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P7 | APUSH | Wiley | World War II Note Guide & Sources, D___ Name:45243756731000America in the Interwar Years (1919-1941):Post-World War I:1919 reminder: The U.S. ____________________ rejected the League of Nations, and thus, the Treaty of Versailles, twice, mostly due to their opposition to involvement in European affairs and fear over the ____________________; there were fears it would prevent the U.S. from pursuing an independent foreign policy: “Is the nation willing to have the youth of America ordered to war by an international body!?” – Senator Henry Cabot ___________________WWI (____________________) left a legacy of strong isolationist sentiment in the U.S.; as late as 1937, 70% of Americans responding to a Gallup poll stated that U.S. involvement in World War I had been a ____________________Throughout the 1920s and ‘30s, isolationism spanned the political spectrum: Socialists, Communists, conservativesThe 1920s:right13970Cartoon by Dr. Seuss (1904-’91): Uncle Sam thinks, “What a lucky thing we’ve got separate beds!” The “Europe” bed contains sick individuals with signs over their heads reading, “Hitleritis,” “Fascist Fever,” “Italian Mumps,” etc.; caption on the bottom reads, “Ho Hum! No Chance of Contagion.”0Cartoon by Dr. Seuss (1904-’91): Uncle Sam thinks, “What a lucky thing we’ve got separate beds!” The “Europe” bed contains sick individuals with signs over their heads reading, “Hitleritis,” “Fascist Fever,” “Italian Mumps,” etc.; caption on the bottom reads, “Ho Hum! No Chance of Contagion.”Several disarmament conferences were held; such as the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921, which succeeded in reducing the navies of the U.S., Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and ItalyIn 1928, the U.S. was part of an international agreement, the Kellogg-Braind Pact, in which many states promised not to use war to resolve disputes of conflicts; was sponsored by France and the U.S.; ____________________ war but lacked any power of enforcementThe 1930s: In 1934, a committee of Congress charged weapons manufacturers with driving the U.S. into WWI in hopes of windfall profits, which, in fact, many realized; further highlights disdain for war in the U.S.In 1935, Congress passed the first of five ____________________ to deter future entanglements, requiring the president to declare an embargo on the sale and shipment of munitions to all belligerent nations; in ’36, banned loans to belligerentsThough FDR was preoccupied with restoring the domestic ____________________ and did not want war, he understood the serious implications to the U.S. posed by the war; as such, he cautiously edged America closer to involvement and framed the war as a noble defense of democratic societies, as ____________________ did before him“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.” (1937)The war on Jews began in Germany in the mid-30s; the U.S. took no position; ____________________ was very strong in the U.S. at this timeHundreds of anti-Semitic organizations had been established by this time; gangs vandalized Jewish cemeteries and synagogues; immigration quotes restricted Jewish immigration from Europe; Jews were excluded from many social clubs, professions, and schools; the KKK targeted Jews Opinion polls in America from the ‘30s and early ‘40s show that most Americans viewed Jews ____________________, often ascribing the words “greedy” and “dishonest” to members of the groupIn ’37 Congress imposed a “____________________” requirement: if a warring country wanted to purchase military goods from the U.S., it had to pay cash and carry them in its own ships, keeping the U.S. out of potentially dangerous naval warfareIn ’39, a Neutrality Act allowed the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China, highlighting a ___________________ in U.S. policyReminder: WWII began in ______________, with the German invasion of Poland; they then took Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and LuxembourgWhat is the message of the cartoon (top right)? What argument is Seuss making?right2032000The 1940s: In 1940, Gallup asked, “If it appears that Germany is defeating England and France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany and send our army and navy to Europe to fight?” 77% said “no” In 1940, the arch-conservative Committee to Defend America First was formed to oppose U.S. intervention; some American Firsters championed the Nazis while others simply advocated American neutrality (this is why some were upset by President Trump’s emphasis on “America First” in his inaugural); close to a million Americans joined the groupIn 1940, the U.S. secured the first peacetime draft in U.S. history, which sent 1.4 million men to army training camps by 1941In 1940, FDR directed a transfer of the Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor In 1941, the U.S. froze all Japanese assets (bank accounts, investments, property) as a result of their occupation of Indochina—previously occupied by FranceIn 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which allowed the president to sell, exchange, or lease arms to any country whose defense appeared vital to U.S. securityFDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941 and wrote the Atlantic Charter; the document mapped out common goals for the postwar world, such as the right of all peoples to live in freedom from fear, want, and tyranny, free trade among all nations, disarmament, and an end to territorial seizures (comparable to Wilson’s ____________________)Reminder: France fell to the Nazis in 1940; Britain was left alone to fight; Hitler attacked the USSR in 1941How did America’s interwar years evolve over time?Evaluate America’s interwar years. Were there any mistakes made? What alternatives were there?General Causes of World War II:The worldwide ____________________ undermined the political order of many countries, allowing tyrants to play on nationalist hatredsProduction dropped by nearly 40%, international trade dropped by about two-thirds, and unemployment rose political unrest in Europe and AsiaDemagogues played on nationalist hatreds and offered solutions in the form of territorial expansion by military conquestRise of fascism/military dictatorship in Italy, Germany, and Japan, all with ____________________ ambitions Treaty of Versailles (war guilt clause, reparations, etc.)Failure of ____________________ policy and League of Nations to combat fascist aggressionAlliances of WWII: ____________________ Powers—Germany, Italy, JapanAllied Powers—United States, Britain, France, Soviet UnionJapan:Japan seized the province of Manchuria (1931) and then China (1937)Reminder: The U.S. forced Japan to open up to the rest of the world in the ____________________ (1854); Japan then quickly industrialized and became an imperial power, to avoid becoming a victim of imperialism themselvesThroughout the first few decades of the 20th century, Japan continued to set its sight on imperialist ambitions but was reliant on other nations for natural resources such as oil; they turned their sights on China to end that dependency on othersAfter seizing Manchuria, Japan was scolded by the League of Nations, so they withdrew from the League; committed atrocities like the “rape of Nanking,” where the Japanese army murdered as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women and children and destroyed much of the city right2032000Italy & Germany (General): The rise of authoritarian nationalism in Italy and Germany cast a dark shadow over Europe; economic hardships and, in Germany, resentment over the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, fueled the rise of demagogic mass movements who glorified warFascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922; invaded Ethiopia in 1935Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933; quickly destroyed his opposition and turned Germany into the strongest nation in Europe Germany ____________________ (in violation of Treaty of Versailles (TOV), 1935), occupied Rhineland (in violation of TOV, 1936); annexed Austria (in violation of TOV 1938); took ____________________ (1938) via appeasement at the Munich Conference—in return, Hitler promised he was done, but took Czechoslovakia a few months later (in violation of TOV and Munich Agreement)Germany and Soviet Union signed non-aggression pact (1939) and agreed to ____________________ PolandGermany:Post-WWI:The German government after WWI was the ____________________ Republic; this government had signed the Treaty of Versailles, a national humiliation, but only under the threat of an Allied invasion; the republic was nevertheless permanently associated with the national disgrace and burdens of the treatyThroughout the 1920s, the government was required to fulfill the economic and military provisions imposed by the Paris settlement (restrictions on military size and production capabilities, war guilt clause, reparations, etc.)It became all too easy for German nationalists and military figures, whose policies had brought on the tragedy and defeat in World War I, to blame the young republic for all of Germany’s problems; many political groups emerged, each proposing different revisions to the Treaty of Versailles and some going as far as suggesting it be completely disregarded The Weimar Republic did not command the sympathy or loyalty of many Germans; add to that problems associated with the worldwide Depression, …. enter, the Nazis The Nazi Party: The Nazi Party was an anti-Semitic political party that paraded under a red-and-white banner with a black swastika; their platform consisted of/called for a denial of the Treaty of Versailles, ____________________ of Austria and Germany, and the exclusion of Jews from German citizenshipOriginally, the Nazis called for a broad program of nationalization of industry (socialism) in an attempt to compete directly with the Marxist political parties for the vote of the workers; while they would employ socialist tactics to manage the economy and turn Germany into the strongest country in Europe, they also ____________________ killed Socialist opponentsOver time, the Nazis redefined the meaning of the word socialist to suggest a nationalistic outlook: in 1922, Hitler said, “Whoever is prepared to make the national cause his own to such an extent that he knows no higher ideal than the welfare of his nation; whoever has understood our great national anthem, “Germany, Germany, over All,” to mean that nothing in the wide world surpasses in his eyes this Germany, people and land, land and people – that man is a Socialist.”Hitler’s Mein Kampf (1925): After becoming leader of the Nazis, Hitler attempted to seize power in 1923, as Mussolini had in Italy; the plan failed, and Hitler was arrested and sentenced to a five-year prison term (serving only nine months), during which he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) The book outlined political views from which Hitler never swerved, including a fierce racial anti-Semitism, a powerful opposition to ____________________, which he associated with the Jews, and a conviction that Germany must expand eastward beyond the borders established at Versailles to achieve greater “living space”, or____________________ by conquering eastern Europe and RussiaHitler asserted that the Germans, especially those who were blonde and blue-eyed—whom he called “Aryans”—were a ____________________ race (a race that considers itself superior to all others and fitted to rule the others)Aryans are original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day, who constitute a distinctive race or subrace of the larger Caucasian race 48787053365500He declared that non-Aryan “races”—such as Jews and Gypsies—were inferior or subhuman and the root of all of Germany’s problems; discussed the importance of racial purity and laid out his plan for creating a racially pure Germany that would dominate the worldHe urged Germany to seek revenge for the country’s defeat in WWI by calling the Treaty of Versailles an outrage and vowing to regain the lands taken from GermanyAround 5.2 million copies of the book were sold by 1939; it was the most common wedding present for newly married couples in Germany during this timeHitler Chancellor:right37782500Hitler’s mass rallies and hard economic times made him more appealing to many Germans, as it offered hope for security and firm leadership; thousands of unemployed joined the party; the government thought they could control Hitler and use him for their purposes, so he was named chancellor As chancellor, Hitler moved with lightning speed to consolidate control via____________________ methods; all other parties were banned, opponents arrested or killed; the economy was turned into a command economy; press was heavily censored and controlled; propaganda and youth indoctrination became the norm; and war production began the German economy was revitalized and Hitler ruled in a cult of ____________________Reminder: fascism entails the following characteristics: loyalty to state (ultra-nationalism); ____________________ to leader; militant expansionist goals; anti-Marxist and anti-democratic; totalitarian leadership and methods of control (control of press, “education,” propaganda, etc.); goals are typically to revive the economy, restore national pride, and ____________________ those responsible for hard times Nazi Eugenics: Eugenics is the set of beliefs and practices that aim at ____________________ the genetic quality of a human populationDespite Nazi interest in expanding Germany, they were less interested in expanding the population as a whole than in producing a population of racially pure Germans; in their role as mothers, German women had the special task of preserving racial purity and giving birth to purer Germans who were healthy in mind and body; according to this view, women were to breed strong sons and daughters for the German nation; Nazis often compared the role of women in childbirth to that of men in battleNazi policy favored motherhood only for those whom its adherents regarded as racially fit for motherhoodThe government sought to sterilize (deprive a person of the ability to produce offspring) undesirables, a policy that led to both the sterilization and death of many women, often because of an alleged “degeneracy”Hitler is on record many times praising the American “pioneers” of eugenics, which had become popular during the Progressive Era and into the ‘20s as a result of new immigrants deemed “lesser” (____________________ Europeans, Catholics, Jews); Hitler said, “I have studied with interest the laws of several American states concerning prevention of reproduction by people whose progeny (offspring) would, in all probability, be of no value or be injurious to the racial stock.”American eugenics examples:Indiana was the first state to enact sterilization legislation (1907); 30 others followedWas first challenged in 1927; the Supreme Court ruled that forced sterilizations of the mentally disabled were legitimateStates that had sterilizations policies usually sterilized certain kinds of ____________________ and those with low IQsA 1937 Fortune poll found that 2/3 of respondents supported eugenic sterilization of “mental defective,” 63% supported sterilization of criminals, and only 15% opposed bothPhysicians were found to be performing coerced sterilizations of specific ethnic groups; several cases, for example, showed how Latina and black women—without their permission—were sterilized postpartum following cesarean sectionsA Senate report in 1972 found widespread threatening of black women in the South to be sterilized or lose welfare benefits War on the Jews: right2921000The people who most consistently experienced the terror of the Nazi police state were the German Jews, the ____________________ for all of Germany’s problemsNazis excluded Jews from the civil service (government administration); encouraged boycotts of Jewish shops and businesses; robbed German Jews of their citizenship; professions and major occupations were closed to those defined as Jews; marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews were prohibited; legal exclusion and humiliation of Jews became the order of the day; thousands of Jewish stores and synagogues were burned or otherwise destroyed on what became known as ____________________ (Night of the Broken Glass), due to the vast quantity of shattered plate glass from the broken windows of Jewish-owned businessesRoad to War:Germany remilitarized (in violation of Treaty of Versailles, 1935), occupied Rhineland (in violation of TOV, 1936); annexed Austria (in violation of TOV 1938); took Sudetenland (1938) via appeasement at the Munich Conference—in return, Hitler promised he was done, but took Czechoslovakia a few months later (in violation of TOV and Munich Agreement)Germany and Soviet Union signed non-aggression pact (1939) and agreed to split PolandHad you been in FDR’s shoes during the 1930s, as Hitler rose to power and built a strong fascist state, what would you have done? Remember, FDR became president in 1933, with 25% unemployment. The cartoon pictured here words on the backs of the “spineless leaders of democracy”: rearmament, Rhineland & Reunification, Danzig (land in Poland that Hitler wanted), followed by ? marks to indicate the unknown places Hitler wants, and finally, Boss of the Universe. Is the cartoonist’s perspective correct? Why or why not?Why Appeasement:In light of the rise of aggressive fascists like Hitler, you might wonder why appeasement was chosen by the “Great Powers,” like Britain and France, or America, who sat back and did nothing. Though students of history tend to be very critical of this “spineless” behavior, there were many reasons to support this policy at the time. The vast majority of people in America, Britain, and France, who were opposed to fascist aggression, agreed with the policy of appeasement at the time. Let’s see why:Many viewed Hitler’s expansion as justifiable, as the areas he seized (pre-Poland, 1939), were largely made up of German people—he could, and did, defend these grabs with President Wilson’s own self-determination rhetoric. Many thought Germany would be satisfied once it “got its own garden back.” When the people of Austria, for example, celebrated their unification with Germany by parades hailing Hitler, it was “proof” that any war to prevent such unification would be futile.By the early 1930s (after a decade away from WWI), many people came to realize that Germany had been punished too heavily by the terms of the Versailles treaty; thus, remilitarizing and trying to take neighboring territories with Germanic people in them, seemed acceptable.Many people outside of Germany (**get ready to cringe**) actually admired Hitler. After the ruinous end of WWI and the worldwide Great Depression, Hitler managed to rebuild Germany into a powerful country. It was impressive. Remember, his racial ideology, espoused in Mein Kampf and glorified by the Nazi Party, wasn’t horrifying to outsiders until its genocidal intent became clear (approximately 1942). Thus, while Hitler was expanding in the 1930s, it must be understood against the backdrop of other contexts, like the “Age of Segregation,” which was still going strong in America; just as Aryans were deemed a superior race in Germany, Caucasians in America (particularly those from Northern/Western Europe) were deemed a superior race; in both cases, such racial thinking justified legally mandated discrimination (including laws against “cross-breeding”), hatred, and violence against “lessers.” Another example is anti-Semitism, which was very prevalent across Europe and America as well. In America of the 1930s, Jewish immigration was tightly restricted, Jews faced discrimination, and the majority of Americans held negative views towards Jews. In short, Hitler didn’t become a true tyrant to most people until the war broke out. In that context, appeasement seems more rational. After the horrors experienced by Britain and France in WWI, there was widespread revulsion at the thought of war. Since then, new advances in weaponry, such as long distance bombers, meant towns and cities could be targeted and the civilian death toll could be huge in a future war. Peace movements were expanding. There was concern about weaknesses in the armed forces; there had been widespread disarmament throughout the 1920s; thus, no troops were immediately available to mount a challenge. Heads of Britain’s armed forces consistently warned Prime Minister Chamberlain that Britain was too weak to fight. Many believed that Communism was a far greater threat to world peace than Hitler: “better Hitlerism than Communism.” Some felt that Hitler’s Germany could be a strong check against possible Soviet plans to invade Europe. Many believed that Hitler was making extreme statements only to gain publicity and that he was essentially a reasonable man who would not go too far. What are your thoughts/reactions to A-G? Is it more understandable now why appeasement or even apathy was chosen/felt with regards to Germany? Events in the Pacific U.S. Entry:FDR anticipated danger to American interests in the Pacific (Hawaii, ____________________, and Guam); he directed a transfer of the Pacific Fleet based in CA to Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii in 1940FDR wanted to save his resources to fight Germany and wanted to avoid a two-front war; Japan’s leaders gambled that U.S. preoccupation with Europe might allow them to conquer all of Southeast Asia, including the French colonies in ____________________ (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) and the British possessions of Burma and IndiaWhen Japan occupied Indochina in 1941, the U.S. responded by freezing all Japanese assets (bank accounts, investments, property) in the U.S. and cutting off its oil suppliesWas it justifiable for the U.S. to support French imperialism in Indochina but protest and punish the Japanese for trying to do the same thing?4141470635000U.S. intelligence broke a Japanese diplomatic code; FDR knew the Japanese would attack somewhere in the Pacific; all American forces were put on high alertJapanese carriers launched an attack on Pearl Harbor on ____________________, 1941; more than 2,400 Americans were killed and nearly 1,200 injured; Japan also struck U.S. bases in the Philippines and Guam The attack united Americans in support of warThe next day, the U.S. Congress, with FDR’s urging, declared war on Japan; three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. President Roosevelt’s War Message to Congress:Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And, while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island. Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense, that always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us. 414782059182000Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph. So help us God. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire. Did FDR do the right thing in declaring war at this time? Why or why not? 5407025000U.S. Wartime Mobilization: The Government at War:The federal government poured an unprecedented amount of energy and money into wartime production, increasing the size and power of the federal government beyond that which was established by the ____________________; the massive marshaling of resources and defense spending enabled ____________________from the Great DepressionIt cost about $250 million a day to fight the war; the government spent twice as much during the war as it had during its entire prior history Number of federal employees nearly quadrupled (1 million in 1940 to 4 million by war’s end)Note: from ’42-’44, FDR focused entirely on the war; the New Deal was put to rest (wasn’t needed anymore)The War Powers Act of 1941 gave the president the power to reorganize the federal government and create new agencies; to establish programs censoring all news and information and abridging civil liberties; and to seize property owned by foreignersFDR used the War Powers Act to create many new agencies; these agencies oversaw the use of scarce materials, imposed price controls, mediated disputes between labor and management, and sold the war to the American people through propaganda (to inspire patriotism and the purchases of war bonds)The Office of War Information, like the ___________________________________ in WWI, gathered data and controlled the release of news; the first two years of war, the agency banned the publication of any news that showed American dead, fearing those images would demoralize the publicThe FBI increased in size and was used extensively in domestic surveillance; wiretapping was authorized Government contracts with big businesses often provided low-interest loans/subsidies for the expansion of facilities, which greatly increased the strength and productive capabilities of said businesses; many small businesses, on the other hand, closed during this time (approximately a half-million between 1941 and 1943), unable to ____________________Wages never increased as fast as profits or prices, leading to a turbulent period in labor history; when unionization and striking increased, Congress passed the first federal antistrike bill, giving the president power to penalize strikers, even to draft themMobilization and defense production benefited the South by lifting many out of ____________________ into well-paid industrial jobs; the rural population of the South decreased by about 20%Homefront: Miscellaneous: right381000Mobilization opened up new opportunities for Mexicans, African Americans, Native Americans, and white womenThe booming wartime economy brought more than 200,000 Mexicans into the U.S. for short-term employment as farm workers Native Americans were hired to build military training centers Blacks, previously excluded from many kinds of jobs, suddenly found them open: black workers rose from 2.9 million to 3.8 million in just a few years Female labor force grew by more than 50%, reaching 19.5 million in ’45; for the first timeWomen were only hired when “all available male labor in the area had first been employed;” women bus drivers in D.C. wore badges that read: “I am taking the place of a man who went to war,” which highlights the ____________________ about women in the workplaceBy the end of the war, 75% of women workers expressed a desire to keep working, preferably at the same jobPosters like the ones pictured here were intended to show women on the homefront that they had an essential role in the war effort at homeFashions changed drastically during the war; women employed in defense plants wore ____________________ for the first time, women’s skirts were shortened, and suits for men were cuffless, to conserve fabricsFamilies struggled to deal with rationing, housing shortages, and finding child careWhat are some similarities between wartime mobilization and the homefront during WWI and II? Revisit World War I Note Guide.right2032000The American Armed Forces:During WWI, American soldiers had served in small numbers (about 2 million in an army of 5 million) and for a brief period (approximately ____ months); in WWII, 16.4 million Americans served for 4 yearsBefore the war, the U.S. armed forces consisted of a mere 200,000 men; to create the army, the ____________________—created in WWI—picked the youngest, healthiest, and best-educated menThough women were barred from combat and supervising male workers, approximately 350,000 served in WWII as nurses, photographers, or clerks; the War Department, fearing “immorality” among women in the armed forces, closely monitored their conduct and established much stricter rules for women than for menright15113000African Americans rushed to enlist, despite the fact that they would be channeled into segregated, poorly equipped units; ____________________ banks were also segregated during the war; some expressed the apparent duplicity of fighting against fascism when Jim Crow was still a reality: “It is a ____________________ of wartime goals to fight overseas against fascism only to come back to the same kind of discrimination and racism here in this country.” –Alexander J. Allen, 1942The Army Medical Corps sent doctors to the front lines to care for sick and wounded soldiers; survival rates were tremendously high, due to the use of blood plasma, which reduced the often lethal effect of shock from severe bleeding; many medics were recruited from a bank of “conscientious ____________________,” who were defined by the Selective Service as a “person who, by reason of religious training and belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form”American Prisoners of War (POWs) in Germany were treated fairly well; the Soviets would not be so lucky—Nazis viewed Russians as inferior and felt justified in harsh, at times genocidal, treatment of Soviet POWsPOWs in the Pacific were often treated poorly; in one instance, the notorious eighty-mile “Death March” through the jungles on the Bataan Peninsula in 1942, American and Filipino prisoners were beaten and denied food and waterThe march took place because there were too many prisoners to be transported to the prison camp by truck; the “only way” to get the prisoners to the camp was to make them march; a desire for retribution, as well as racist attitudes, prompted American soldiers (“GIs”) to treat Japanese prisoners far more brutally than other enemy soldiers Homosexuals in the armed forces had to keep their sexuality hidden from authorities because army officers, doctors and psychiatrists at the time viewed homosexuality as a psychological disorder that was grounds for dishonorable discharge (homosexuality was categorized as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association until _________)Famous Americans that fought whom you might know: Clark Gable (the “Gone with the Wind” movie star was Hitler’s favorite actor; he even offered a reward to any soldier who could capture him; despite the news, Gable continued to serve), Tony Bennett (accomplished stage performer and singer, helped liberate the Nazi concentration camp at Landsberg, Germany), and Yogi Berra (New York Yankees catcher, played an active role in the D-Day invasion)Race-Related Wartime Issues: For impact on Japanese Americans, see Japanese Internment Camps document“Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad:African American activists mobilized to achieve their own rights at home, drawing parallels between anti-Semitism in Germany and Jim Crow discrimination in AmericaFDR heard of a plan for March on Washington for fair housing and equal employment opportunities; in an effort to prevent the march, FDR met with black leader and activist A. Philip Randolph; together they crafted a compromise: FDR passed Executive Order 8802, banning discrimination in defense industries and government (note: armed forces would not be desegregated until 1948, under Truman)Civil rights organizations fought ____________________ practices by staging sit-ins at restaurants across the country who refused to serve African Americans Membership in the ____________________, which was founded in part by W.E.B. DuBois during the Progressive Era, increased during the war, from 50,000 in 1940 to 450,000 in 1946Several deadly race riots broke out in Detroit as a result of tension over 1) the apparent hypocrisy between fighting against oppression and racism abroad, but not at home, and 2) the increased migration of blacks from the South to the more industrial North for wartime jobsLangston Hughes, _____________________________ poet, wrote: Looky here, America, what you done done—let things drift, until the riots come. . . I ask you this question cause I want to know, how long I got to fight BOTH ___________________—AND JIM CROW. 48514007493000Do you sympathize with the Double V campaign, or do you find the connection between Hitler and Jim Crow unfair? Revisit Jim Crow American document. 38677851206500The Holocaust: The American Jewish community had been petitioning the government since the mid-1930s (when the Nazis rose to power) to suspend the immigration ___________________ to allow European Jews to take refuge in the U.S.; FDR and Congress denied their requestsAnti-Semitism was quite high in America in the 1930s, as previously discussedEven with solid evidence of Nazi genocide in 1942, FDR and Congress refused to change policy, maintaining that the best way to liberate European Jews was to ensure a total Allied victoryMajor news media treated reports of Nazi genocide as minor news items The U.S. government released little information on what came to be known as the Holocaust—the systematic extermination of ___ million Jews, 250,000 Gypsies, and 60,000 homosexuals, among othersAmerican Jews pleaded for a military strike against the rail lines leading to the notorious extermination camp in Auschwitz, Poland; FDR and Congress would not budgeThe War Department affirmed that Allied armed forces would not be employed “for the purpose of rescuing victims…unless such rescues are the direct result of military operations conducted with the objective of defeating the armed forces of the enemy;” thus, government viewed civilian rescue as a diversion from decisive military operations Record your reactions to the video about the U.S. and the Holocaust: The Yalta Conference, 1945:As the end of war approached, Allied leaders (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) met at Yalta, a Crimean resort on the Black SeaFDR had hoped the Allies would support the Atlantic Charter, a statement FDR and Churchill had crafted in 1941, before U.S. entry in the warAt Yalta, FDR realized that neither Great Britain nor the Soviet Union intended to abide by the document, as it conflicted with their economic interests and their colonial territories; instead the Allies mapped out their postwar spheres of influence; the Soviet Union would retain the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and part of Poland as a buffer zone to protect it against any future German aggression; Britain would reclaim its empire in Asia; the U.S. would hold several Pacific islands in order to monitor any military resurgence in JapanFDR also got Stalin to agree to enter into the ___________________ war, which was believed to be essential to a speedy Allied victory, since it would mean the U.S. could avoid a costly land invasion of JapanThe Allies also negotiated terms of membership in the ___________________FDR would die two months later, having just been overwhelmingly elected to a ___________________ term in 1944right1968500The Atomic Bomb:FDR’s successor, Harry Truman, learned about the successful testing of an atomic bomb in New Mexico at the Potsdam Conference, which was held near Berlin in 1945, after the surrender of GermanySoviet assistance would no longer be needed to bring the war to an end ___________________ had been advised that an invasion of Japan would cost the Allies and Axis powers about a million lives; using the A-bomb would bring the war to its quickest possible end and prevent the Soviets from invading Japan and likely taking Japanese territories themselves Truman then “warned” the Japanese, telling them that unless they surrendered, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air”The Japanese refused to surrender and all evidence pointed to Japanese determination and will to keep fightingOn August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city of 365,000 people; three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, a city of 200,000; both attacks killed about 300,000 people (radiation deaths included); for contrast, America lost 420,000 throughout the entire warMost Americans had not known about the atomic bomb until Hiroshima; they were mostly relieved that its use brought an end to the warJapanese journalists criticized the attacks as “a crime against God which strikes at the very basis of moral existence;” ___________________ and liberal journals in the U.S. also critiqued the attacks as immoral and unwarranted There is still no official evidence quantified by the War Department regarding how many lives were expected to be saved; a 1946 intelligence report actually indicated that the military believed Japan “would have capitulated upon the entry of ___________________ into the war”Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson: The Face of War is the Face of Death right6959400The policy adopted and steadily pursued by President Roosevelt and his advisors was a simple one. It was to spare no effort in securing the earliest possible successful development of an atomic weapon. The original experimental achievement of atomic fission had occurred in Germany in 1938, and it was known that the Germans had continued their experiments. In 1941 and 1942 they were believed to be ahead of us, and it was vital that they should not be the first to bring atomic weapons into the field of battle. Furthermore, if we should be the first to develop the weapon, we should have a great new instrument for shortening the war and minimizing destruction…all of us of course understood the terrible responsibility involved in our attempt to unlock the doors to such a devastating weapon…But we were at war, and the work must be done.[The Manhattan Project] unanimously adopted the recommendation to use the weapon without prior warning of the nature of the weapon. We considered such alternatives as a detailed advance warning or a demonstration in some uninhabited area. Both of these suggestions were discarded as impractical. Nothing would have been more damaging to our effort to obtain surrender than a warning or a demonstration followed by a dud – and this was a real possibility. Furthermore, we had no bombs to waste. I felt that to extract a genuine surrender from the Emperor and his military advisers, they must be administered a tremendous shock which would carry convincing proof of our power to destroy the Empire. Such an effective shock would save many times the number of lives, both American and Japanese, that it would cost. In the middle of July 1945, the intelligence section of the War Department General Staff estimated. The total strength of the Japanese Army was five million men. As we understood it in July, there was a very strong possibility that the Japanese government might determine upon resistance to the end. Allies would be faced with the enormous task of destroying an armed force belonging to a race which had already amply demonstrated its ability to fight literally to the death. We estimated that if we should continue to fight, the major fighting would not end until the latter part of 1946, at the earliest and at the expense of over a million American casualties; and if we could judge by previous experience, enemy casualties would be much larger than our own. I see too many stern and heartrending decisions to be willing to pretend that war is anything else than what it is. The face of war is the face of death; death is an inevitable part of every order that a wartime leader gives. In this last great action of the Second World War we were given final proof that war is death. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended a war. They also made it wholly clear that we must never have another war. This is the lesson men and leaders everywhere must learn, and I believe that when they learn it they will find a way to lasting peace. There is no other choice.Evaluate the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan:The War’s Aftermath:The war destroyed many cities, towns, and economies around the worldMore than 50 million soldiers and civilians were killed; 30 million were homeless—the ___________________ crisis was severe in many parts of Europe and Asia Nazi leaders were tried and found guilty of war crimes, including crimes against humanityU.S. forces occupied Japan under the leadership of MacArthur, who initiated a process of democratization by drawing up a new Japanese constitution under U.S. guidanceThe United Nations was created in 1945 to maintain peace and international order; in 1947, the UN would create the Jewish state of Israel out of what was then ___________________The allies divided Germany into ___________________ zones (will be discussed in the context of the Cold War)United States and Soviet Union emerged as world superpowers, initiating the ___________________The war led to increased anti-colonial/nationalist movements in places like ___________________, where imperialized peoples were frustrated by Allied rhetoric (insistence that the war was about democracy and self-determination—the right of all peoples to decide for themselves what government they wished to live under) vs. reality (the continued imperialism practiced by the Allied powers)Stream of refugees in Poland, 1945Chronology of Wartime Military Events for those who can’t get enough of WWII: Germany invades Poland (1939); Britain and France declare war on Germany; World War II beginsHitler employs blitzkrieg strategy, defeats Poland within a matter of weeks; Poland is divided between Germany and the Soviet Union Soviet Union becomes aggressive and defeats Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, and invades Finland; Soviets overcome Finnish resistance, capture FinlandAfter launching a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway, Hitler sweeps through the Low Countries (Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg) and strikes into France, pushing Allied troops to the seaBy summer 1940, Italy enters the war on the German side as France collapses and surrenders; Britain is left to fight aloneIn the Battle of Britain (1940-1941), Germany bombards England with a massive air assault; Britain is able to resist, forcing Hitler to call off the attacksGermany and Italy attack North Africa, hoping to secure access to the Suez Canal in Egypt and oil fields of the Middle East for the war effortIn preparation for the attack on the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa), Hitler invades and secures the BalkansHitler invades the Soviet Union (1941), seeking lebensraum for the German people; his attack is met by Soviet resistance, German forces become bogged down near MoscowHaving maintained a policy of neutrality in the early years of the war, the U.S. declares war on Japan after the attacks at Pearl Harbor (1941)Victories in the Pacific and Asia give Japan a vast empireUnder command of General Douglas MacArthur, Allies adopt “island-hopping” strategy, looking to circumvent Japanese strongholdsWith the U.S. in the war, the Allies drive the Axis Powers out of North Africa (1942-1943)By 1943, FDR and Churchill met, ruling out any possibility of negotiation with the Axis powers; FDR viewed this agreement as a promise to the world that the scourge of fascism would be completely banished; Stalin, who did not attend the meeting, criticized the policy, sensing that it would increase the enemy’s determination Soviets defeat German forces in Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943); Germany goes on defensive as Soviets begin to push enemy forces westwardAllies invade Italy (1943), push through southern Europe, capturing Rome in 1944Allied invasion of Normandy (1944), known as Operation Overlord (or D-Day), liberates France from German control and forces enemy to retreat towards GermanyNow facing a war on two fronts, Hitler launches desperate counteroffensive against allies in the west, resulting in Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945); last ditch effort to win war proves futile as Allies move closer to BerlinAs Soviet forces invade from the east, Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders (1945)As the Japanese retreat, the Allies close in on Japan, capturing the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945) To avoid a costly land invasion and “save lives,” the U.S. drops atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan surrenders (1945) ................
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