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Structure and Functions of the Human BrainThe brain is divided into two main sections (top to bottom), two hemispheres (left and right), as well as different lobes:Cerebrum – The cerebrum is the large rounded area that divides into left and right hemispheres (halves) at a fissure (deep groove). It is further divided into lobes (#2-5 below)Cerebellum – located below the cerebrumDorsal End (Rear)Frontal EndParts of the Brain and Their Functions:Cerebellum – balance, movement, coordinationFrontal Lobe – reasoning, emotions, logicOccipital Lobe – visual processingParietal Lobe – movement, orientationTemporal Lobe – hearing, speech and memoryPons – sleep, communication and coordination. It is the “bridge” between the left and right hemispheres. It also connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord.Medulla – autonomic (non-conscious) functions such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, blood vessel functions. (Diagrams of the brain in EOC, AP,SAT, FCAT and other tests may be reversed. Make sure to get the correct orientation before attempting to label the parts)Hemispheres of the BrainThe brain is also divided into two hemispheres. Even though the lobes and cerebellum are responsible for certain functions, the left and right sides of the brain also control some of these functions.The hemispheres communicate with each other through the corpus callosum (bundle of fibers between the hemispheres). Each hemisphere controls muscles and glands on the opposite side of the body. Comprising 85 percent of total brain weight, the cerebrum controls language, conscious thought, hearing, somato-sensory functions (sense of touch), memory, personality development, and vision.HemispheresDiagram of a Nerve Cell (Neuron)Recall that the brain and the rest of the nervous system are made up of nerve cells.StrokesA stroke, or cerebro-vascular accident (CVA), is the loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood supply to the brain. This can be caused by a blockage such a clot or a leakage of blood from a burst vessel. If blood supply is interrupted long enough, nerve tissue will die and the affected area of the brain cannot function.The left cerebral hemisphere controls movement of the right side of the body. A stroke affecting the left cerebral hemisphere may result in loss or impairment of motor skills on the right side of the body, and may also cause loss of speech. Conversely, a stroke to the right side of the brain will affect many motor functions of the left side of the body. ................
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