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Unit JK: Bloody PacketDeadline for Unit: _________________1. Screencast Unit J1 and K2 ______2. Vocab words.______3. Diagrams.______4. Coloring/Notes______5. Practice question______6. Journal Prompts______i) Midterm: Good? Bad? Ugly? Why? ii) What worked well in your preparation for the midterm? What could you have done or what can you do to better prepare next time?This is quite a hodge-podge unit full of diagrams and little bits, so it is HIGHLY recommended for your learning journey that you follow closely to the clues as outlined below Overview1. Major blood vessels of the human body – Mr. Man and Headless diagrams2. Five types of blood vessel – focus on S and F.3. The 2 circuits- direction and type of blood and eventually how they are different!4. Fetal Circulation – label, trace, and compare to adult.5. Heart structures and their functions as well as flow of blood5. Blood- what is it made of, and what are the functions?Unit J Videos– Part 1For this diagram you should be able to:Label major arteries and veinsWhere the vessel is headedGive type of bloodID the 2 systems942975-1244600058102519177000Five Types of Blood Vessels - CompareBlood VesselStructureFunction1.2.3.4.5.Diagram it!!Below create for yourself a nice little map, clearly outlining the 2 circuits. One step above, add colour to show oxygen rich blood and carbon dioxide blood. -1238253810000Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation 1. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?2. In the diagram below, color the oxygenated blood RED, and the deoxygenated blood BLUE. Be sure to label the three types of blood vessels: artery, vein, and capillary. Also, label the four chambers of the heart!80010013208000StructurePulmonary or Systemic?FunctionInferior Vena CavaSuperior Vena CavaRight AtriumRight VentriclePulmonary ArteriesPulmonary VeinsLeft AtriumLeft VentricleAortaFetal Circulation There are 5 structures present in the fetus that are not present in the adult circulatory system.Why does the fetus have an altered circulatory system?Locate each structure on the diagram. Label the structure on the diagram and fill in the chart for its function. (Note structure “U” belongs to the mother, not the fetus. Include it in your labels but not in the chart.45720039116000Fetal StrutureFunctionNote the umbilical arteries and umbilical vein are named for the baby’s cirucaltory system, not the mothers.The umbilical vein carries ________________________ blood, to the baby’s _________________.The umbilical artery carries _______________________ blood and wastes away from the baby and to the ___________________ for exchange within the ______________________.Like in the pulmonary circuit the oxygen carrying of the blood is reversed. Blood in the umbilical vein is traveling to the baby’s heart, BUT the blood is oxygenated (or red). Blood in the umbilical artery is traveling away from the baby’s heart, BUT the blood is de-oxygenated or blue.Why do you think the umbilical vein travels to the baby’s liver (via the venous duct), before entering the baby’s heartDoes the vena cava in the baby carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Where is this blood coming from? Does the aorta in the baby carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Why? What structure in the fetus does aorta lead in to? Where does this lead to in the mother?How do the vena cava and aorta in fetal circulation differ from that of the adult?Bloody MessBlood consists of approx ______% formed elements and _______ % plasma. Formed elements(You are responsible for distinguishing between the 3 cell types in the table, but you do not need to be able to distinguish between the different types of white blood cells (basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes etc…)Formed ElementShapeFunctionOriginRed Blood Cells( ) White blood Cells( )Plasma( )297180059690Blood has transport, regulatory and protective functions, such as:- transports- transports-regulates-regulates-regulates-protects-protects00Blood has transport, regulatory and protective functions, such as:- transports- transports-regulates-regulates-regulates-protects-protectsPlasma Contains a variety of organic & inorganic substances. ________ % is water, which functions to…_______ % is plasma proteins which function to…Plasma contains minute (less than 1%) amounts of:________, which help maintain blood osmotic pressure.________, for cellular respiration.___________________, as food for cells___________________, from excretion by the kidneys______________, _______________ etc… which have various functions in regulation of the body (homeostasis) and metabolism.Antigens and Antibodies What is an antigen? (try the glossary)An antibody is a “Y” shaped molecule also known as an immunoglobulin. Antibodies are typically made of ________________ (peptide chains). The variable regions of the antibody are specific for a particular ______________. Antigens combine with antibodies in a ___________ - _______ - ________ manner. When the antigens and antibodies form a complex together the antigens are….Antibodies are produced in response to invading pathogens. (They are also produced when you receive a vaccination with a weakened form of an antigen, such as a virus.) Antibodies are ____________ to the antigen for which they are made. An individual is said to be immune to an antigen if he/she has antibodies to that particular antigen. The blood of the individual contains lymphocytes that can remain in the system for years ready to produce antibodies if the ____________ is detected.Exposure to the antigen, either naturally or by way of a vaccine will cause active immunity to develop. In active immunity, the individual produces their own antibodies which remain in their blood stream to protect against future attacks. When antibodies are produced they bind to the antigens and destroy them.Unit K – part 1 - Heart Structure and Function48577560960002695575-3060700060007513398500Unit K – part 2Draw it out!Nervous ControlStarts in the _______________________________________Diagram – draw box to show 2 nodes.Outline pathway of nervous message.Heart Cycle.Atria Contracts = __________________________________Ventricles Contract = _______________________________Diastole – describeSystole – describeBlood Pressure – taken at ____________________________________________.Units = ____________________________________________________________.Normal =Hypertension = Hypotension = BP Reading = Cardiac CycleDiastoleSystoleHeart Problems-coronary arteriesHave you?-228600123761500Biology 12 - The Heart & Circulatory System1.The major systemic artery in the body is the _______________.2.The systemic system begins with the ______________________________ of the heart and ends with the ______________________________ of the heart.3.Contraction of the heart is called _______________; just following contraction, blood pressure is at it _______________.4.The SA node is often called the _______________.5.The first wave in an electrocardiogram occurs during the contraction of the _______________; the second occurs during the contraction of the _______________.6.A vein is a blood vessel that takes blood to the _______________.7.Movement of blood in the veins is aided by _______________muscle contraction.8.Capillaries are tiny vessels with very _______________walls, facilitating the exchange of molecules.9.The lymph vessels begin in the tissues and eventually join the _______________veins.10.Two dietary components that may contribute to the medical condition hypertension are _______________and _______________.11.A stroke occurs when _______________cells are denied oxygen.12.Label the parts of the circulatory system in this diagram below:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.13.Match the structures in the key to the statements below:Key: arteryveincapillaryi.has the thickest walls: _______________ii.has valves: _______________iii.has the greatest total cross-sectional area: _______________iv.takes blood away from the heart: _______________v.takes blood to the heart: _______________vi.exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with tissues: _______________14.The path of blood through the heart. Starting with vena cava, list the structures in order through which blood flows. Use the parts in the column on the left.Structures (Alphabetical listing)Correct Order1.aorta2.bicuspid valve3.left atrium4.left ventricle5.lungs6.pulmonary artery7.pulmonary semilunar valve8.pulmonary veins9.right atrium10.right ventricle11.semilunar valve12.tricuspid valve13.vena cava15.The heart beats about _______times a minute. What actually happens is that the ______________node initiates the contraction of the____________(chambers). The nervous stimulus is picked up by the ____________________________node, and this initiates the contraction of the _______________ (chambers). When the chambers are not actually contracting, they are relaxing. Contraction is termed systole, and resting is termed _______________.16.When the atria contracts, this forces the blood through the ______________________________valves into the ______________________________. The closing of these valves is the lub sound. Next the ventricles contract and force the blood into the arteries. Now the ______________________________ valves close, and this is theDUPP sound. A heart murmur is caused by ___________________________.17.Of what significance is each of the following in an electrocardiogram like the one on the right?i.P wave:______________________________ii.QRS wave: ______________________________iii.T wave: ______________________________18.Using the diagram of the circulatory system in your text that shows the major blood vessels, trace the path of blood from:i.the left ventricle to the legs: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________ii.the legs to the right atrium: _______________, _______________, _______________iii.the aorta to the liver: _______________, ______________________________, _______________, ______________________________, ______________19.a) Label the indicated parts of the fetal heart at right:b.List the four structural differences between the fetal circulatory system and the adult, as well as the function of each difference.Structure AFunctionStructure BFunctionStructure CFunctionStructure DFunction20.There are only two types of lymph vessels, the lymph ______________________________and the lymph _______________.21.Mix and match the correct term for each description on the left.___1.largest arteryAvalves___2.returns tissue fluid to the circulatory systemBthrombus___3.prevent blood from flowing in the wrong directionCsystolic blood pressure___4.vessel transporting blood through kidneysDstroke___5.vessel transporting blood through legsErenal___6.localized swelling due to excess tissue fluidFlymphatic system___7.supply blood to the heartGiliac___8.the highest arterial pressureHhypertension___9.the lowest arterial pressureIheart attack___10.condition of high blood pressureJembolism___11."hardening of the arteries"Kedema___12.a stationary clot along an arterial wallLdiastolic blood pressure___13.a dislodged, moving thrombusMcoronary arteries___14.when a portion of the brain dies due to a lack of oxygenNatherosclerosis___15.chest pain (including pain in the left arm)Oaorta___16.occurs when circulation to part of the heart is blockedPangina pectoris22.How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary? a) they both contain blood b) they both contain valves c) they both have thin walls d) they are both connected to the vena cava 23.If you press a finger down on a prominent vein, say, on the back of your hand and then slide the finger distally to a new pressure point closer to the fingers, would you expect the section of vein you just moved along to refill with blood? Suppose you had moved the finger proximally toward the upper arm?24.Explain how the blood that right now is arriving at your fingertips will get back to your heart. What will drive its movement?25. Questions from Provincial Exams-45720025781000Bloody Notes - Circulation??????Blood vessels????????????????????????i.?????????Arteries????????????????????????????????????(1)???????Muscular layers allow them to withstand high pressure.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????Carry blood away from heart.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????Arteries are elastic to allow them to expand and recoil when receiving blood from heart.????????????????????????ii.????????Arterioles????????????????????????????????????(1)???????Form a large network of smaller vessels, leading away from the heart.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????They are also elastic.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????Have muscles that control their diameters.????????????????????????iii.???????Capillaries????????????????????????????????????(1)???????The smallest blood vessels, these are typically less than 1 mm long.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????The diameter is so small that red blood cells travel single file.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????The very thin walls allow exchange of materials between blood and cells.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????Capillaries have a huge total surface area.????????????????????????????????????(5)???????Blood velocity decreases in capillary beds to allow time for exchange of materials with extracellular fluid.????????????????????????????????????(6)???????Blood releases oxygen and nutrients, picks up carbon dioxide and wastes.????????????????????????????????????(7)???????Exchange????????????????????????????????????????????????(a)???????At the arterial end of capillaries blood pressure forces fluid out and into the surrounding tissues. As blood moves through the capillary, the blood pressure decreases so that near the venous end, less is leaking into the surrounding tissues.????????????????????????????????????????????????(b)???????As blood flows through the capillary and fluid moves out, the blood that remains behind becomes more concentrated. Osmosis then causes fluid to move back into the capillary near the venous end.????????????????????????????????????(8)???????Lymphatic system????????????????????????????????????????????????(a)???????During the exchange, some fluid is also removed from the blood. Most fluid reenters the blood by osmosis but some does not.????????????????????????????????????????????????(b)???????The remaining fluid is returned to blood by the lymphatic system.????????????????????????????????????????????????(c)???????Lymphatic vessels contain vein-like one-way valves?.????????????????????????????????????????????????(d)???????The lymphatic system connects to the circulatory into veins on the side of the neck.????????????????????????????????????????????????(e)???????Blockage of the lymphatic systems leads to the retention of water in the tissues. The resulting swelling is called edema.????????????????????????iv.???????Venules - Capillaries merge to form venules and venules merge into veins.????????????????????????v.?????????Veins????????????????????????????????????(1)???????Large vessels that carry blood back to the heart.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????Blood pressure is quite low in the veins.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????The pressure is too low to allow the return of blood to the heart from the lower body.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????The return is aided by the contraction of skeletal muscles and one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward in the veins.????????????d.?????????The diameter of arteries and arterioles can be changed as needed????????????????????????i.?????????Vasoconstriction - contraction of the muscular layer causes the diameter to narrow, decreasing blood flow.????????????????????????ii.????????Vasodilation - relaxation of the muscular layer causes the diameter to increase, increasing blood flow.????????????????????????iii.???????Sphincter muscles (called precapillary sphincters) in arterioles can open and close specific capillary beds as needed.????????????e.?????????The heart????????????????????????i.?????????In birds and mammals, the heart is a double pump.????????????????????????ii.????????The heart is four chambered, with a wall separating the left and right ventricules.????????????????????????iii.???????The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissues. This is systemic circulation.????????????????????????iv.???????The right side of the heart pumps unoxygenated blood to the lungs. This is pulmonary circulation.????????????????????????v.?????????The left ventricle is much more muscular than the right as it must move blood through the whole body.????????????????????????vi.???????Human heart????????????????????????????????????(1)???????Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????Blood flows from the atrium into the left ventricle as it relaxes.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????The ventricle then contracts, to force blood out to the aorta.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????Valves between the atrium and ventricle (AV valve) and between the ventricle and the aorta (semilunar valve) prevent blood from flowing backward.????????????????????????????????????(5)???????Oxygenated blood is carried to all parts of the body.????????????????????????????????????(6)???????The heart itself receives blood from the coronary arteries. They have a very small diameter and may become blocked, producing a heart attack.????????????????????????????????????(7)???????Blood from the upper body enters the heart through the superior vena cava while blood from the lower body enters through the inferior vena cava.????????????????????????????????????(8)???????Blood moves from the right atrium through an AV valve to the right ventricle.????????????????????????????????????(9)???????When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves through a semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.????????????????????????????????????(10)?????Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to complete the cycle.????????????????????????vii.??????Control of the heartbeat????????????????????????????????????(1)???????The heartbeat does not require nerves but generates its own beat.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????If all the nerves to the heart are cut it will continue to beat.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????Nerve signals from the brain can influence the heart rate though, slowing it or speeding it up.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????Muscle cells in the heart can all contract to produce a regular heartbeat but they must be coordinated.????????????????????????????????????(5)???????This coordination is accomplished by the pacemaker which causes all the cells to contract together. The pacemaker (or SA node) is a group of cells in the wall of the right atrium called the sinoatrial node (SA node) that sets the origin of the heartbeat in mammals.????????????????????????????????????(6)???????To be filled with blood from the atria, the ventricles must contract slightly later than the atria. This is the job of the atrioventricular (AV) node. It recieves the signal from the SA node but delays it for about 0.1 s before passing it along to the ventricles. This ensures that the atria completely empty before the ventricles contract.????????????????????????viii.?????Heart sounds????????????????????????????????????(1)???????The sounds of the heartbeat are caused by the closing of the heart valves.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????The first sound (lub) is caused by blood hitting the AV valves as they close.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????The second sound (dub) is caused by blood hitting the semilunar valves as they close.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????If the valves do not close properly, some blood can pass through the valves and cause a heart murmur. The heart must work harder to get the same volume of blood circulating. This can be corrected by replacing the valve.????????????????????????ix.???????Blood pressure????????????????????????????????????(1)???????When the heart relaxes between beats (diastole) the arterial pressure drops to about 80 mm Hg. This is called diastolic pressure. The pressure does not drop to 0 because the arterial walls are elastic and squeeze the blood. The 80 mm Hg diastolic pressure keeps blood flowing between beats.????????????????????????????????????(2)???????When the ventricles contract (systole) the pressure in the arteries leaving the heart rises to about 120 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). This is called systolic pressure.????????????????????????????????????(3)???????Normal values: systolic/diastolic = 120/80 mm Hg.????????????????????????????????????(4)???????Blood pressure is monitored by the medulla oblongata through sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries. Vasoconstriction can be used to increase blood pressure and vasodilation can be used to lower it as needed. ................
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