STADIUM ALCOHOL POLICY CHARACTERISTICS: AN …

[Pages:121]STADIUM ALCOHOL POLICY CHARACTERISTICS: AN EXAMINATION OF ALCOHOL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, DIFFERENCES, AND EFFECTIVENESS

By BRIAN EDWARD MENAKER

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1

? 2011 Brian E. Menaker 2

To all people who have guided me 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of those who contributed both indirectly and directly to this dissertation. I thank my parents, Faith Ritchie and Richard Menaker for supporting me. I am grateful to my committee members and all those who have contributed to this work. I am thankful to Dr. Charles Williams for advising me, chairing my committee, and instilling and reinforcing the values of hard work and determination, Dr. Beth Chaney for all of her help in statistical analyses and evaluation, Dr. Michael Sagas for his input and support, Dr. Matthew Walker for his encouragement and contributions, and Dr. Kaplanidou for her help. I would like to thank Dr. Ronald Akers and Dr. Ruth Steiner whose classes contributed to the framework of this paper. This project would have been impossible without the help of records departments of the law enforcement agencies who searched, sorted, and located crime reports. Also, I would like to acknowledge all of those who participated in interviews for their honest and thoughtful responses. Additionally, the research project was conducted with financial support from the Bill Simms Endowment Graduate Student Research Grant through the Eric Friedheim Tourism Institute. Finally, I would like to thank my peers for keeping me sane and grounded and allowing me to do the same for them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. 4

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12

Motivation of the Study ........................................................................................... 12 Overview of Study................................................................................................... 14

Theoretical Overview........................................................................................ 14 Statement of Purpose....................................................................................... 15 Significance of Study ........................................................................................ 16 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 18 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 19 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 19 Basic Assumptions ........................................................................................... 20

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................................... 22

Multidisciplinary Nature of Stadium Alcohol Policy Literature ................................. 22 Concepts Associated with the Nature of this Study .......................................... 22 Deficiencies and Previous Focus in Stadium Alcohol Policy Literature ............ 23

Alcohol and Crime .................................................................................................. 23 Relationship between Alcohol and Crime ......................................................... 23 Alcohol Availability and Crime .......................................................................... 24

Relationships between Sport, Alcohol, and Aggression .......................................... 25 Sport, Leisure, and Alcohol .............................................................................. 25 Alcohol Consumption Considerations............................................................... 26 Sport, Alcohol Consumption, and Aggression .................................................. 28 University and College Alcohol Policy .............................................................. 29 Stadiums and Tailgate Policy ........................................................................... 31 Stadium Alcohol Policy ..................................................................................... 32 College Football and Alcohol Consumption...................................................... 34

College Football Games and Alcohol-Related Crime and Injuries .......................... 37 College Football Games and Community Crime .............................................. 37 Alcohol Policy Effect on College Football Stadium Crime and Injury ................ 38

Theoretical Considerations ..................................................................................... 39 Social Cognitive Theory.................................................................................... 40 Influence of Alcohol on Aggression and Criminal Deviance ............................. 42

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Temporal Regulation and Intertemporal Substitution ....................................... 43 Closing Remarks Regarding Previous Literature .................................................... 45 Summary of Research Questions ........................................................................... 46

3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 48

Design..................................................................................................................... 49 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 50

Collection of Qualitative Data ........................................................................... 50 Collection of Quantitative Data ......................................................................... 53 Variables .......................................................................................................... 54

Independent variables................................................................................ 55 Dependent variables .................................................................................. 56 Data Treatment ....................................................................................................... 57 Interview Analysis............................................................................................. 57 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................... 57

4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 60

Part 1: College Football Game Administrative Alcohol ........................................... 60 Consumption Containment and Enforcement ......................................................... 60 Policy Interpretation and Enforcement .................................................................... 61

Policy Origins and Development ...................................................................... 61 Stadium Location Differences........................................................................... 62 Enforcement Perceptions ................................................................................. 63 On-campus Compared with Off-campus Stadiums................................................. 67 Alcohol Sales versus Alcohol Prohibition in General Seating ................................. 68 Financial Benefits ............................................................................................. 70 Having it Both Ways: Access for Few, Prohibition for Most .............................. 71 Control .................................................................................................................... 73 Control through Prohibition in General Seating ................................................ 73 Control Where Sales are Permitted in General Seating ................................... 74 NCAA Status as a Control ................................................................................ 74 Education and Alcohol Policy.................................................................................. 75 Tradition and Culture .............................................................................................. 77 Alcohol-related Issues Experienced on Game Day................................................. 79 Overall Summary of Policies ................................................................................... 81 Part 2: Relationship among Game Day Characteristics and Game Day Behavioral Outcome Variables ............................................................................ 83 Canonical Correlation Results .......................................................................... 83 Multiple Regression Results ............................................................................. 86

Crime as dependent variable ..................................................................... 86 Ejections as dependent variable ................................................................ 86

5 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 92

Linking Alcohol Policy Consideration with Social Cognitive Theory ........................ 92

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Environmental Determinants ............................................................................ 93 Facilitation and Self-regulation................................................................... 96 Observational Learning .............................................................................. 96

Outcome Expectations ..................................................................................... 97 Self-efficacy and Collective Efficacy ................................................................. 99 Avoiding Moral Disengagement...................................................................... 100 Intertemporal Substitution............................................................................... 101 Relating Policies to Outcome ................................................................................ 102 Canonical Correlation Findings ...................................................................... 102 Multiple Regression Findings ......................................................................... 104

Crime ....................................................................................................... 104 Ejections .................................................................................................. 105 The Connection between Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses.......................... 106 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 106 Summary of Findings ..................................................................................... 106 Implications .................................................................................................... 107 Limitations ...................................................................................................... 109 Future Study................................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX A INFORMED CONSENT FORM............................................................................. 111 B SAMPLE RECRUITMENT LETTER...................................................................... 113 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 115 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 121

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

page

3-1 Description of participants in interviews.............................................................. 59

4-1 Tests of canonical dimensions............................................................................ 87

4-2 Calculation of Redundancy Indices for the First Canonical Function .................. 87

4-3 Calculation of Redundancy Indices for the Second Canonical Function............. 88

4-4 Standardized Variance of the Dependent Variables Explained by ..................... 88

4-5 Standardized Variance of the Independent Variables Explained by ................... 88

4-6 Standardized Canonical Coefficients (Weights).................................................. 89

4-7 Canonical Loadings ............................................................................................ 89

4-8 Canonical Cross-Loadings ................................................................................. 90

4-9 Regression results for crime as dependent variable ........................................... 90

4-10 Regression results for ejections as dependent variable ..................................... 91

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