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1. What did Leon Festinger’s (1957) original formulation of dissonance theory posit? Be sure to address what dissonance is, how and when it arises, and what people do to reduce it.The social psychologist, Leon Festinger, is best known for his work with the theory of cognitive dissonance. Interestingly, Festinger were instrumental with challenging the previously accepted theories of behaviorism as it applies to social psychology. In contrast, cognitive dissonance theory links actions and attitudes. It holds that dissonance is a personal state of emotion that is experienced whenever a cognition that a person holds follows from the opposite of at least one other cognition that the person holds. The magnitude of dissonance is directly proportional to the number of discrepant cognitions and inversely proportional to the number of consonant cognitions that a person has (Aronson, 2010, Ch 6). Although this may sound confusing, the actual concept is relatively easy to imagine. The relative weight of any discrepant or consonant element is a function of its Importance. According to the theory, dissonance is experienced as an uncomfortable, drive like state. People are motivated to reduce any dissonance that they experience. This may be achieved by (1) Changing cognitions, or what they think about; (2) adding cognitions; or (3) altering the importance of the cognitions may reduce dissonance.ReferencesAronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2010). Social psychology (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ................
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