Latin - Wikimedia Commons

Latin



March 15, 2013

On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 287. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 281. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 291, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 287. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of . The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk H?nniger, which is freely available under an open source license from . This distribution also contains a configured version of the pdflatex compiler with all necessary packages and fonts needed to compile the LATEX source included in this PDF file.

Contents

0.1 A Progressive Latin Grammar and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 How to study a language on the Internet and in your head

3

1.1 So do not assume that... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Special consideration: How to use a Wikibook when progress may mean

inaccuracy

5

3 Grammatical Introduction to Latin

7

4 What is Latin?

9

5 Introduction to the Latin Language

11

5.1 Simple and Compound Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.2 Word Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6 Types of Words used in Latin

13

6.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.2 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.3 Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.4 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.5 Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7 Summary

15

7.1 Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

7.2 Declension Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7.3 Grammar Part 1: Nouns and Their Role in Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7.4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.5 Recapitulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.7 Chapter 1: Basic Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8 The Nominative Case

27

8.1 The Nominative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8.2 Notes on Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8.3 Overview of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.4 Adjectives in Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8.5 Grammar: Pluralizing Nominatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8.6 Basic verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8.7 Further Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

8.8 Third Declension Nouns and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

III

Contents

8.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

9 Present indicative active construct

35

10 Grammatical Introduction to Verbs

37

10.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10.2 Personal Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10.3 Moods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

10.4 Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

10.5 Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

10.6 Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

10.7 Irregularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

10.8 Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

10.9 Principal Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

10.10 Using the Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

11 Verbs: Conjugation in the Present Imperfect

47

11.1 Imperative Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

12 Adverbs & Prepositions

53

12.1 Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives (Comparativa et superlativa

adjectivorum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

12.2 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

12.3 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

12.4 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

12.5 List of Frequent Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions in Latin . . . . 58

13 The Accusative Case

63

13.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

13.2 Grammar: The Accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

13.3 Examples of Adjectives Agreeing with the Nominative and Accusative Case 65

13.4 Exercise 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

13.5 Grammar: The Use of the Accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

13.6 Grammatical Explanation Using English Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

14 Pronouns

77

14.1 Personal Pronouns in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

14.2 Personal Pronouns in Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

14.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

15 Chapter 1 Verse

91

16 Latin I prose

93

16.1 Chapter 2: Complicated Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

17 The Imperfect Tense

95

17.1 Imperfect Active Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

IV

Contents

18 The Genitive and Dative Cases

99

18.1 Noun Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

18.2 The Genitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

18.3 Agreeing with the Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

18.4 The Dative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

18.5 Exercise 2: Translate into English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

18.6 Roman Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

19 The Future Tense

111

19.1 Future I, Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

20 The Ablative and Vocative Case

115

20.1 The Ablative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

20.2 Grammar Part 5: The Power of the Ablative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

20.3 Ablative with prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

20.4 The Vocative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

21 The 3rd, 4th and 5th declensions

121

21.1 3rd, 4th, and 5th Declension Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

21.2 4th Declension Masculine/Feminine (each word has a set gender) gradus, m. 124

21.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

22 Irregular Verbs & Revision

127

22.1 Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

22.2 Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

22.3 Exercise 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

23 Translation Exercise

133

23.1 Using a Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

23.2 Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

24 Imperfect and Future indicative active constructs

135

24.1 Imperfect Active Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

24.2 Future I, Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

24.3 Future conjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

25 Chapter 2 Verse

139

25.1 Using a Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

25.2 Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

25.3 Chapter 3: Advanced Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

26 Imperatives

141

27 Imperative

143

27.1 Positive Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

27.2 Negative Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

28 Active v. Passive Verbs

147

28.1 Examples: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

V

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download