Ptboloji.weebly.com



THREATS AND IMPACTS354, Q. What can be considered as an action or activity, which diminishes the value of the goods, services or attributes featuringIn, or provided by that activity? Ans. A Threat.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------355, Q. Despite protection of the swamp what is threatening the ecosystem? Ans. Industrial, Domestic and Agricultural pollution.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------356, Q. What has impacted unfavorably upon the swamp?Ans. Indiscriminate and excessive application of agro – chemicals. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------357, Q. What has also resulted in the discharge of harmful effluent including heavy metals and other toxic waste and petroleum residues?Ans. Unplanned and unregulated use of land for industrial purposes.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------358, Q. What has discharged inadequately treated sewage into drainage channels which flows into the swamp? Ans. Malfunctioning sewage treatment. Sewage treatment plant installed to service residential developments. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------359, Q. What is also a detriment to the ecosystem?Ans. Household solid waste disposal into water courses.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------360, Q. What has been used for filling of solid waste?Ans. Organic waste from poultry and livestock farms is also washed into the area via rivers and drains and portions of the swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------361, Q. What was the original drainage pattern in the Caroni swamp intended for.Ans. To facilitate rice cultivation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------362, Q. What scheme was the original drainage pattern for rice cultivation modified?Ans. Cipriani Reclamation Scheme. (1921- 1922)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------363, Q. What modification was the Cipriani Reclamation scheme intended for?Ans. Attempted Reclamation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------364, Q. What year was further flood protection done?Ans. 1950.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------365, Q. What did the further flood protection works did to the Caroni swamp?Ans. It resulted in an overall reduction of fresh water inflow into the swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------366, Q. What has the lost of fresh water inflow done to the Caroni swamp?Ans. Reduced freshwater storage.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------367, Q. What has reduced freshwater storage caused in the Caroni swamp Ans. Salinity levels to increase.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------368, Q. Name one more threat to the Caroni Swamp?Ans. Silt from plants associated with quarry operations.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------369, Q. What has silt from plants associated with quarrying affect?Ans. Plant and animal life in the swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------370, Q. What does illegal hunting / poaching, illegal fishing methods, over fishing and bush fires do in the form of threats to the Caroni Swamp?Ans. They diminish the value of goods / services attributes. Featuring in,Or provided by that wetland.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------371, Q. Does illegal settlement / illegal livestock grazing / over harvesting of crabs and oysters threaten the Swamp?Ans. Yes they do.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------372, Q. How does unsustainable harvesting of oysters threatening the Swamp?Ans. Cutting of the entire prop – roots of the red mangrove on which they settle.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 373, Q. What impact due to the loss of nursery habitat and over exploitation have on the swampAns. Reduction in fish population and decline in commercial fishermen.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------374, Q. What impact due to loss of wetland and illegal hunting / poaching have on the Caroni Swamp?Ans. Loss of bird species.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------375, Q. What impact due to over exploitation have on the Caroni Swamp?Ans. Loss of goods, Functions and attributes of the wetland site.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------376, Q. What causes economic losses to the Swamp?Ans. Extinction of the resource organisms.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------377, Q. What impact does a loss of mangrove trees have on the Swamp?Ans. Increased soil salination. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------378, Q. What impact does a loss of fresh water inflow and increase salinity levels have on the Swamp?Ans. Death of vegetation, fresh water fish and the disappearance of some species of birds.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RESTORATION OF THE CARONI SWAMP379, Q. What can stringent control measures do for the Swamp?Ans. Valuable ecosystem of the Swamp can be preserved. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------380, Q. How has restoration of the Swamp become an uphill task?Ans. Many established settlements have now become part of the structure of the swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------381, Q. What has students visited the swamp area to do? Ans. Testing the water masses.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------382, Q. Why results could not be arrived?Ans. Records were not available.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------383, Q. What are some of the suggested restoration activities that can cause the Swamp to recover some of its ecological values?Ans. Establishing policies that modify activities that cause degradation or prevent recovery and changing establish life styles to more eco-friendly practices.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------384, Q. What can also help to restore ecological value of the swamp?Ans. Habitat management and sustainable development initiatives.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------385, Q. In relation to the environment what relationship are birds?Ans. Birds are a natural indicator of the health of the ecosystem.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------386, Q. What report and what year it was done that made reference to restoration initiatives that should be undertaken in relation to the breeding of Scarlet Ibises in the Swamp.Ans. A report conducted during 1996 – 97 by Keith L. Bildstein I D/B project A T N / S F-3708-T P.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------387, Q. What report went on to state that because of Hydrological changes to the Swamp, resulting in increased salinity of its water main. Scarlet Ibises during the breeding season must fly long distances inland to secure fresh water prey for their young?Ans. Keith L. Bildstein (IDB project) ATN/SF-3708-TT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------388, Q. What report states that Scarlet Ibises requiring fresh water prey for normal growth and development?Ans. Keith L. Bildstein (IDB project) ATN/SF-3708-TT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------389, Q. What report states that Scarlet Ibises have since reduced their breeding pattern in the Caroni Swamp because of hydrological changes to the ecosystem that decreased the availability of fresh water sites for the species?Ans. A report by Keith L. Bildstein (IBN project ATN/SF-3708-TT).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------390, Q. What does the Keith L. Bildstein report say on potential invertebrate prey regulations and distribution and numbers of Ibises in the Swamp?Ans. He suggested the establishment of a 250-hectares fresh water marsh near the eastern boundary of the Swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------391, Q. What does the Keith L. Bildstein report suggest to help the feeding area of the Scarlet Ibis in the Swamp?Ans. The Keith L. Bildstein report suggested the establishment a shallow 250-hectares fresh water marsh near the eastern boundary of the swamp. Along with monitoring activities of the Scarlet Ibis feeding and breeding ecology.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------392, Q. What does Keith L. Bildstein say for the long term re-establishment of the Scarlet Ibis as a breeding species in Trinidad?Ans. The setting up of a 250-hectares marsh near the eastern boundary of the Swamp be done in conjunction with sound management arrangements.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------393, Q. How can according to Keith L. Bildstein can we achieve the objective of increasing the country’s ability to manage bio-diversity?Ans. Keith L. Bildstein believe by concentrating resources on bio-diversity education and awareness and by building a constituency that is knowledgeable and willing to act in the interest of conservation. We can achieve the objective of increasing the country’s ability to manage bio-diversity.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------394, Q. How can education for bio-diversity sensitization and action issue addressing some basic needs?Ans. It must involve an holistic view of our role and relationship with living resources and must address some basic issues.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------395, Q. In relation to bio-diversity how can respect and care for the community of life help?Ans. Seing a holistic view of bio-diversity.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------396, Q. In relation to bio-diversity how can the change of personal attitude and practices help?Ans. Seeing a holistic view of bio-diversity.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------397, Q. In relationship with diversity how can keeping within the country’s carrying capacity help?Ans. Seeing a holistic view of bio-diversity.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------398, Q. In relationship with bio-diversity how can the empowering of communities care for our bio-diversity resources and eco systems help?Ans. Seeing a holistic view of bio-diversity.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------399, Q. How can the private sector be encouraged to get involved, to address bio-diversity problems?Ans. The private sector should be encouraged to partner with the Environmental Management Authority and other government entities in developing in-house training programmes on bio-diversity conservation relevant to their activities. Support for such activities can be solicited from the larger companies and NGO’s.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------400, Q. How can companies disseminate information on bio-diversity conservation?Ans. Through the use of company newsletter.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------401, Q. How can the Ministry of Education help in conserving the bio-diversity? Ans. Through the Ministry of Education the school syllabus should be tailored to ensure and encourage participation in environmental education awareness and activities from early childhood centers right up to Tertiary Education.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTHING OF THE RAMSAR CONVENTION.402, Q. How can we fulfill the mandates of the Ramsar convention?Ans. In seeking to fulfill the mandates of the Ramsar convention the will to act must be prevailed.403, Q. Are there any commanding laws in Trinidad and Tobago which birds contracting parties to any obligations?Ans. There are no commanding laws which birds contracting parties to any obligations.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------404, Q. In the absence of no commanding laws in Trinidad and Tobago. How can we benefit from the boundless resources placed on this planet for our sustenance and benefit?Ans. Moral authority must prevail if present and future generations are to continue to benefit from the boundless resources placed on this planet for our sustenance and enjoyment.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------405, Q. What can present and future administrations do to help their bio-diversity?Ans. It’s incumbent on present and future administration to set clear policies which would ensure that our environment, inclusive of our wetlands resource heritage are no longer burdened.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------406, Q. How can our wetland resources be less burdened by Human Beings?Ans. Our wetlands can be less burdened by less selfish acts such as land reclamation/conversion, pollution, alternation of hydrology and over exploitation of biological resources, illegal hunting/poaching and fines.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------407, Q. How can wetlands be there for current and future generations benefit?Ans. Wetlands must be protected manage and restored in order to sustain and enhance their ecological and socio-economical values and function for current and future generation.408, Q. How does the Government of Trinidad and Tobago look at prior commitments to involving the wetlands?Ans. Wetland policies taken by the government of Trinidad and Tobago include promoting awareness and understanding of the wetlands resources of Trinidad and Tobago.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------409, Q. How does the Government of Trinidad and Tobago actively encourage participation of land owners, non-governmental organization and institutions in wetland conservation?Ans. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago develop exemplary practices in support of wetland conservation and sustainable wetland use when it design and implements government programs on publicy owned lands and waters.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------410, Q. How does the government of Trinidad and Tobago preserve outstanding examples of all wetland types in Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. By including them in a system of national parks and other protected areas.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------411, Q. How does the government of Trinidad and Tobago be an active partner in cooperative activities by promoting Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. By promoting wetland conservation in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean region.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------412, Q. How does the government of Trinidad and Tobago support and promote the development within Trinidad and Tobago of the scientific and technological expertise?Ans. Ensure that this expertise is accessible to planners, managers and other decision makers to identify weaknesses in the present institutional and organizational structures relevant to wetland conservation and develop activities for their improvement.EDUCATION , PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAINING.416, Q. What can public awareness and training programmes do for wetlands. Ans. It can develop a Natural Awareness campaign which communicates the values of wetlands.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------417, Q. How can a natural awareness campaign help wetlands ?Ans. Through design and implementation of a national awareness campaign using all aspects of the media ( audio-visual) radio, print, music and drama in cooperation with the stake holders.418, Q. How can we promote the wise use of wetland?Ans. We can promote the wise use of wetlands by communicating their values.------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------419, Q. How can we highlight the wetlands value using pollution point of view?Ans. By highlighting the pollution of the country’s wetlands from non-point sources in collaboration with the Environment Management Authority.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR PUBLIC OWNED WETLAND420, Q. How can we encourage actions which enhance wetland functions on publicly owned lands and waters?Ans. By way of consultation, implementation, monitoring and reviewing with all stakeholders and individual management plan for each wetland taking care of relevant guidance adopted under the convention on wetlands. And ensuring compatibility with the general wetland management plan for Trinidad and Tobago.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COOPERATIVE WETLAND PROTECTION PROGRAMME421, Q. How can a cooperative wetland protection program operate?Ans. To participate in regional and international programmes which will enhance the conservation of wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------422, Q. How can Ramsar awareness help wetlands?Ans. By promoting the Caribbean as a distinct sub-region within the Ramsar Neo-Tropic region.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------423, Q. How can Ramsar membership help wetlands?Ans. By taking a lead role in encouraging Ramsar membership in our sub-region.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------424, Q. How can other international organization help wetlands?Ans. By establishing partnership with other regional and international organization involved in wetland conservation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WETLAND STUDIES PROGRAMME 425, Q. How can wetland studies programs help wetlands?Ans. It encourages research which is directed towards advancing wetland conservation and sustainable use of resources and ensuring the results of such research are effectively integrated into decision making.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------426, Q. How can focusing on critical issues on wetlands help wetlands?Ans. By identifying information gaps and problem areas which need to be addressed. While formulating a program of research which focuses on critical issues in wetland conservation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROGRAMME427, Q. How can the identifying of a lead agency for wetlands help wetlands?Ans. To assign responsibilities in relation to implementation of the National Wetland Policy by identifying a lead agency for overseeing implementation of the policy. And provide a high level politically endorsed description of its mandate in this regard.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------428, Q. The relationship between man and wetlands date back to when?Ans. To pre-Columbus time.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………429, Q. Explain early settlers and wetlands?Ans. Early settlers lived by the sea where food was abundant and like modern people they dumped their rubbish in the swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------430, Q. How did the wetland crisis escalated?Ans. As land became increasingly scarce and development expanded this trend has escalated to crisis proportions.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------431, Q. How is wetlands becoming popular?Ans. Eco-tourism and nature tourism is becoming increasingly popular worldwide bringing tourists to see wetlands eg. Caroni swamp.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------432, Q. Explain briefly how wetland generate income?Ans. Wetland tours generate revenue from access charges, boat hire, payment of guides, boat drivers.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------433, Q. Explain how wetlands attract people to the area and generate business?Ans. Wetlands tour generate revenue by attracting people to the area and generate business for hotels, villas, taxi operators, supermarkets, fish vendors, craftsmen and restaurants.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------434, Q. Explain how landscape helps wetlands?Ans. Beautiful landscape also attracts scientific and educational studies as well as people interested in making films and documentaries.435, Q. In the absence of written government policy with regards to wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago how can the citizen of Trinidad and Tobago stem the continued degradation of our physical environment. And the wasting of our natural resources?Ans. Policies and intentions must be inferred from political manifestos, draft legislation, ministerial speeches and governmental actions. It is therefore imperative that concrete action be initiated by government, stake holders, educators and the population at large, aimed at restoring protecting and preserving our environmental heritage.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------436, Q. How can we link bio-diversity historically?Ans. We must strive to make bio-diversity a part of holistic community programmes which emphasize linkages between community activities and the environment.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------437, Q. What are the two pivotal issues to bio-diversity?Ans. Education and awareness issues are pivotal to all other aspects of bio-diversity conservation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------438, Q. What can we do for wetlands in relation to our attitude? Ans. Our attitudes and our ability to manage wetlands in central. To the way we perceive and pursue policy enforcement and decision making.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------439, Q. What should be integrated national sectoral policies with regards to wetlands?Ans. Community participation and capacity building and planning. Directives for education and awareness should be integrated into national sectorial policies.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------440, Q. Where should we start the holistic approach to bio-diversity?Ans. Encouraging the holistic approach to bio-diversity. Conservation should start at the national level.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GLOSSARY441, Q. Define conservation in relation to wetland?Ans. The wise use of wetlands.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------442, Q. Define contracting parties in relation to Ramsar Convention?Ans. The Ramsar Convention on wetlands.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------443, Q. Define Convention?Ans. A formal agreement or treaty between states.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------444, Q. Define Eco-tourism?Ans. Tourism which involves traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery with its wild plants and animals as well as existing cultural areas.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------445, Q. Define Estuarine?Ans. Where rivers meet the sea and salinity is intermediate between salt and fresh water.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------446, Q. What is the Ramsar list?Ans. The list of wetlands which have been designated by the contracting parties in which they reside as international important according to one or more of the criteria that have been adopted by the Conference of the parties.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------447, Q. Define protected area?Ans. A legally establish land or water area, under either public or private ownership. That is regulated or managed to achieve specific conservation objectives.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------448, Q. Define Restoration?Ans. To permit the return of ecosystem or habitat to its original community structure, natural complement structure of species and natural functions.449, Q. Define wise use of wet lands?Ans. A definition of wise use of wetlands was agreed at the 1987 conference of Ramsar parties, as follows. The wise use of wetlands is their sustainable utilization for the benefit of mankind in a way compatible with the maintenance of the natural properties of the eco-system.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------450, Q. What is sustainable utilization?Ans. Sustainable utilization of a wetland is define as human use of wetland so that it may yield the greatest continuous benefit to present generation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------451, Q. Define natural properties of the eco-system?Ans. Natural properties of the eco-system are define as those physical, chemical and biological components, such as soil, water plants, animals, nutrients and the interaction between them.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE WILDLIFE SANTUARIES OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 452, Q. What is Trinidad and Tobago blessed with in relationship to bio-diversity.Ans. Although very small by world standard Trinidad and Tobago is blessed with an appreciable climate, lush tropical vegetation, numerous streams, swamp lands and rolling topography. All of which have a marked influence on the wide variety of existing land and animal life.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------453, Q. What makes Trinidad and Tobago a quality environment worthy to live in?Ans. Appreciable climate, lush tropical vegetation, numerous streams, swamp land and rolling topography. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------454, Q. How is our environment being desecrated now in Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. Unfortunately our environment is now being desecrated both deliberately and unconsciously by the demands of an exploding population.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………456, Q. What is the value of continued wildlife population in our environment?Ans. The value of continued wildlife population in our environment in terms of sport, food, clothes ornaments, culture, aesthetics and tourism.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------457, Q. What is the government of Trinidad and Tobago doing for the full value of continued wildlife population to continue?Ans. The government of Trinidad and Tobago has been setting aside large areas of land for the conservation of wildlife.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------458, Q. What ordinance gives the necessary support to the protection of wildlife in Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. The Conservation of Wildlife ordinance #16 of 1958.459, Q. What other effective laws are being considered?Ans. More effective laws are being considered to control year round poaching and the wide use of fatal trap (pipe guns ) in our forests.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------460, Q. Who is in the wildlife committee?Ans. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 461, Q. Who are the groups most likely to be keen on wildlife publications?Ans. Hunters, nature lovers, scientists, teachers, school children and tourists. Are keen on knowing more about the management of our wildlife and the preservation of wildlife habitat. 462, Q. What are the topics that is needed to be known about wildlife Sanctuaries?Ans. Geography, soils, plants and animals found in the sanctuaries.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------463, Q. What is the meaning of flora and fauna?Ans. Flora means plants, fauna means animals.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------464, Q. What is the acreage of Trinidad?Ans. 1,863 square miles.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------465, Q. What is the acreage of Tobago?Ans. 1,145 square miles.466, Q. What is the position of Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. Trinidad and Tobago and Tobago is the most southerly island.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------467, Q. What is the length and breadth of Trinidad?Ans.Trinidad is approximately 50 miles from east to west and 65 miles from north to south.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------468, Q. List the wildlife sanctuaries of Trinidad and Tobago?Ans. 1. Northern range. 2. Valencia. 3. Central range. 4. Trinity hills. 5. Southern watershed. 6. Little Tobago. 7. Saut d’Eau. 8. Sol dado rock. 9. Caroni swamp. 10. Kronsdatd Island. 11. Morne L’ Enfer. 12. St Giles island. 13. Bush Bush.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------469, Q. What is the northern range sanctuary popularly known?Ans. El Tecuche Reserve-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------470, Q. Which county is the Northern range sanctuary located?Ans. St. George.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------471, Q. What is the size of El Tecuche reserve?Ans. 2,313 acres.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------472, Q. In relation to the maracas valley what direction is the El Tecuche reserve?Ans. Northern end of the maracas valley, north of St,Joseph.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------473, Q. What area is the bulk of the El Tecuche reserve.Ans. The bulk of the reserve includes the summit of El Tecuche.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------474, Q. Which is Trinidad second highest mountain?Ans. El Tecuche is the second highest mountain in Trinidad.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------475, Q. To the western side what is the named boundary of the El Tecuche reserve?Ans. Piedra Blanca at the head of the caura valley.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------476, Q. To the northern face of the same peak where does El Tecuche reserve extend?Ans. Along a narrower spur which extends downwards on the northern face of the same peak in the general direction of Las Cuevas bay.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------487, Q. What is the average acreage of the Northern range forest reserve?Ans. 3,357 acres.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------488, Q. Which year was the Northern range reserve proclaimed?Ans. 1922.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------489, Q. Which year was the “B” portion of the Northern range reserve proclaimed?Ans. 1935.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------490, Q. Why has El Tucuche reserve always been a wildlife sanctuary?Ans. El Tucuche has always been a wild life sanctuary because it forms one of the numerous forest reserved areas which have remained largely untouched.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------491, Q. Why has El tucuche been largely untouched?Ans. Mainly owing to the general difficulty of extracting timber from the mountainous terrain.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------492, Q. Did we have any loss of game species in this area in recent times?Ans. Some game species have disappeared in this area of El Tecuche reserve. But an area like this with relatively good cover will offer some protection even where hunting and other pressures are high.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------493, Q. What species of wild animals have disappeared in the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. Deer and Monkeys have disappeared.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------494, Q. What species of wild animals are still plentiful in the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. Tattoo are still relatively in abundance. 495, Q Describe the area of the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. The entire area is characterized by steep slopes and free drainage.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------496, Q. Are there any precipitous areas in the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. Some of the northern areas particularly around the El Tucuche ridge and Naranjo are precipitous and the entire area, with the exception of the actual summit of El Tucuche is covered by vegetation. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------497, Q. What is the climate like in the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. The climate of the reserve is cold by Trinidad standards.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------498, Q. What is the rainfall like in the El Tucuche reserve?Ans. Rainfall in the El Tucuche reserve is high, ranging up to approximately 140 inches per year.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------499, Q. Are there any large rivers in the sanctuary?Ans. There are no large rivers in the sanctuary, but there are numerous gullies and waterfalls which runs seasonally.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------500, Q. Describe the soils of the Northern Range Sanctuary?Ans. The soils of the Northern Range Sanctuary are comparatively thin layers of loam over schists. In some areas there are massive outcrops of schists and on the south-western slopes may be found deposits of magnetic ore.501, Q. Describe the vegetation of the Northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Three types of vegetation are recognized, two are natural while one is the result of human interference. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------502, Q. What is the name of the principal access to the Northern Range Sanctuary?Ans. The orthinola trail is the principal access to the Northern Range Sanctuary.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------503, Q. What can be found in the ortinola trail?Ans. Patches of abandoned cocoa can be found on the ortinola trail.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504, Q. What interest are the old abandoned cocoa areas to naturalists?Ans. The abandoned cocoa areas are of some special interest to naturalists, because the trees carry large numbers of epiphytes.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------505, Q. What are the two types of natural vegetation found in the northern range?Ans. The two types of natural vegetation found in the Northern Range are lower montane rain forests and montane rain forests.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------506, Q. What type of vegetation form the greater part of the Northern Range?Ans. Lower montane rain forest accounts for the greater part of the natural vegetation of El Tecuche Reserve.507, Q. Is the natural vegetation in El Tecuche Reserve any different from the forest found in Trinidad and Tobago, west of the Northern Range.Ans. The natural vegetation of the El Tecuche Reserve is in no way different from the forest found west of the Northern Range.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------508, Q. In relation to size compared to the lowland forest, what is the average height of the El Tecuche Reserve?Ans. The El Tecuche forest is characterized by being somewhat shorter than the lowland forest with a canopy at about 70 to 80 feet. Occasionally in sheltered places, the trees grow to somewhat greater heights.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------509, Q. Compared to lowland rain forest what can you say about the number of species found?Ans. The number of species found in lower montane rain forest is rather fewer than in lowland forest.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------510, Q. Approximately how many species of trees are found in montane forest of El Tecuche Reserve?Ans. Approximately 40 species of trees may be found in the El Tecuche Reserve.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------511, Q. Name some of the dominant species found in El Tecuche Reserve?Ans. Boir gres, Mahoe, Serette.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------512, Q. What about epiphytes in El Tecuche?Ans. Epiphytes are fairly common but are largely confused to the canopy on the floor of the forest but not common.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------513, Q. What about ferns in El Tecuche forests.Ans. Ferns are particularly abundant on the floor of the forest, and there are a few epiphytes forms. Tree ferns are common in the El Tecuche area.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------514, Q. What is the other name montane rain forest is called?Ans. Montane rainforest is sometimes referred to as cloud forest or elfin woodland.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------515, Q. Describe montane rain forest to lower montane forest?Ans. Montane is essentially very simarlar in composition to the lower montane rain forest except that the trees are very much smaller and the species number is much lower.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------516, Q. What is the average height of montane rainforests, of the El Tecuche Sanctuary on the leeward side extending southwards to the maracas valley. Ans. The trees are rarely higher than 50 feet.517, Q. What lower species are abundant and frequently festoon the vegetation at all levels?Ans. Ferns, mores, overluds and avoids.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------518, Q. In contrasts to the lower montane rainforest, what number of species does the montane forest of El Tecuche area consists of? Ans. 15-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------519, Q. What are the dominant forms of Species in the El Tecuche area?Ans. Bois-Bande and Mountain Guatecare.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------520, Q. Why is El Tecuche Wildlife sanctuary of special interest to the people of this country?Ans. The El Tecuche wildlife sanctuary should be of special interest to the people of this country mainly because it represents Trinidads forests as they were before Columbus arrived.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------521, Q. Who would say that the details of flora and fauna are exciting?Ans. A Biologist.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------522, Q. Why only a biologist would say that the details of flora and fauna are exciting?Ans. This is because it is more difficult to see the more interesting plant and animal.523, Q. What about the flora and fauna of the El Tecuche areas?Ans. There are some flora and fauna elements which are of considerable interest.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------524, Q. Say something about the Golden tree Frog?Ans. On the summit of El Tecuche may be found the Golden tree frog. This animal is apparently confined to the summit, living in the bromeliads which occur there and being found nowhere else in the world. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------525, Q. Say something about the Great Earthworm?Ans. Also in the El Tucuche trail may be found or rather heard, the Giant earth worm which may measure up to 15 inches in length.526, Q. Name some of the birds found in the El Tecuche area?Ans. The Band tailed Pigeon, the Orange tailed Pigeon, the Orange-Billed Nightingale-thrush and the blue capped Tanager, which are distinctly local, occurring in the sanctuary only above 2700 feet.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------527, Q. Say something about the more interesting plants found in the El Tecuche area.Ans. Some of the more interesting plants found in the El Tecuche area are the Giant Bromelliads which may be found on the ground are, epiphytically, Epidendrum Nocturnum-an orchid which grows in profusion on trees along the switch backs and the giant Utricularia which may be found among the Selaginella growing on the banks of the trail at the summit.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------528, Q. Which is the main access trail to the northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. There are many access to the Northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary. The most popular is the Orthinola trail which winds up the eastern side of Maracas valley from Orthinola estate.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------529, Q. The Orthinola estate is passing through what?Ans. The Orthinola estate is passing through a cocoa cultivation.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------530, Q. Describe the orthinola estate?Ans. The Orthinola estate runs from the north between Naranjo and P,edra Blanca until it arrives at the col between the two peaks at an elevation of approximately 2100 feet.531, Q. Describe at a height of 2100 feet?Ans. At this point one is in the forest reserve and entering lower montane rainforests.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------532, Q. Is it difficult walking on the trail? Ans. Most of the lower part of the trail is fairly difficult walking uphill, but from this point onwards. The trail is fairly flat and is easily managed even by children.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------533, Q. Describe from the Col onwards?Ans. At the Col the trail branches. The left fork is the Tecuche trail which runs around the northern side of Naranjo and then, by a series of switch-backs, ascends El Tecuche to the peak.534, Q. Describe the approach from Llango to the El Tucuche?Ans. For the more adventurous there are several other ways of reaching the sanctuary. One approach is from the village of Llango at the head of the maracas valley. This trail is nothing more than a hunters track, and is extremely steep. In many cases one must use both hands and feet.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------535, Q. What is the advantage of the llango trail?Ans.The advantage of the trail is that one passes through extensive patches of cloud forest immediately before arriving at the summit.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------536, Q. Are their any other trails.Ans. Another trail leads from the Caura valley and meets the Tecuche trail to the east of Naranjo. Yet another trail leeds from the maracas waterfall but there is little proper track after the waterfalls where one must just head uphill in the general direction of El Tecuche. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------537, Q. What is the principal management goal of the Northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The principal management goal for the Northern Range Forest is the preservation in perpetuity of the montane and lower montane rain forest types.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------538, Q. What about management for game animals?Ans. Coincidental with the preservation of these forest types and the general protection of the water sheds, is the provision of a sanctuary. For the game animals living in the general area of the northern range. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------539, Q. What is affecting the proper management of the Northern Range?Ans. While the management goals are clear, the general question of affecting them is still rather unsatisfactory. Principally because there is inadequate staff.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------540, Q. What about patrols?Ans. The sanctuary is patrol regularly by the Game Wardens and the tracks (trails) are otherwise maintained.541, Q. What is the hope for the Northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Looking at the Northern Range Wildlife Sanctuary somewhat negatively there is no doubt that present effort will probably ensure that the forest type will be preserve in perpetuity.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------542, Q. What more can be done? Ans. On the other hand unless we make sure positive efforts to stop hunting in the sanctuary there is no doubt that the game animals and birds must in the not to distant future disappear.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------543, Q. How can we stop hunting in the Sanctuary?Ans. One approach to this problem would be to extend patrols in the area.544, Q. Are there any limitations to extending patrols?Ans. There are obvious limitations to what can be achieved in this way. Unless this is supported by strong public feeling and a demand for action.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------545, Q. How can we enlist the public support.Ans. One way of enlisting public support could start with some positive action in erecting two or three simple huts at appropriate parts of the trail in which could be made available illustrative material.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------546, Q. What can be done to further enact public support?Ans. Later this could be followed possibly by the training and licensing of guides from the area and ultimately by the establishment of a simple field museum at the base of the trail. VALENCIA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY547, Q. What other name can the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary be named?Ans. The Valencia Forest Reserve.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------548, Q. What is the area of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. 6,881 acres.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------549, Q. What area in Trinidad is the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary located? Ans. North east of Trinidad.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------550, Q. What county is the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary located?Ans. The county of St,Andrews-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------551, Q. What are the boundaries?Ans. Its is bounded on the north by the Valencia new road. East by the Orupouche river exclusive of alienated lands to the west thereof. South by the Quare river exclusive of alienated land to the north thereof. And west by the Orupouche Vega road exclusive of alienated lands to the east thereof, and west by the Orupouche Vega road exclusive of alienated lands to the East thereof. The boundary lines other than roads and rivers are defined by Rayo bushes and these are cleared periodically by contractors. Concrete pillars 1 to 75 are erected at the corners.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------552, Q. Who owns the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary is owned by the state.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------553,Q. When was the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary proclaimed?Ans. 1st June 1934.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------554, Q. When was the Valencia Forest Reserve proclaimed?Ans. 14th December, 1958.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------555, Q. What ordinance are the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary and Valencia forest reserve governed under?Ans. Wildlife ordinance #16 of 1958 and the Forest ordinance chapter 24 # 1 and the crown forest produce rules.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------556, Q. What are the factors contributing to the decline in game in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Hunting and population pressures, poor public cooperation, poor law enforcement, lack of education and concern for our wildlife and pressures for domestic purposes, agricultural and industrial development, farming and winning of gravel combined with small forest staff.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------557, Q. How relevant is this saying by estate owners of wild hogs being a pest, and the hunter’s tales that every hallowed log invariably housed an agouti colony?Ans. This saying is now a thing of the past.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------558, Q. Describe the topography of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The topography is flat with undulations ranging from 25 to 250 feet above sea level.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------559, Q. Describe the soil structure of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Terrace deposits of fine sands cover most of the area and consists of one to three feet of loose sand overlaying cemented gravel which forms an indurated pan.560, Q. Describe drainage of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Drainage is imperfect with the land surface characterized by a hog wallowed micro-relief.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------561, Q. Describe the soils of the river?Ans. The soils of the river flat are of a silty clay.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------562, Q. Describe the river flow of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The area is well served by three rivers which flows in a southerly direction through the sanctuary. They are Rio Barro, Turure and La Sieva rivers.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------563, Q. Describe the species found in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The natural forest, according to Beard (1946), was partly a Crappo/Guatecare association, in which mora, Olivier and Mahoe made up the dominants, and partly a Galba-Palm swamp forest. In the latter areas Galba, Timite, Palma-real and Manac were the common trees. Presently the whole area can be divided into Mora forest, mixed forests and scrub forest. The scrub and burnt areas are now being converted into pine forests.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------564, Q. How many species of birds has the Trinidad regional Virus laboratory recorded in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. 50 species.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------565, Q. Name some of the species of birds found in this lowland forest of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Doves, Antbirds, Manakins,flycatchers and tanagers, but they are not peculiar to this area.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------566, Q. What other animals have been recorded in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Deer, Quenk, Agouti, Tatoo, Matte, Iguana, Morocoys and several species of snakes.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------567, Q . Describe the roads leading to the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. This sanctuary is well served with motor able roads and is approachable from the Valencia new road which links with the Toco road on the north and on the south by the Oropuche road via Turure road which links with the Eastern main road. There are also four metal-surfaced roads which link with the Eastern main road.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------568, Q. Name the roads leading to the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Tatoo Road, Tapana branch road and Tapana road.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------569, Q. What location can we find the nearest forest officer?Ans. The nearest Forest officer can be found at the Sangre Grande Wardens office.570, Q. What reason does the Forestry division manage the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Primarily for timber, secondly to meet recreation and posterity requirements and thirdly to serve as study and research grounds.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------571, Q. How is this area, the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary being managed?Ans. The natural forest is being maintained as much as possible and is being exploited under the block selection system but with a maximum exploitation of not more than five trees per-acre.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------572, Q. Why is the natural forest retained?Ans. Retention of the natural forest is to ensure cover and food supply for the animals which now inhabit the area.573, Q. What are the consequences of the dead trees?Ans. The dead standing trees are left to deteriorate further and disintegrate gradually.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------574, Q. What is happening to the burnt and unproductive areas of the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. These areas are being cultivated with Caribbean pine.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------575, Q. Why are patrols done in the Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The Wildlife section of the Forestry Division undertakes patrols at various times of the day and night to ensue that the Wildlife Ordinance #. 16 of 1958 is not infringed upon.576, Q. Who is responsible to carry out patrols of the wildlife sanctuaries?Ans. Honorary wildlife wardens, Forest officers, Game wardens and even some hunters cooperate fully to conduct patrols.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------577, Q. Other than ensuring the wildlife ordinance # 16 of 1958 is not infringed upon what purposes does patrol serve?Ans. Officers apart from patrols, are expected to make day to day observation on the ecology of the animals and report accordingly.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------579, Q. Who are given special permits and for what purpose to enter the wildlife sanctuaries?Ans. Special permits to enter the sanctuary are given to scientists and research workers, who are interested in making a positive contribution. To the economic, scientific and cultural development of the country. 580, Q. What problem is there in Wildlife management in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Wildlife management in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary is problematic because of easy accessibility and numerous gravel pits in operation within and adjacent to the Sanctuary.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------581, Q. What other problem there is in hindering Wildlife management in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The setting of trap guns, the sale of wild meat and the promise of land for agriculture and some more problems. Hindering Wildlife management in the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------582, Q. What acreage was de-reserved in 1970 for dairy farming at the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. 825 acres was de-reserved in 1970 for dairy farming.583, Q. What recommendations are made to manage the Valencia Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Further de-reservation would be a real tragedy, in terms of killing our environment unless new areas to the north at the Valencia new road areas are added or new sanctuaries are created. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CENTRAL RANGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY584, Q. What is the acreage of the Central Range Wild Sanctuary?Ans. 5,321 acreas.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------585, Q. What section of the Central Range Forest Reserve, is the Central Range Forest Reserve located?Ans. To the west of the Central Range Forest Reserve.586, Q. What year was the Central Range Forest Reserve proclaimed?Ans. The Central Range Forest Reserve was proclaimed in 1922 and the sanctuary was set aside by ordinance #35 of 1933 which came into force in 1934. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------587, Q. Give the counties in which the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary is part of?Ans. County Caroni, St Andrews and Nariva.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------588, Q. Give the boundaries of the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. On the north, the boundary of the Central Range Reserve from pillar 4A to the Cumoto road; on the east, the Cumoto road and Brasso Tamana road and on the west the boundary of the Central Range Reserve from pillar 4A to the Brasso Tamana road.589, Q. Give a description of the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The area is typically rolling hill country, reaching to just 600 feet in some places.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------590, Q. Is the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary drained?Ans. Yes it is well drained since the Talparo and Tumpuna rivers and most of their tributaries have their source in the sanctuary.591, Q. Where and what direction does the river flows?Ans. These rivers flow north westwards to join the Caroni river.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------592, Q. Describe the soil of the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The forest soil of the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary is a shallow sticky yellow clay directly overlying bedrock. Which frequently outcrops through it. There is no humus horizon, although a thin layer of leaf litter lies on the surface year round. The rock outcrops are of a marly limestone which are strongly calcitised. Drainage is very rapid because of the steepness of the slopes and the permeability of the rock.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------593, Q. What vegetation can be found in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The vegetation of the region is basically rain forest in which Crappo, Guatecare and Carat are prominent.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------594, Q. What effects does the low rainfall and excessive drainage have on the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The low rainfall and excessive drainage on the limestone hillsides combine to produce a somewhat xerophytic association.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------595, Q. Describe what is the xerophytic association in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. In this association acurel, Mousara and Figuier are the dominant trees although Cedar, Poui, Mahoe, and Silk Cotton occur at intervals.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------596, Q. Describe the forest of the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. It is that of an open forest type with the canopy of about 20 – 40 feet with occasional emergent trees of 100 feet or more.597, Q. Describe the undergrowth of forest in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. There is a shrub layer with aphelandra but with little ground vegetation. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------598, Q. What can be found in the forest clearing?Ans. Forest clearing are taken over by Balisier and aroids like Xanthosoma jacquinii.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------599, Q. Are there Mammals in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Many of the common forest mammals are found in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------600, Q. Name the Mammals found in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. These include game such as Deer, Armadillo, Agouti, Lappe and Quenk.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------601, Q. Are these Mammals in abundance in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Although no census has been taken there, these are thought to be relatively abundant.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------602, Q. Are there Monkeys in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Troops of both the Red Howler and Trinidad Capuchin Monkeys are seen regularly.603, Q. Are there birds in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. The bird life of the Sanctuary has not been documented but is typical of the Central Range that is containing a high variety of species without the higher montane birds found in the Northern Range.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------604, Q. Name the types of birds found in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. Some of these birds are Manakins, flycatchers and antbirds are common along -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------605, Q. How can you access the Central Range Sanctuary? Ans. Access to the area is by the Cumuto, Mammoral and Brasso-Tamana Roads. Which borders the sanctuary and the Talparo road and Ogiste trace which pass through the sanctuary. From these roads numerous footpaths lead off into the surrounding forest. 606, Q. Why was the Sanctuary established?Ans. The sanctuary was established to conserve the game animals and other species typical of the Central Range Forest. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------607, Q. What other purpose does the establishment of the sanctuary serve?Ans. In addition, protection of the forest helps to maintain the watersheds of tributaries of the Caroni and Nariva drainage system.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------608, Q. Is the establishment of the Central Range Sanctuary helping?Ans. In the past there was serious over exploitation of the Central Range forest, particularly near the roads. Felling of valuable timber trees such as Crappo, Guatecare, Olivier, Angelin and Balata.609, Q. As a result of over exploitation what happened in the Central Range Sanctuary?Ans. The Bois Mulatre, which grows in a wide range of soil and light conditions and which has very little market value at the present time, became dominant in much of this area.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------610, Q. What happened to the areas after over exploitation occurred?Ans. When attempts at natural regeneration of the valuable trees failed, Teak planting begun.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------611, Q. In what year did the planting of Teak in the Central Range started?Ans. In the year 1953.612, Q. How much land was planted and was the area suitable for Teak?Ans. 40 – 50 acres have been planted each year in Teak. And the soils appear to be good for the cultivation of this species, as some of the best Teak growth rates for Trinidad have been attained in this area.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------613, Q. Did the planting of Teak affect the Forest?Ans. Although the planting of Teak altered the nature of the forest in the sanctuary. The land preparations necessary for Teak planting assists considerably in providing a quick regrowth of good browse for game, particularly during the early growth stages of the Teak.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------614, Q. Are there regrowth of the indigenous trees in the Teak plantations?Ans. At the present time. As valuable indigenous trees grow naturally, especially with those with fruit attractive to game animals, they are left in the Teak plantations. Where they do not compete adversely with the Teak.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------615, Q. Does the reafforestation affect the water courses?Ans. In addition to this reafforestation program, the water courses are cleared by the Game Wardens who regularly patrol the area.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------616, Q. How does the wildlife survive in the reforested areas of the Central Range Sanctuary? Ans. Small dams have been constructed to create waterholes for wildlife during the dry season.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------617, Q. Is there a Forestry office in the mamoral area?Ans. The Forestry office for the Mamoral area is at Mundo Nuevo, a few miles north of the sanctuary.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------618, Q. Was the decision to plant teak in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary a good one?Ans. Although it is to be regretted that teak planting is being carried out in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary. This appears to be the most profitable and most feasible reafforestation policy.619, Q. Would the indigenous trees eventually be replaced in the Central Range Wildlife Sanctuary?Ans. It is hoped when the teak is ready for cutting, our knowledge of the factors controlling the natural regeneration of valuable timber trees will be such that complete replacement of the Teak by indigenous trees will be possible.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------620, Q. Which mountain is close to the Central Range Sanctuary?Ans. It is close to Mount Tamana.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------621, Q. What is the height of Mount Tamana?Ans. 1009 feet-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------622, Q. Which is the highest point in the Central Range?Ans. Mount Tamana.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------623, Q. What can you expect to see from the top of Mount Tamana?Ans. An excellent view of Trinidad can be obtained.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------624, Q. What other attraction are there on Mount Tamana?Ans. On the north east face at about 800 feet, you can find the Tamana caves.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------625, Q. Are the area of any interest?Ans. The Mount, and especially the caves, are of great biological interest.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------626, Q. Would it benefit anyone to have this area included in the Sanctuary? Ans. It would benefit everyone to have this area included in the sanctuary area so that adequate protection could be given to them.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------627, Q. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download