Plant Anatomy - Educons

[Pages:15]Plant Anatomy

Richard Crang Sheila Lyons-Sobaski Robert Wise

Plant Anatomy

A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants

Richard Crang Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL USA

Robert Wise Biology Department University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI USA

Sheila Lyons-Sobaski Biology Department Albion College Albion, MI USA

Deceased

ISBN 978-3-319-77208-0ISBN 978-3-319-77315-5(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948823

? Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018, corrected publication 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: SEM of Alium sp. leaf cross section and LM of Clematis sp. stem cross-section.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Richard was a vital contributor to this project from its infancy to its final production phase. We take some comfort that he knew the book was essentially complete prior to his passing. We greatly miss our colleague and friend, and so we dedicate this book to Richard who was a courageous and venturesome guy, a brilliant scholar, an innovative teacher, and a kind, thoughtful man.

SLS and RRW

Preface

The science of plant anatomy extends back to the late seventeenth century and, by now, spans over 300 years and encompasses hundreds of thousands of reports in the scientific literature. The early plant anatomy research was summarized in 1899 by Dr. Hans Solereder in his two volume work entitled Systematische Anatomie der Dicotyledonen: Ein Handbuch f?r Laboratorien der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Botanik. The 1908 English translation by Boodle, Fritsch, and Scott remains as fresh, informative, and useful today as when it was published over 100 years ago. Several important texts were published in the 1950s. The two-volume work of Metcalfe and Chalk, Anatomy of the Dicotyledons (1950) with second editions in 1979 (Volume 1) and 1983 (Volume 2), is a thorough survey of anatomical traits and features arranged by family. Some of the taxonomy has been rearranged, but the anatomical references remain accurate and valuable. The year 1953 saw the publication of the first edition of the classic Plant Anatomy by Katherine Esau. Encyclopedic in its coverage, insightful in interpretation, and complete in its synthesis, "Esau" (as it has been referred to by several generations of botanists) remains a go-to reference to this day. A second edition was released in 1977 and Dr. Ray Evert authored the third, revised edition, published in 2006. Additionally, the 1988 Plant Anatomy by Dr. James Mauseth and Dr. Avraham Fahn's 1967 Plant Anatomy (4th edition in 1990) belong on every plant anatomist's book shelf as valuable references.

In 2018, plant anatomy continues to play key roles in studies of molecular plant biology, forestry, plant pathology, plant physiology, horticulture, agronomy, and a host of related botanical disciplines. Therefore, the authors of this plant anatomy resource ? printed book and e-book ? have

made a substantial effort to update the subject matter, reveal new ways in which aspects of plant anatomy play a key role in a variety of related disciplines in plant biology, and present the topics in an understandable and interesting manner to the student and instructor. Heavy reliance was made on original light and electron micrographs, and color has been used extensively. Literature citations were kept to a minimum because, in today's electronically searchable world, a wealth of knowledge on any topic is a mere click or two away.

This effort was started over two decades ago when a collaboration between Prof. Richard Crang of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Prof. Andrey Vassilyev of the Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, identified the need for novel approaches to the teaching of plant anatomy. This led to the development that used modern educational technologies in a searchable, compact disk format that presented a traditional view regarding the anatomy of temperate seed plants, their place in evolution, and taxonomic relations, with a novel approach in subject delivery. Although Prof. Vassilyev died in 2012, his significant contributions to botany must not be overlooked. Educated in dendrology, he devoted his life to plant anatomy, specializing in plant secretory structures. Dr. Vassilyev worked at the Komarov Botanical Institute and Garden in St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Russia, and rose to the position of Lead Scientist at that institute. His contributions in the field of plant anatomy, and to the beginnings of this project, must be noted.

It has been felt for some time that a new and more extensive approach to the teaching of plant anatomy should be developed. Such plans began in 2013 and grew to include two established plant biologists

VII Preface

with extensive backgrounds in plant anatomy. Prof. Robert Wise of the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh and Dr. Sheila Lyons-Sobaski from Albion College in Michigan each bring new ideas and experiences to this effort in publishing. Prof. Wise integrates anatomy and electron microscopy with a full background in plant physiology, and Dr. Lyons-Sobaski has added strength in ecology and evolution with relevance to plant anatomy. Prof. Emeritus Crang conveyed a lengthy back-

ground in microscopy applications as well as years of experience in teaching courses and research in plant anatomy to this effort.

May the concepts of plant structure and development help open our minds to a better understanding of the interrelationship of life in its various forms throughout the Earth and, perhaps, beyond. And may this text help, in a limited way, to aid in that fuller understanding.

Richard Crang Urbana, IL, USA

Sheila Lyons-Sobaski Albion, MI, USA

Robert Wise Oshkosh, WI, USA

Deceased

The original version of this book was revised. The correction to this book can be found at

Acknowledgments

Support from the following persons has been invaluable to the success of this project. With their help, the authors gained access to literally thousands of prepared slides and specimens and were able to construct a library of over 10,000 images that formed the basis of this book project. Their assistance is greatly appreciated. We particularly wish to acknowledge and thank Eric Stannard, Senior Botany Editor, Springer for all his help and support in this project.

Dr. Ranessa Cooper, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois

Dr. John D. Curtis, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI

Mr. John Hardy, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI

Dr. James Horn, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI

Dr. Brett Jestrow, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami

Mr. Tom Perzentka, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, WI

Dr. Brian Piasecki, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI

Dr. George Rogers, Palm Beach State College, Palm Beach Gardens, FL

Ms. JoAnn Stamm, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI

Dr. Qiang Sun, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI

This work was supported by grants from the Hewlett-Mellon Fund for Faculty Development at Albion College, Albion, MI and the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Faculty Development Program, Oshkosh, WI.

Dr. Harry Horner, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

IX

Contents

I Plants as Unique Organisms; History and Tools of Plant Anatomy

1T he Nature of Plants 3

1.1 P lants Have Multiple Pigments with Multiple Functions 5

1.2 P lants Use Water, and the Properties of Water, in Unique Ways 6

1.3 P lants Use Anabolic Metabolism to Manufacture Every Molecule

Needed for Growth and Produce Virtually No Waste 8

1.4 C ell Walls Are Nonliving Matrices Outside the Plant Cell Membrane that

House and/or Perform a Variety of Functions 9

1.5 T he Plant Life Cycle Alternates Between a Haploid Gametophyte

Stage and a Diploid Sporophyte Stage 10

1.6 M eristematic Activity Continues Throughout the Life of a Plant 11

1.7 F ruits Disperse Seeds Through Space: Dormancy Disperses Seeds Through Time 13

1.8 E arth's History Is Divided into Four Major Time Periods 15

1.8.1The Precambrian: 4550 to 542 mya 15

1.8.2The Paleozoic Era: 542 to 251 mya 16

1.8.3The Mesozoic Era: 251?66 mya 17

1.8.4The Cenozoic Era: 66 mya to Present 17

1.9 L ife on Earth Has Experienced Five Mass Extinctions: A Sixth Is in Progress 17

1.10 M any Plants and Animals Have Coevolved 18

1.11 T he Plant Body Consists of Four Organs 19

1.11.1Roots 19

1.11.2Stems 20

1.11.3Leaves 21

1.11.4Flowers and Fruit 21

1.12 P lant Organs Are Initially Made of Three Tissues 24

1.13 " Plant" Can Be Broadly Defined 25

1.14 B ryophytes Lack Vasculature and Produce Spores 27

1.15 F erns and Fern Allies Are Seedless Tracheophytes 28

1.16 G ymnosperms Are Seed-Producing Tracheophytes that Lack Flowers and Fruit 29

1.17 M onocots and Eudicots Are the Two Largest Groups of Angiosperms 31

1.18 U nderstanding Plant Structure Requires a Sense of Scale 33

1.19 " Primary" and "Secondary" Are Important Concepts in Plant Anatomy 34

1.19.1Primary Versus Secondary Growth and Meristems 34

1.19.2Primary Versus Secondary Xylem and Phloem 36

1.19.3Primary Versus Secondary Cell Walls 37

1.20 Chapter Review 38

References and Additional Readings 44

2Microscopy and Imaging 45 2.1 R obert Hooke, 1635?1703, Described a Cell as the Basic Unit of Life by

Studying the Bark of the Cork Oak Tree, Quercus suber 47 2.2 A ntoni Van Leeuwenhoek, 1632?1723, Was the First Scientist to Observe

Microorganisms 48 2.3 N ehemiah Grew, 1641?1712, Was the Father of Plant Anatomy 50 2.4 R obert Brown, 1773?1858, Discovered the Nucleus of the Cell by Studying

Orchid Petals 51

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