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The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide among the atmosphere, the blood, and the body cells is called respiration. Respiration should not be confused with cellular respiration {the chemical reactions that take place within cells, providing energy}. The lungs serve as an area of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood. The capacity of the lungs can be measured using a clinical machine called a spirometer. Lung capacity also can be measured, although less accurately, using a balloon.OBJECTIVES:measure the resting breathing rate convert balloon measurements to volumemeasure tidal volume and vital capacity by exhaling into a ballooncalculate the amount of air inhaled/min.MATERIALS: round balloon metric ruler string (1m) clock or watch w/second handPROCEDURE:PART A: RESTING BREATHING RATEHave your partner watch you inhale and exhale while you are sitting down.Have your partner count the number of times you inhale in 30 seconds. The number of inhalations represents the number of breaths. Record the number of breaths in Table 1.Repeat step 2 two more times.Calculate the average number of breaths and record it in Table 1. Multiply the average number of breaths by 2 to get the average resting breathing rate per minute. Record the average in Table 1.PART B: TIDAL VOLUME1. Stretch a round balloon and blow it up several times to make it more elastic.2. Take a regular breath and exhale normally into the balloon. Pinch the balloon closed to prevent air from escaping.3. Have your partner fit the string around the balloon at the widest part. Do not squeeze the balloon.4. Measure the length, in centimeters, of string used to go around the balloon.5. Record the measurements in Table 2.6. Repeat steps 2-5 four more times.7. Calculate the average of the five measurements. This is the average circumference. Record the average in Table 2.8. Calculate the average radius of the balloon by dividing the average circumference by 2Л, or 6.28.9. Tidal volume is the amount of air expelled during a normal breath. Tidal volume can be determined using the balloon radius and the formula VOLUME = 4Лr? 3where r = radius and Л = 3.14. Calculate the average tidal volume using the average balloon radius. 10. Record your tidal volume in Table 2.11. Your calculate volume will be in cubic centimeters: 1 cm? = 1 mL.PART C: VITAL CAPACITY AND LUNG CAPACITY1. Take as deep a breath as possible and exhale all the air you can into the balloon. Pinch the balloon to prevent air from escaping. The largest amount of air that can be exhaled after drawing a deep breath is called vital capacity.2. Repeat steps 3 and 4 of Part B.3. Record your results in Table 3.4. Repeat steps 1-3 of Part C four more times and calculate the average circumference.5. Repeat steps 8 and 9 of Part B.6. Record your results in Table 3.7. Lung capacity is calculated by adding your vital capacity and the residual volume. Residual volume is the amount of air in your lungs that cannot be expelled and that keeps your lungs from collapsing. Residual volume is about 1,000 mL for women and 1,200 mL for men.8. Using your average vital capacity, calculate your approximate lung capacity. 9. Record your lung capacity in Table 3.PART D: AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED1. Multiply the average tidal volume from Table 2 by the average number of breaths per minute from Table 1 to calculate the amount of air you inhale per minute.2. Record this amount of air in Table 4. 3. Divide the number of milliliters of air by 1,000 to get the number of liters of air you inhale per minute.4. Record the liters of air inhaled in Table 4.DATA AND OBSERVATIONS:TABLE 1:RESTING BREATHING RATETRIALINHALATIONS IN 30 S123AVERAGEINHALATIONS PER MINUTETABLE 2:TIDAL VOLUMETRIALSTRINGMEASUREMENT12345AVERAGECIRCUMFERENCEAVERAGERADIUSAVERAGETIDALVOLUMETABLE 3:VITAL CAPACITYTRIALSTRING MEASUREMENT12345AVERAGE CIRUMFERENCEAVERAGE RADIUSAVERAGE VITAL CAPACITYAVERAGE LUNG CAPACITYTABLE 4:AMOUNT OF AIR INHALEDmL / minL / minANALYSIS:1. Define the following terms:a. Tidal Volume ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Vital Capacity _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. Residual Volume ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Compare your vital capacity with three other students. One should be the same sex as you, and the other two should be of the opposite sex. NAME VITAL CAPACITYSEX#1#2#3#43. Vital capacity is related to sex, height, and athletic training. Women have slightly lower vital capacities than men. Athletes and taller individuals have slightly higher vital capacities than non-athletes and shorter individuals. How do the results for you and three other students compare with these findings?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. What activities, besides exercise, can affect breathing rate?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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