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520065076200The City SchoolPrep Girls North NazimabadICtechGrade 8: Scratch Resource HandoutWhat is Scratch?Scratch is a free programmable toolkit that enables kids to create their own games, animated stories, and interactive artshare their creations with one another over the Internet. Scratch builds on the long tradition of Logo and LEGO/Logo, but takes advantage of new computational ideas and capabilities to make it easier for kids to get started with programming (lowering the floor) and to extend the range of what kids can create and learn (raising the ceiling). The ultimate goal is to help kids become fluent with digital media, empowering them to express themselves creatively and make connections to powerful ideas. Increase student skills with computersIncrease student interest in programmingStudent achievement on fun projectLearn Cartesian coordinates, distance computations, puter scientistsCreate solutions to problems using computersStudy informationInvent algorithmsWrite programs to implement the algorithmsReuse a lot of existing program and machine partsStart scratch and let’s go!Click on the cat iconOr, find “scratch” under “Programs”When home, download from scratch.mit.edu Scratch programming environment comes up quicklyMajor componentsAt right: the stage with sprite[s] or objects or actorsAt left: operations and attributes for the spritesCenter: scripts or program[s] for the behavior[s] of the spritesYour sprites are actors that you direct with your scriptsLet’s implement an algorithm to average two numbersMake a variable “number1” (click and drag and set)Make another one “number2”Compute average first as sumMake variable averageDrag a “set operation” to script areaDrag a + operationDrag variables number1 and number2 to parametersClick to executeAverage script as 4 operation sequence.Change the two numbers and click the sequence to execute the block again.But Scratch computes with multimedia – color, sound …Can make cartoons, Can create stories, Can create video games4789170268605The “hello” scriptCan do it in 57 languages – java, C++, … ScratchEasy in Scratch: select “Looks” operations and drag the “hello operation” onto your center panel.Then double click on this “Lego block”: check your sprite behavior at the right3555365103505Make the cat 50% largerSelect “Looks” operationsDrag the “change size” operator into your scriptClick and edit for a 50% change (increase)Double click your one operation scriptDid your cat sprite get 50% bigger?Scripting a sequence of opsDo ops in the following order by dragging operation blocks into a single connected blockSay helloMove 200 steps forward41332151079502089150107950Grow 50% biggerMake the “meow sound”Some new operationscolor change (Looks)wait (Control)move (Motion)Starting a looped script Exercise: write a script toMake the cat move along a square pathSay “hi” at all four cornersWait 3 seconds at each cornerChange color at all four cornersDouble size when back to the original starting location.Say “That’s all folks” when done.Elements of Scratch: objectsColorsSoundsLocations in 2D spaceSpritesCostumesVariables (to remember the state of things)Events: that are broadcast for communicationElements of Scratch: controlSequence of operationsLoops or repetitionDetecting events (key or mouse pressed, sprites overlapping each other, sprites hitting edge of stage, sensor giving value)Loop constructs in ScratchRepeat N timesRepeat foreverRepeat forever if some condition exists (suppose I’m a sprite wandering about this lab until someone asks a question)39090601409065Conditions can be checkedDo something if sprite k hits sprite mDo something if a certain key is pressedDo something is some variable takes a certain valueInteracting with your sprite or storyUsing mouseEntering a character382329981472Asking the user a questionSprite follows the mouseTry changing the number of steps or the wait time ---->>>Play and examine MadLibChoose the “file” option at the top of the windowChoose “open”, then “examples”, Choose “stories”Choose “MadLib” and then read the authors instructionsClick OK, wait for load, click green flagAbout the MadLib storyHow many actors (sprites)?What is the role of the girl?How are the answers you give 'remembered' and then used in later actions? What is the role of the little whale?What makes the little whale flip around?What makes the big whale spout?Sprites can interact with each otherCan detect when colors overlap in spaceCan detect when sprites bump into edge of the stageSee “bouncing balls” example under Simulations under ExamplesInteract with this simulationCheck out the rather complex scriptsCheck out the break danceOpen examples; music and dance; break danceHow does break dancing begin?What are the roles of the sprites?What events are in the scripts?What should happen when the boom box is clicked?Experiment with Scratch as time permitsTry your own scripts: make moves, sounds, interactions in simple casesTry the examples and learn what makes them workDownload Scratch on your own machine and experiment some moreDirect a story; or a simulation; or create a video game.What is Scratch?Scratch is a new and innovative programme that allows children to learn how to program and create multimedia games and applications with ease. It is described on the Scratch website as “a programming language that makes it easy to create your own interactive stories, animations, games, music, and art -- and share your creations on the web.” ()The name was derived from the scratching technique used by hip-hop disc jockeys that spin vinyl records back and forth with their hands to mix music clips together in creative ways. This is similar to what can be achieved with Scratch, mixing media in different ways to create something new. The program was launched in 2007.Why should we learn game programming?There is increasing need for people, other than professional programmers to have some programming ability, for example adding some code to an Excel spreadsheet or Access database. Knowledge of programming concepts can help people understand how software packages work and make effective use of software even when no actual programming is required.The educational value of game programming extends beyond providing an easy and interesting introduction to programming. Students learn about ICT, media and communication. Programming requires logical thinking, critical reasoning, problem identification and solving skills and persistence. Game programming develops knowledge of systems concepts e.g. coordinating timing and interactions between “sprites”, sensing and feedback.Why choose Scratch? Scratch is fun!There are many benefits to learning in a fun environment. Children are motivated and see learning as a satisfying enjoyable experience. Students engage with learning better when they are intrinsically motivated. Completing Scratch projects requires persistence but because students are working on projects that interest them, they are motivated to overcome challenges and frustrations.Scratch is easyThe Scratch language and the development environment are designed to be intuitive and easily learned by children without previous programming experience. Frustration involved in getting started is minimal because writing a first animation is easy but the more advanced features offer scope for experienced users to write complex games and animations.Scratch is based on sprites which can be moved and manipulated. Code fragments are represented by coloured blocks that are organized into 8 groups: movement, looks, sound, pen, control, sensing, numbers, and variables. The blocks are dragged into the scripts area to make scripts for each sprite. Syntax errors are avoided because the blocks are shaped to click together with appropriate blocks. When testing, variables can be displayed to assist in debugging and understanding how the scripts are working. Variables and blocks can be changed while the program is running.Scratch is creativeScratch encourages creativity, both thinking of ideas for projects and finding ways to overcome difficulties in implementing them. Many different types of projects can be done. Music can be added to Scratch or even written within Scratch. Photos and graphics can be imported and edited.Scratch encourages sharingCompleted projects, including code, can be uploaded to the Scratch website where they can be viewed by anyone. Scratch users can download the code and modify or extend it to make their own project or to learn new techniques. There also forums and opportunities to add comments, etc.Scratch is free and readily available.Scratch can be downloaded for free. It has minimal system requirements and downloading and installation is quick and easy. There are many tutorials and other resources available online. This means that students, who learn Scratch in school or other lessons, can continue to work with Scratch home.Q. What skills does Scratch teach?Scratch helps students develop their 21st century skills by offering a range of engaging and meaningful activities. These 21st century learning skills are divided into mainly three key areas: Information and Communication Skills, Thinking and Problem Solving Skills and Interpersonal & Self-Directional Skills. ................
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