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-349250-27432000 Colegio Real de Panamá12th Grade: What is Logical Thinking? center233045Name_________________________ Number: _____ Score: ___ / 60Date: ____ /____/ 2020 Professor: Yiannis Gleglés00Name_________________________ Number: _____ Score: ___ / 60Date: ____ /____/ 2020 Professor: Yiannis Gleglés1. Logic is a discipline that studies A) the psychological processes involved in reasoning. B) the relations between beliefs that are the outcomes of reasoning. C) the brain processes involved in reasoning. 2. An inference is a relation that obtains among beliefs if and only if A) they are all true. B) they have the same content. C) one of them is supposed to follow from the other or others. 3. Whenever beliefs that are logically unrelated are said to be an inference, this is A) a failed inference. B) a strong inference. C) a weak inference. 4. An argument is A) the expression of a belief. B) a statement. C) a relation between statements. 5. What we have been calling “logical thinking” is A) formal logic. B) informal logic. C) symbolic logic. 6. The dimension of logical thinking that has cash value is A) the descriptive dimension. B) the evaluative dimension. C) the normative dimension. 7. In the descriptive dimension of logical thinking, we study A) patterns of inference and other logical relations. B) which inferences are good and which are bad. C) rules for avoiding bad reasoning and maximizing good reasoning. 8. Formal logic studies inference as a relation A) among beliefs. B) among formulas. C) among neurons in the brain. 9. A natural language is A) a language of formulas. B) a language of a population. C) a language of a computer program. 10. The parts of an argument are A) a premise or premises. B) a conclusion. C) a premise or premises and conclusion. 11. An argument in logic is A) a dispute between two hostile parties. B) a controversial claim about which persons disagree. C) a group of statements that attempt to make a supported claim. 12. A premise in an argument is A) a reason offered in support of a claim. B) what follows from certain reasons. C) the claim being made. 13. The conclusion of an argument is A) a reason offered for a certain claim. B) a relation between some reasons for a claim. C) the claim for which reasons are offered. 14. Arguments A) always have premise and conclusion indicators. B) sometimes have premise and conclusion indicators. C) never have premise and conclusion indicators. 15. “Since” is A) always a premise indicator. B) sometimes a conclusion indicator. C) sometimes a premise indicator. 16. “Therefore” is A) a mostly reliable conclusion indicator. B) a mostly reliable premise indicator. C) a mostly unreliable conclusion indicator. 17. To determine whether a passage amounts to an argument, you have to ask yourself A) does it contain a claim? B) does it contain a reason or reasons? C) does it contain a claim that’s being made and reasons to support it? 18. A premise of an argument is offered to A) support a conclusion. B) make a claim. C) raise doubts about the argument’s conclusion. 19. The number of premises in an argument is A) one premise. B) two premise. C) at least one. 20. In an unreconstructed argument, A) the premises always come last. B) the conclusion always comes last. C) the conclusion could come first, last, or between premises. 21. In a reconstructed argument, A) the premises always come last. B) the conclusion always comes last. C) the conclusion could come first, last, or between premises. 22. Evaluating an argument is A) all there is to argument analysis. B) the first step in argument analysis. C) the second step in argument analysis. 23. The expression “if and only if” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 24. The word “thus” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 25. The word “perhaps” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 26. The “as” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 27. The expression “it is not the case that” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 28. The word “suddenly” serves as A) a premise indicator B) a conclusion indicator C) neither a premise nor a conclusion indicator 29. “The conference was organized by the Turks, so the Armenians will probably not attend” has A) only a premise indicator B) only a conclusion indicator. C) neither premise nor conclusion indicators. D) both a premise and a conclusion indicator. 30. “Since Rabbi Berman has served his congregation for many years, we may therefore expect that many of them will attend the special service in his honor” has A) only a premise indicator B) only a conclusion indicator C) neither premise nor conclusion indicators D) both a premise and a conclusion indicator 31. “Horatio Nelson was a brilliant strategist, for his fleet defeated Napoleon’s at Trafalgar” has A) only a premise indicator B) only a conclusion indicator C) neither premise nor conclusion indicators D) both a premise and a conclusion indicator 32. “Admission to the bar in the United States is not automatic for law school graduates. In addition to passing the bar exam of the state where they intend to practice, candidates must also convince the state’s bar association of their moral fitness to serve” has A) only a premise indicator B) only a conclusion indicator C) neither premise nor conclusion indicators D) both a premise and a conclusion indicator 33. “Rising tuition costs at colleges and universities won't affect the wealthy who can afford to pay for their children’s education. So it is false that, in this society, we all share the burden” has A) only a premise indicator B) only a conclusion indicator C) neither premise nor conclusion indicators D) both a premise nor a conclusion indicator 34. “While I strongly believe that we are currently producing more graduates than the country actually needs, reducing the numbers through increasing student tuition seems a little harsh” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 35. “Faith in man, faith in the future, faith in the rising returns of giving, faith in the mutual benefits of trade, faith in the providence of God are all essential to successful capitalism. All are necessary to sustain the spirit of work and enterprise against the setbacks and frustrations it inevitably meets in a fallen world” (George Glider, Wealth and Poverty) is A) an argument B) a non-argument 36. “Insurance plays an important role in our nation’s economy. After all, without it, individuals, families, and corporations of all kinds would not be able to protect their assets and their futures from possible losses and damages. Being able to insure against theft, fire, flood, accidents, loss of life, and many other adversities is essential to American prosperity” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 37. “At least five attempted jail-breaks have been reported in Cairo in the past two weeks, at least three of them successful. Other attempts take place ‘every day,’ a senior Interior Ministry official said” (New York Times, May 13, 2011), is A) an argument B) a non-argument 38. “And indeed since the planets are seen at varying distances from the Earth, the center of the Earth is surely not the center of their orbits” (Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is A) an argument B) a non-argument 39. “If City Council member Jones is to win the mayor’s race then she will have to be the nominee of a major party. But Jones will not be the nominee of a major party. As a result, she will not win the mayor’s race” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 40. “Soledad O’Brien is either a TV news anchor or a newspaper reporter. Since she is not a newspaper reporter, it follows that she is a TV news anchor” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 41. “Independent trade union officials in southwestern Poland announced plans today for a general strike on Monday, and workers throughout the country were asked to stage one-hour stoppages to back demands for independent farmers’ unions” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 42. “I predict that the natural gas industry will be the next target of deregulation, for although the White House isn't ready to recommend it yet, recent statements by public officials point to gas deregulation” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 43. “In 1969 an artificial heart was installed in a human subject for the first time by Denton A. Cooley of the Texas Heart Institute. The heart, driven by compressed air, had been developed by Domingo Liotta and Charles W. Hall. It sustained life for some 64 hours until a natural heart became available and was transplanted” (Robert K. Jarvik, “The Total Artificial Heart,” Scientific American) is A) an argument B) a non-argument Answer: B 44. “During his election campaign, the president pledged repeatedly to support research for alternative energy which could improve what he sees as U.S. dependence on oil. This suggests that products such as the electric car could be available for consumption sooner than we think” is A) an argument B) a non-argument 45. The conclusion of “She likes dogs. Fido is a dog. Therefore she would like Fido” is A) She likes dogs B) Fido is a dog C) She would like Fido 46. The conclusion of “No Toshiba computers are unreliable, for we’ve studied Toshibas for years and never found an unreliable one” is A) No Toshiba computers are unreliable B) We’ve studied Toshibas for years C) We’ve found an unreliable Toshiba computer 47. The conclusion of “No one should be surprised to learn that, in India, there is growing interest in space exploration. After all, there is growing interest in China too, and Indian and China have a lot in common!” is A) No one should be surprised to learn that, in India, there is growing interest in space exploration B) There is growing interest in space exploration in China C) Indian and China have a lot in common 48. The conclusion of “Unless Katie Couric goes into publishing, she’ll stay on television. It follows that she’ll stay on television, since the publishing industry does not appeal to her” is A) Unless Katie Couric goes into publishing, she’ll stay on television B) She’ll stay on television C) The publishing industry does not appeal to her 49. The conclusion of “Most contemporary physicists accept Einstein’s relativity theory. Thus, Einstein’s theory is very likely true, since the consensus of experts on the question counts as decisive support” is A) Most contemporary physicists accept Einstein’s relativity theory B) Einstein’s theory is very likely true C) The consensus of experts on the question counts as decisive support 50. The conclusion of “That everything is a matter of opinion cannot possibly be correct, as shown by the fact that some scientific theories are true and others false” is A) That everything is a matter of opinion cannot possibly be correct B) Some scientific theories are true and others false C) Everything is a matter of opinion 51. The conclusion of “Bus advertisement in Britain: “Probably there’s no God. So stop worrying and enjoy your life” is A) Probably there’s no God B) So stop worrying and enjoy your life C) There is God 52. The conclusion of “Bus advertisement in Texas: ‘Unbelievers should repent. Because otherwise they’re going to Hell’” is A) Unbelievers should repent B) Otherwise they’re going to Hell C) Unbelievers are not going to Hell 53. “Australia uses a system of control on immigration similar to the one I’m proposing. So it's doable” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 54. “The CIA gathers intelligence in order to gain a strategic advantage over potential rivals, because that is what intelligence agencies do” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 55. “Corporations and private companies can now demand a degree before employment even when not needed because the unemployment rates are very high” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 56. “Raising taxes will hurt the economy given that with higher taxes, small business will go out of business” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 57. “The reason why we cannot sustain a large population growth is that we already have water shortages in the summer and a lack of affordable housing” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 58. “Given that we now don't produce all of our food, we have to import even more food than we did a few years ago” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 59. “This law was brought in because the authorities think they have no other means of controlling underage drinking” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional 60. “The universities pump out more graduates than jobs available. As a result, there is an employment problem in the job market” is A) an argument B) an explanation C) a conditional ................
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