NOTES: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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|UNIT 4: Chemical Reactions – Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics |
|Part B: Chemical Reactions |
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|Big Picture Ideas: |
|The identity of the reactants helps scientists to predict the products in a chemical reaction. |
|Quantitative relationships exist with all chemical reactions that allow scientists to predict amounts of products formed, reactants consumed, |
|and percent yield based on theoretical maximum. |
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|Big Picture Question: How can you predict the products in a chemical reaction? |
|Suggested Resources |
|Homework Assignments |
|Classwork Assignments |
|Laboratory Activities |
|Formative Assessments |
|Textbook pages: Chapters 11 & 18 |
|Websites: |
|Key Terms: |
|chemical reaction |
|chemical equation |
|reactants |
|yields |
|products |
|coefficient/mole |
|subscript |
|diatomic molecules |
|synthesis/direct combination |
|decomposition |
|single replacement/displacement |
|double replacement/displacement |
|combustion |
|activity series |
|aqueous |
|kinetics |
|catalyst |
|surface area |
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|Directions: Use this information as a general reference tool to guide you through this unit. Don’t hesitate to ask your teacher for help! |
|By the conclusion of this unit, you should know the following: |By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to do the following: |
|There are five basic types of chemical reactions (S, D, SR, DR, Comb.)|Balance chemical reactions. |
|that exhibit distinct patterns for the prediction of products. |Identify type of chemical reaction. |
|Experimental evidence can be used to identify products in a reaction. |Identify if a reaction will occur using an activity series. |
|All reactions follow the Law of Conservation of Matter (balancing |Predict products for a reaction. |
|equations). |Write balance formula equation given chemical equation (words). |
|Symbols are used to identify different aspects of a chemical reaction |Using the collision theory, explain how altering the temperature, surface |
|(states of matter, catalysts, heat, etc.). |area, concentration and the addition of a catalyst affects the rate of a |
|Collision theory describes characteristics for a successful reaction. |reaction. |
|Factors can be altered to affect the rate of a reaction (temperature, | |
|surface area, catalyst, concentration). | |
1. What type of reaction is it?
a. element + element (
b. ionic compound + ionic compound (
c. element + ionic compound (
d. compound (
e. compound + oxygen (
2. How can you tell if a chemical change has taken place? List examples.
3. Define a chemical reaction. Why must we balance chemical equations? (If it is a “must” there is a “law” governing the concept).
4. Balance each reaction below. Identify each type the following reactions are:
a) NaOH (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) ( NaNO3 (aq) + Pb(OH)2 (s)
b) CH4 (g) + O2 (g) ( CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
c) Fe (s) + NaBr (aq) ( FeBr3 (aq) + Na (s)
d) Pb (s) + O2 (g) ( PbO (g)
e) Na2CO3 (s) ( Na2O (s) + CO2 (g)
5. Complete and balance each reaction below:
a) Mg + HCl ( _________ + ____________
b) C2H6 + O2 ( _________ + ____________
c) CaF2 + Na2SO4 ( _________ + ____________
d) Sr + N2 ( __________
6. List three factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction. Know why they affect the reaction rate (collision theory!)
NOTES: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
VOCABULARY:
Products
Reactants
(
+
(s)
(l)
(g)
(aq)
Catalyst
Activation Energy (Ea)
Δ heat
Pt
ENERGY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Exothermic Reaction: ΔH is negative (–) Endothermic Reaction: ΔH is positive (+)
(heat is a “product”) (heat is a “reactant”)
[pic]
KINETICS: RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The rate of a reaction increases when the # of collisions increases.
Collision Theory:
What factors may cause the # of collisions to increase?
1. Temperature
2. Concentration of the reactants
3. Particle size (surface area) of the reactants
4. Nature of the reactants
5. Adding a catalyst or inhibitor to the reaction
BALANCED CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Law of Conservation of Matter:
WORD ( FORMULA ( BALANCED EQUATIONS
1. word equation: hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to form water
formula equation: _______________________________________________
diagram:
balanced reaction _______________________________________________
2. word equation: magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (HCl in water) to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
formula equation: ____________________________________________________________
diagram:
balanced reaction _____________________________________________________________
Try balancing these chemical reactions:
a. Na + H2SO4 ( Na2SO4 + H2
b. K + Cl2 ( KCl
c. S8 + O2 ( SO2
d. F2 + FeBr3 ( FeF3 + Br2
e. H2SO4 + Al ( Al2(SO4)3 + H2
f. C2H6 + O2 ( CO2 + H2O
g. NaNO3 + Ca(MnO4)2 ( NaMnO4 + Ca(NO3)2
h. P4 + KClO3 ( KCl + P2O5
[pic]
TYPES OF REACTIONS
There are Five Basic Reaction Types
1. Synthesis (S)
2. Decomposition (D)
3. Single Replacement (SR)
4. Double Replacement (DR)
5. Combustion (C)
A. Synthesis
1. Definition - two or more reactants join together to form one single product
2. General Form:
A + B ( AB
3. Examples:
a. 2 Na + Cl2 ( 2 NaCl
b. 2 Mg + O2 ( 2 MgO
c. 4 Al + 3 O2 ( 2 Al2O3
d. H2O + MgO ( Mg(OH)2
B. Decomposition
1. Definition - one single reactant, a compound, breaks apart into two or more simpler products
2. General Form:
AB ( A + B
3. Examples:
a. 2 H2O ( 2 H2 + O2
b. 2 HgO ( 2 Hg + O2
c. 2 Ag2O ( 4 Ag + O2
d. CaCO3 ( CaO + CO2
C. Combustion Reactions
1. Definition - oxygen reacts with another substance, often producing energy in the form of heat and light
2. Types of Combustion
a. Complete Combustion
1) Definition - if sufficient oxygen is present to burn completely
2) Hydrocarbons combine with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
3. General Form (Complete Combustion):
CxHy(Oz) + O2 ( CO2 + H2O
4. Examples:
a. CH4 + 2 O2 ( CO2 + 2 H2O
b. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ( 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
c. 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 ( 8 CO2 + 5 H2O
d. C7H16 + 11 O2 ( 7 CO2 + 8 H2O
D. Single Replacement
1. Definition - atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element that is part of a compound. In other words, an element + a compound yields a new element + a new compound
a. If the atom of the single element is a metal, it replaces the metal in the compound (**metals can also replace hydrogen)
b. If the atom of the single element is a non-metal, it replaces the non-metal in the compound
2. General Form:
AX + B ( BX + A or AX + Y ( AY + X
where A, B are metals or hydrogen and X, Y are non-metals
3. Examples
a. Cu + AgNO3 ( Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
b. K + H+(OH-) ( KOH + H2
c. Zn + HCl ( ZnCl2 + H2
d. NaI + Cl2 ( NaCl + I2
e. KBr + F2 ( KF + Br2
4. Do these reactions occur?
a. Zn + H2SO4 ( H2 + ZnSO4 (yes, Zn is more reactive than H)
b. Sn + 2 HNaNO3 ( Sn(NO3)2 + 2 Na (no, Sn is less reactive than Na)
c. 2 NaCl + F2 ( 2 NaF + Cl2 (yes, F is more reactive than Cl)
d. CaCl2 + I2 ( CaI2 + Cl2 (no, I is less reactive than Cl)
E. Double Replacement
1. Definition - an exchange of cations (+ ions) between two ionic compounds
2. General Form:
AB + CD ( AD + CB
(***remember, these are ionic compounds and the cations (metals) must be written first. A and C are the cations)
3. Examples:
a. NaOH + HCl ( NaCl + H+(OH-)
b. BaCl2 + K2CO3 ( BaCO3 + 2 KCl
c. 3 KOH + H3PO4 ( 3 H20 + K3PO4
d. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ( 2 KNO3 + PbI2
4. The “driving forces” in double replacement reactions (one of these three things must be a product in order for these reactions to occur):
a. a liquid (like water) must form, or
b. a solid (a precipitate) must form, or
c. a gas must form
5. What is a precipitate?
a. It is insoluble or slightly soluble in water
b. A solubility chart can help determine this
c. Are these soluble or insoluble?
1) BaCl2 - soluble, so the reaction will not occur
2) AgCl - insoluble, so the reaction will occur
3) Ca3(PO4)2 - insoluble, so the reaction will occur
4) NaNO3 - soluble, so the reaction will not occur
6. Do these reactions occur?
a. FeS (s) + HCl (aq) ( FeCl2 (aq) + H2S (g) ( yes, a gas is produced)
b. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) ( 2 KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s) (yes, PbI2 is insoluble and thus a precipitate)
c. FeCl3 (aq) + Al(NO3)3 (aq) ( Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + AlCl3 (aq) (no, both products are soluble, no other “driving force” is present)
d. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 KOH (aq) ( K2SO4 (aq) + 2 H+(OH-) (l)
SYNTHESIS, DECOMPOSITION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Synthesis:
Decomposition:
Combustion of a hydrocarbon:
Practice:
Balance each reaction below. Then identify the reaction type.
a. H2 + Br2 ( HBr ________________________
b. C4H8 + O2 ( CO2 + H2O ________________________
c. NaOH ( Na2O + H2O ________________________
d. Ba(ClO3)2 ( BaCl2 + O2 ________________________
First write and balance the equation. Then identify the reaction type.
e. phosphorus + oxygen ( tetraphosphorus decoxide ________________________
f. pentane (C5H12) + oxygen ( carbon dioxide + water ________________________
g. magnesium chlorate ( magnesium chloride + oxygen ________________________
h. when solid calcium carbonate is heated calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are formed
________________________
i. the formation of calcium nitride from calcium and nitrogen
________________________
j. sulfur trioxide mixes with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid ________________________
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS AND
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
1. Single Displacement Reactions (aqueous ONLY)
metals:
standard:
example:
metal + acid:
standard:
example:
metal + water:
standard:
example:
halogens:
standard:
example:
2. Double Displacement (aqueous only)
standard:
example:
3. Identify the reaction type for each reaction below. Then complete and balance the reaction.
__________________________a. Ba + AgNO3 ( ___________________________
__________________________b. F2 + KI ( ______________________________
__________________________c. NaOH + CaCl2 ( ___________________________
__________________________d. Zn + H2SO4 ( ____________________________
WRITING WORD EQUATIONS
_________________1. aluminum chlorate ( aluminum chloride + oxygen
_________________2. lithium + iron (III) nitrate ( lithium nitrate + iron
_________________3. magnesium carbonate ( magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide
_________________4. tin + nitrogen ( tin (IV) nitride
_________________5. zinc reacts with nitric acid to form zinc nitrate and hydrogen
_________________6. calcium hydroxide breaks down to form calcium oxide and water
WRITING WORD EQUATIONS WITH PREDICTING PRODUCTS
_________________1. aluminum + oxygen (
_________________2. sodium + silver nitrate (
_________________3. magnesium + hydrochloric acid (
_________________4. solutions of iron (III) nitrate + potassium sulfate are mixed (
_________________5. chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of lithium iodide (
Fun With Predicting Reaction Products
Predict the products of each of the following chemical reactions. If a reaction will not occur, explain why not:
1) ____ Ag2SO4 + ____ NaNO3 (
2) ____ NaI + ____ CaSO4 (
3) ____ HNO3 + ____ Ca(OH)2 (
4) ____ Zn + _____ HNO3 (
5) ____ AlCl3 + ____ (NH4)PO4 (
6) ____ Pb + ____ Fe(NO3)3 (
7) ____ C3H6 + ____ O2 (
8) ____ Na + ____ CaSO4 (
WRITING WORD EQUATIONS
a. lithium + nitrogen ( lithium nitride
b. aluminum + oxygen ( aluminum oxide
c. sodium carbonate ( sodium oxide + carbon dioxide
d. zinc + phosphoric acid ( zinc phosphate + hydrogen gas
e. chlorine gas + lithium iodide ( lithium chloride + iodine
f. sodium hydroxide ( sodium oxide + water
g. magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas
h. solutions of iron (III) chloride and sodium hydroxide react to form iron (III) hydroxide and sodium chloride
i. when sodium is added to water, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced
j. when zinc is placed in a solution of lead (II) nitrate, zinc nitrate and solid lead metal are formed
HOMEWORK: BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS NAME:
1. ___P4 + ___O2 ( ___P2O5
2. ___Al + ___HCl ( ___AlCl3 + ___H2
3. ___Al2(SO4)3 + ___Ca(OH)2 ( ___Al(OH)3 + ___CaSO4
4. ___H2S + ___Cl2 ( ___S8 + ___HCl
5. ____Mg + ____N2 ( ____Mg3N2
6. ____Fe + ____H2O ( ____Fe3O4 + ____H2
7. ____NaOH + ____Cl2 ( ____NaCl + ____NaClO + ____H2O
8. ____C4H10 + ____O2 ( ____CO2 + ____H2O
9. _____CH3OH + _____O2 ( ____CO2 + _____ H2O
HOMEWORK: SYNTHESIS, DECOMPOSITION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS
1. Classify each equation below as synthesis, decomposition or combustion. Then balance each equation.
________________________ 1. NaClO3 ( NaCl + O2
________________________ 2. Cu + S ( Cu2S
________________________ 3. S + O2 ( SO3
________________________ 4. C3H6 + O2 ( CO2 + H2O
2. Classify each equation below as synthesis, decomposition or combustion. Write and balance the equation for the reaction.
________________________ 1. potassium hydroxide ( potassium oxide + hydrogen
________________________ 2. dicarbon tetrahydride + oxygen ( carbon dioxide + water
________________________ 3. lithium chlorate ( lithium chloride + oxygen
________________________ 4. magnesium + nitrogen ( magnesium nitride
________________________ 5. aluminum burns in pure oxygen to form aluminum oxide
________________________ 6. sodium carbonate is heated to form sodium oxide and carbon dioxide
________________________ 7. water and dinitrogen pentoxide combine to form nitric acid
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Classify the reactions below as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement or double replacement:
1. 2 H2 + O2 ( 2 H2O __________________________
2. 2 H2O ( 2 H2 + O2 __________________________
3. Zn + H2SO4 ( ZnSO4 + H2 __________________________
4. 2 CO + O2 ( 2 CO2 __________________________
5. 2 HgO ( 2 Hg + O2 __________________________
6. 2 KBr + Cl2 ( 2 KCl + Br2 __________________________
7. CaO + H2O ( Ca(OH)2 __________________________
8. AgNO3 + NaCl ( AgCl + NaNO3 __________________________
9. 2 H2O2 ( 2 H2O + O2 __________________________
10. Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 ( CaSO4 + 2 H2O __________________________
11. Copper metal is put into a solution of silver nitrate. Solid silver precipitates, and copper (II) nitrate solution is formed.
___________________________
12. Methane gas burns in pure oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water
___________________________
13. When sodium carbonate is heated, it breaks down to form sodium oxide and carbon dioxide. ___________________________
HOMEWORK – PRACTICE REACTION WRITING
Identify the reaction type (synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single displacement, double displacement) for each reaction written below. Then write the balanced equation for each reaction.
_______________________ 1. Magnesium is placed in a solution of aluminum nitrate
_______________________ 2. Calcium burns in pure oxygen
________________________ 3. The combustion of propane (C3H8)
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________ 4. Fluorine is bubble through a solution of sodium bromide
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ 5. Solutions of potassium chloride and barium hydroxide are mixed
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Energy
Time
Energy
Time
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