question # 17 on the outline below and on your knowledge of social studies.I. __________________________________A. Rule of Porfirio DiazB. Peasant support for Francisco Pancho VillaC. Constitution of 1917D. Land reform17. Which revolution best completes this partial outline?(1) Mexican (2) Chinese (3) Cuban(4) Iranian18. During the early 1800's which was a major influence on the struggles for political independence in Latin America?1. Poor conditions in urban centers in Latin America.2. The desire of the Roman Catholic Church to escape European control.3. Demands by Latin Americans to own their own factories.4. The American and French Revolutions. 19. Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Toussaint L’Ouverture are important in Latin American history because they were...1. 20th century caudillos.2. winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.3. conquistadors from Spain.4. leaders of liberation movements. 20. Which of the following places won independence from France and who was their leader?1. México— Miguel Hidalgo2. Argentina — José de San Martin3. Haiti — Toussaint L’Ouverture4. Gran Columbia — Simon Bolivar21. Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?1. nations of Latin America won independence2. revolutions occurred in North America and France3. the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain's power4. creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule22. In a number of European countries in the 1800's, which situation occurred as a result of the influence of the French Revolution?1. increase in religious conflict2. rise of nationalistic movements3. decentralization of government4. economic depressions ................
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