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Specifications of processorsImportant Processor specifications are Multi-Core TechnologyCPU SocketsChipsetsFrequency (Clock Rate)HyperthreadingCacheThermal Design Power (TDP)Multi-Core Technologymulti-core is usually the term used to describe two or more CPUs working together on the same chip. Also called multicore technology, it is a type of architecture where a single physical processor contains the core logic of two or more processors. These processors are packaged into a single integrated circuit (IC). These single integrated circuits are called a die.2. CPU Socket As processing technology advances, the two main CPU manufacturers (Intel and AMD) continually come out with new series of CPU. Both Intel and AMD are usually working on multiple series of CPUs at the same time. Matching your CPU with a motherboard that hast the correct socket is crucial. If you get a motherboard that has a socket that isn’t compatible with your CPU, then you will have to send one or the other back because they will not work together. So, the main thing that you need to understand about CPU series’ and socket types is that you should find a processor/motherboard combination that have compatible sockets, but also a combination that features the most up-to-date series and architecture as is affordable.3. ChipsetsA chipset is a group of interdependent motherboard chips or integrated circuits that control the flow of data and instructions between the central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor and external devices. A chipset controls external buses, memory cache and some peripherals. A CPU is unable to function without impeccable chipset timing.4. Frequency (Clock Rate)Processor performance is usually a number in either MHz (megahertz) or GHz (gigahertz.) That number represents how many times the internal clock inside the CPU ticks in cycles per second. The clock inside a 2.5GHz CPU ticks 2.5 billion times each second.But clock frequency isn’t a complete measure of performance. Efficiency — how much work can be done by the CPU in each clock cycle — is also important. This is measured in terms of instructions per cycle, often abbreviated as IPC. A CPU with a very high clock frequency, but low IPC, may not perform as well as a CPU with a lower clock frequency and high IPC.5. Hyper threadingBasically, hyperthreading allows the CPU to work on two different threads (sequences of instructions for the CPU to carry out) at the same time. Unlike core technology, hyperthreading doesn’t enable the micro-processor to do multiple things at once. Instead, it allows the processor to work on two different things simultaneously.6. Cache Cache is on-board memory for your processor. It’s like RAM, but it offers even quicker access, since it’s located directly on your processor. While it only presents a small fraction of storage space as compared to your RAM and your hard drive, it is extremely fast and is used for the most important data relative to the tasks you are carrying out on your computer.7. Thermal Design Power (TDP)Thermal Design Power, or TDP, is the measure of the average maximum power a processor can dissipate while running software in watts. Essentially, it’s an indicator of the quality of cooling system you will need in order to keep your CPU at an acceptable temperature. The lower the TDP of a processor, the less cooling it will need in order to operate at acceptable temperature levels. The higher the TDP of a CPU and the more cooling you will need.Some Types of Processors Intel CeleronCeleron is a brand name given by Intel to a number of different low-end IA-32 and x86-64 computer microprocessor models targeted at low-cost personal computers. Celeron processors are compatible with IA-32 computer programs, but their performance is typically significantly lower when compared to similar CPUs of higher-priced Intel CPU brands. The Celeron brand will often have less cache memory, or have advanced features intentionally disabled. These missing features can have a variable impact on performance, but is often very substantial.Introduced in April 1998, the first Celeron-branded CPU was based on the Pentium II. Subsequent Celeron-branded CPUs were based on the Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M, and Intel Core.P4 familyPentium 4 is a brand by Intel for an entire series of single-core CPUs for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers. The processors were shipped from November 20, 2000, until August 8, 2008. They were single core processors originally based on an architecture code-named Willamette and were used in desktop and laptop computers until the late 2000s. These processors were the successor to the Pentium IIIThe first Pentium 4 processor cores were capable of speeds from 1. 3 to 2 GHz. They utilized a 180 nm fabrication process and was the first CPU to use the NetBurst microarchitecture. The highest speed Pentium 4 was a Prescott version, clocked at 3.8 GHz. Laptop versions of the Pentium 4 processor were developed as well, called the Pentium 4-M and Mobile Pentium 4. These processors used less wattage when running and generated less heat, both of which were necessities for use in a laptop. Hyper-threading technology was also introduced with the Pentium 4 processor.Xeon dual coreXeon is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets. It was introduced in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same architecture as regular desktop-grade CPUs, but have some advanced features such as support for ECC memory, higher core counts, support for larger amounts of RAM, larger cache memory and extra provision for enterprise-grade reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) features responsible for handling hardware exceptions through the Machine Check Architecture.Quad coreA quad-core processor is a type of computer processor architecture that has four processor cores embedded within a single processor dye. Each of the four cores can execute and process instructions independently of the other cores.Quad-core designs by combining two dual-core ones on a single die with a unified cache, hence any two working dual-core dies can be used, as opposed to producing four cores on a single die and requiring all four to work to produce a quad-core CPU. From an architectural point of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a development commitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence. Finally, raw processing power is not the only constraint on system performance. Two processing cores sharing the same system bus and memory bandwidth limits the real-world performance advantageCore 2 DuoCore 2 is a brand encompassing a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture. The single- and dual-core models are single-die, whereas the quad-core models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module. The introduction of Core 2 relegated the Pentium brand to the mid-range market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines for marketing purposes under the same product name, which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Pentium M brands. The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006.Max. CPU clock rate 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHzCore i3 processor Developed and manufactured by Intel, the Core i3 is a dual-core computer processor, available for use in both desktop and laptop computers. It is one of three types of processors in the "i" series (also called the Intel Core family of processors).The Core i3 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.30 GHz up to 3.50 GHz, and features either 3 MB or 4 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i3 processors are most often found as dual-core, having two cores. However, a select few high-end Core i3 processors are quad-core, featuring four cores.The most common type of RAM used with a Core i3 processor is DDR3 1333 or DDR3 1600.Power usage varies for the Core i3 processors:Slower speeds (1.30 GHz to 1.80 GHz) use 11.5 W, 15 W or 25 W of powerMedium speeds (2.00 GHz to 2.50 GHz) use 28 W, 35 W or 37 W of powerFaster speeds (2.90 GHz to 3.50 GHz) use 35 W, 37 W or 54 W of powerCore i3 processors are often used in laptop computers, due to their lower heat generation and conservative battery usage. Some laptops can be used for up to five or six hours on a single battery charge when running a Core i3 processor.Core i5 processorCore i5 is family of mid-range performance 64-bit x86 processors designed by Intel for desktops and laptops. The Core i5 family was introduced by Intel in 2009, following the retirement of the Core 2 family. Core i5 microprocessors are positioned between the high-end performance Core i7 and the low-end performance.The Core i5 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.90 GHz up to 3.80 GHz, and it features 3 MB, 4 MB or 6 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i5 processors are most often found as quad-core, having four cores. However, a select few high-end Core i5 processors feature six cores.Core i7 Processor Intel Core i7 is a line of Intel CPUs which span eight generations of Intel chipsets. They feature either four or six cores, with stock frequencies between 2.6 and 3.7 GHz. The first i7 processors were released in November 2008.Variations of the i7 processor are manufactured for a variety of personal computing devices. Some high-performance i7 processors for desktop computers, such as the i7-8700K, are unlocked for overclocking. High-efficiency i7 processors (which conserve energy as much as possible, at the expense of some performance) are manufactured for desktop computers, laptops, and mobile devices.The i7 processor is marketed primarily to gaming enthusiasts, and digital artists such as filmmakers and animators.AMDAdvanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. While initially it manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice known as going fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009. AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations, personal computers and embedded system applications.AMD is the second-largest supplier and only significant rival to Intel in the market for x86-based microprocessors. Since acquiring ATI in 2006, AMD and its competitor Nvidia have maintained a duopoly in the discrete graphics processing unit (GPU) market.List of Some AMD ProcessorsAthlon (Slot A) (Argon, Pluto/Orion, Thunderbird) (1999)Athlon (Socket A) (Thunderbird) (2000)Duron (Spitfire, Morgan, Applebred) (2000)Athlon MP (Palomino, Thoroughbred, Barton, Thorton) (2001)Mobile Athlon 4 (Corvette/Mobile Palomino) (2001)Athlon XP (Palomino, Thoroughbred (A/B), Barton, Thorton) (2001)Mobile Athlon XP (Mobile Palomino) (2002)Mobile Duron (Camaro/Mobile Morgan) (2002)Sempron (Thoroughbred, Thorton, Barton) (2004)Mobile Sempron ................
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