Life Science For Middle - Easy Peasy All-in-One Homeschool

[Pages:231]Life Science For Middle School - Teacher's Edition

Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D Doris Kraus, Ph.D. (DorisK) Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. (DougW)

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Printed: January 25, 2013

AUTHORS Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D Doris Kraus, Ph.D. (DorisK) Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. (DougW)

EDITOR Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D

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Contents



Contents

1 TE MS Studying the Life Sciences

1

1.1 Scientific Ways of Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 What Are the Life Sciences? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.3 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.4 Tools of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.5 Safety in Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2 TE MS What is a Living Organism?

35

2.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2 Chemicals of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 Classification of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3 TE MS Cells and Their Structures

46

3.1 Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.2 Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4 TE MS Cell Functions

52

4.1 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.2 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.3 Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5 TE MS Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA

59

5.1 Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

5.2 Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6 TE MS Genetics

69

6.1 Gregor Mendel and the Foundations of Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.2 Modern Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6.3 Human Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

6.4 Genetic Advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7 TE MS Evolution

78

7.1 MS Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

7.2 Evolution by Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7.3 Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

7.4 Macroevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

7.5 History of Life on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

8 TE MS Prokaryotes

88

8.1 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

8.2 Archaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

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Contents

9 TE MS Protists and Fungi

92

9.1 Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

9.2 Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

10 TE MS Plants

97

10.1 Introduction to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

10.2 Seedless Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

10.3 Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

10.4 Plant Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

11 TE MS Introduction to Invertebrates

106

11.1 Overview of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

11.3 Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

12 TE MS Other Invertebrates

113

12.1 Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

12.2 Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

12.3 Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

12.4 Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

13 TE MS Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

121

13.1 Introduction to Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

13.2 Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

13.3 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

13.4 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

14 TE MS Birds and Mammals

128

14.1 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

14.2 Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

14.3 Primates and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

15 TE MS Behavior of Animals

135

15.1 Understanding Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

15.2 Types of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

16 TE MS Skin, Bones, and Muscles

140

16.1 Organization of Your Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

16.2 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

16.3 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

16.4 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

17 TE MS Food and the Digestive System

149

17.1 Food and Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

17.2 Choosing Healthy Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

17.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

18 TE MS Cardiovascular System

156

18.1 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

18.2 Heart and Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

18.3 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

18.4 Health of the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

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Contents



19 TE MS Respiratory and Excretory Systems

165

19.1 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

19.2 Health of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

19.3 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

20 TE MS Controlling the Body

172

20.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

20.2 Eyes and Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

20.3 Other Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

20.4 Health of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

21 TE MS Diseases and the Body's Defenses

182

21.1 Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

21.2 Noninfectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

21.3 First Two Lines of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

21.4 Immune System Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

22 TE MS Reproductive Systems and Life Stages

190

22.1 Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

22.2 Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

22.3 Reproduction and Life Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

22.4 Reproductive System Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

23 TE MS From Populations to the Biosphere

199

23.1 Introduction to Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

23.2 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

23.3 Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

23.4 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

23.5 Biomes and the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

24 TE MS Ecosystem Dynamics

209

24.1 Flow of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

24.2 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

24.3 Ecosystem Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

25 TE MS Environmental Problems

216

25.1 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

25.2 Water Pollution and Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

25.3 Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

25.4 Habitat Destruction and Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

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Chapter 1. TE MS Studying the Life Sciences

1 CHAPTER

TE MS Studying the Life Sciences

Chapter Outline

1.1

SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF THINKING

1.2

WHAT ARE THE LIFE SCIENCES?

1.3

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1.4

TOOLS OF SCIENCE

1.5

SAFETY IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

1.6

REFERENCES

CK-12 Life Science - Middle School Teacher's Edition (TE)

Introduction

The impacts of the Human Genome Project and of global warming are just two of the numerous issues that reveal the importance of understanding the life sciences. These issues, and the outcomes of these issues, are changing and advancing at such a rapid rate that it is nearly impossible for most textbooks to stay current. Is it easier, at times, to get current scientific information from the internet, or even your local newspaper? Of course it is. Do today's students need this information presented to them? Now, more than ever they do. Is there an alternative to school districts spending millions of dollars every year to buy the latest edition of a textbook? CK12 believes there is. CK-12, a non-profit organization launched in 2006, aims to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the US and worldwide. CK12 is developing a series of web-based middle school and high school adaptive textbooks - each termed a FlexBook. These web-based FlexBooks will have unlimited flexibility and variability, allowing continual and immediate updating of the material as new information becomes available.

Flexibility: A Key Feature of CK12 FlexBooks

An important advantage of the FlexBook is the ability it gives you, the teacher, to choose the chapters and lessons that you think are most important for your own classes. You also have the ability to add additional material as you deem appropriate, in essence, creating your own FlexBook, specific for the needs of your students.

CK-12 Life Science - Middle School

CK-12 Life Science - Middle School is a complete educational tool for the middle school science student. The FlexBook contains seven units, each unit has two to seven chapters, and each chapter has two to four lessons. Together the seven units of CK12's Life Science have 25 chapters and more than 80 lessons. These lessons, written by renowned experts in life science education, are designed to address both state and national standards. In addition to this Teacher's Edition, a Supplemental Workbook filled with worksheets for each lesson is in development.

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Contents

Unit 1: Understanding Living Things Chapter 1: MS Studying the Life Sciences Chapter 2: MS What is a Living Organism?

Unit 2: Cells: The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3: MS Cells and Their Structures Chapter 4: MS Cell Functions Chapter 5: MS Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA

Unit 3: Genetics and Evolution Chapter 6: MS Genetics Chapter 7: MS Evolution

Unit 4: Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, and Plants Chapter 8: MS Prokaryotes Chapter 9: MS Protists and Fungi Chapter 10: MS Plants

Unit 5: The Animal Kingdom Chapter 11: MS Introduction to Invertebrates Chapter 12: MS Other Invertebrates Chapter 13: MS Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles Chapter 14: MS Birds and Mammals Chapter 15: MS Behavior of Animals

Unit 6: The Human Body Chapter 16: MS Skin, Bones, and Muscles Chapter 17: MS Food and the Digestive System Chapter 18: MS Cardiovascular System Chapter 19: MS Respiratory and Excretory Systems Chapter 20: MS Controlling the Body Chapter 21: MS Diseases and the Body's Defenses Chapter 22: MS Reproductive Systems and Life Stages

Unit 7: Ecology Chapter 23: MS From Populations to the Biosphere Chapter 24: MS Ecosystem Dynamics Chapter 25: MS Environmental Problems

MS Life Science Glossary

The Teacher's Edition

Each unit and chapter will have a general overview. Each chapter section will also include an introduction and teaching strategies. In this TE, the majority of content will be presented by individual lesson.

Pacing the Lesson

Each chapter has guidelines for the minimum number of class periods needed to teach each lesson. We have strived to keep each chapter under a week of class time, which would cover the complete FlexBook in 25 weeks, providing ample time for flexibility. We realize this is a tremendous amount of material, and many teachers may choose not to utilize the complete FlexBook, providing even more time for flexibility. As the teacher, you can determine if your class needs additional (or less) time on certain lessons/chapters, and adjust the pacing accordingly.

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