Final Review



Final Review - Define and explain each of the following objectives:

Unit 1: The Nature of Science

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology:

- Explain what science is, what a hypothesis is

- Describe how scientist test hypotheses

- Explain how a scientific theory develops

- Describe some characteristics of living things and how life can be studied at different levels

- Describe the measurement system most scientists use

- Explain how light and electron microscopes are different and similar

- Describe 2 common laboratory techniques

- Explain why it is important to work safely in biology.

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

- Identify the 3 main subatomic particles

- Explain how isotopes of an element are similar and different

- Explain what chemical compounds are

- Describe the 2 main types of chemical bonds

- Explain why water molecules are polar

- Differentiate between solutions and suspensions

- Explain what acidic and basic solutions are.

- Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds

- Explain how chemical reactions affect bonds in compounds, and how energy changes affect chemical reactions

- Explain why enzymes are important to living things

Unit 2: Ecology

Chapter 3: The Biosphere

- Identify the levels of organization and the methods that ecologists use.

- Identify the source of energy for life processes

- Trace the flow of energy through living systems

- Evaluate the efficiency of energy transfer among organisms in an ecosystem

- Explain how matter cycles among living and non-living things in an ecosystem

- Explain why nutrients are important in living systems

- Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems

Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities

- Identify the causes of climate change

- Explain how Earth’s temperature range is maintained

- Identify Earth’s three main climate zones

- Explain how biotic/ abiotic factors influence an ecosystem

- Identify interactions that occur within communities

- Describe how ecosystems recover from disturbance

- Explain what microclimates are

- Identify the characteristics of major land biomes

- Identify the factors that govern aquatic ecosystems

- Identify the two types of freshwater ecosystems

- Describe the characteristics of the marine zones

Chapter 5: Populations

- List the characteristics used to describe a population

- Identify factors that affect population size

- Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth

- Identify factors that limit population growth

- Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors

- Describe how the size of the human population has changed over time

- Explain why population growth rates differ in countries throughout the world

Chapter 6: Humans in the Biosphere

- Describe human activities that can affect the biosphere

- Explain how environmental resources are classified

- Identify the characteristics of sustainable development

- Describe how human activities affect land, air, and water resources

- Define biodiversity and explain its value

- Identify current threats to biodiversity

- Describe the goal of conservation biology

- Describe two types of global change that are of concern to biologist

Unit 2: Cells and Energy

Chapter 7: Cell structure and Function

- Explain what the cell theory is

- Distinguish between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

- Describe the function of the major cell organelles

- Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall

- Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

- Describe cell specialization

- Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis

- Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food.

- Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities

- State the overall equation of photosynthesis

- Describe the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis

- Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts

- Describe what happens during the light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

- Identify factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

Chapter 9: cellular Respiration

- Explain what cellular respiration is

- Describe what happens during the process of glycolysis

- Name the 2 main types of fermentation

- Describe what happens during the Krebs Cycle

- Explain how high-energy electrons are used by the ETC

- Identify 3 pathways the body uses to release energy during exercise

- Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division

- Explain the problems that growth causes for cells, and how cell division solves these problems

- Describe what happens during the main events of cell division

- Describe how the cell cycle is regulated and name some regulators

- Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells

Unit 3: Genetics

Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics

- Summarize Mendel’s conclusions about inheritance

- Explain the principle of dominance

- Describe what happens during segregation

- Describe how genetics use the principles of probability and Punnett squares

- Explain the principle of independent assortment

- Describe other inheritance patterns

- Explain how Mendel’s principles apply to other organisms

- Summarize the events of meiosis

- Contrast meiosis and mitosis

- Identify the structures that actually assort independently

Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

- Summarize the relationship between genes and DNA

- Describe the structure of DNA

- Summarize the events of DNA replication

- Relate the DNA molecule to chromosome structure

- Tell how RNA differs from DNA

- Name the 3 main types of RNA

- Describe transcription and editing of RNA

- Identify the genetic code

- Summarize translation

- Explain the relationship between genes and proteins

- Contrast gene mutations and chromosomal mutations

- Describe a typical gene

- Describe how lac genes are turned on and off

- Explain how must eukaryotic genes are controlled

- Relate gene regulation to development.

Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

- Explain the purpose of selective breeding

- Describe two techniques used in selective breeding

- Explain why breeders try to induce mutations

- Explain how scientists manipulate DNA

- Describe the usefulness of transgenic organisms

- Summarize the main steps in cloning

▪ Chapter 14: THE HUMAN GENOME:

                           -    Identify the types of human chromosomes in a karyotype.

- Explain how sex is determined.

- Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits.

- Describe how natural selection is used in artificial selection.

- Explain how small changes in DNA cause genetic disorders.

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UNIT 5- EVOLUTION:

▪ Chapter 15:  DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION  

                           -    Describe the pattern Darwin observed among organisms of the

                                  Galapagos Islands.

- State how Hutton and Lyell described geological change

- Describe Malthus’ theory of population growth

- Describe how natural selection is used in artificial selection.

- Explain how natural selection is related to species' fitness.

- State Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

▪  Chapter 16:  EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS

                           -   Explain what a gene pool is.

- Identify the main sources of inheritable variation in a population.

- State what determines how a phenotype is expressed.

- Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.

- Describe genetic drift.

- List the five conditions to maintain genetic equilibrium.

- Identify the condition necessary for a new species to evolve.

- Chapter 17: The History of Life

- Describe the fossil record

- Compare relative dating and radioactive dating

- Describe the early Earth environment

- Explain what Miller and Urey's experiments showed.

- Identify some of the main evolutionary steps in the early evolution of life

- Identify important patterns of macroevolution

▪ Chapter 18:  CLASSIFICATION

                           -    Explain how living things are organized.

- Describe binomial nomenclature.

- Explain how evolutionary relationships are important in classification.

- Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis.

- Explain how we can compare very dissimilar organisms.

- Name the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified.

- Describe the 3-domain system of classification.

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UNIT 6- MICROORGANISMS AND FUNGI:

• Chapter 19: BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

                           -    Explain how the 2 groups of Prokaryote differ.

- Describe the factors used to identify prokaryotes.

- Explain why bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world.

- Describe the structure of a virus.

- Explain how viruses cause infection.

- Explain how bacteria cause disease.

- Describe how bacterial growth can be controlled.

- Explain how viruses cause disease.

• Chapter 20: PROTISTS

                           -    Explain what a protist is.

- Describe the major phyla of animallike protists.

- Explain how animallike protists harm other living organisms.

- Describe the function of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in algae.

- Describe the major phyla of unicellular algae.

- Summarize the ecological role of unicellular algae.

• Chapter 21: FUNGI

                           -    Identify the defining characteristics of fungi.

- Describe the main structures of a fungus.

- Explain what the ecological role of fungi is.

- Describe the problems that parasitic fungi cause.

- Describe the kinds of mutualistic relationships that fungi form with other organisms.

UNIT 7- PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:

• Chapter 22:  PLANT DIVERSITY

                           -    Explain what a plant is.

- Describe what plants need to survive.

- Describe how the first plants evolved.

- Bryophytes: describe their adaptation, the 3 groups, how they reproduce.

- Seedless vascular Plants: explain how vascular tissue is important to ferns and their relatives, describe the 3 phyla, and identify the stages in the life cycle of ferns.

- Seed Plants: describe their reproductive adaptations, their evolution, identify the 4 groups of gymnosperms.

- Angiosperms: identify their characteristics, explain what monocots and dicots are, and describe the 3 different life spans of angiosperms.

• Chapter 23:  ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES

                           -    Describe the organs and tissues of vascular plants.

- Identify the specialized cells of vascular tissue.

- Contrast meristematic tissue with other plant tissues.

- Describe the 3 main types of roots.

- Identify the tissues and structures in a mature root.

- Describe the different functions of roots.

- Describe the 3 main functions of stems.

- Contrast monocot and dicot stems.

- Explain how primary and secondary growths occur in stems.

- Describe how the structure of a leaf enables it to carry out photosynthesis.

- Describe how gas exchange takes place in a leaf.

- Explain how water is transported throughout a plant.

- Describe how the products of photosynthesis are transported throughout the plant.

• Chapter 24: REPRODUCTION OF SEED PLANTS

- Identify the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms

- Explain how pollination and fertilization differ between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

- Describe the development of seeds and fruits.

- Explain how seeds are dispersed.

- List the factors that influence the dormancy and germination of seeds.

• Chapter 25: PLANT RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS

- Summarize how plants are adapted to different environments.

- Describe how plants obtain nutrients.

- Explain how plants use chemical defenses.

UNIT 8- Invertebrates

• Chapter 26:

• List the characteristics that all animals share

• Describe the essential functions that animals carry out

• Identify the important trends in animal evolution

• Chapter 29:

• Describe the major trends in invertebrate evolution

• Describe how different invertebrate phyla carry out their essential life functions

• Chapter 30:

• Identify the characteristics that all chordates share.

• Explain what vertebrates are.

Unit 9 - Vertebrates

• Chapter 33:

• Explain what the roots of the chordate family tree are

• Summarize a main trend in evolution of chordates

• Explain how the control of body temperature is an important aspect of vertebrate life

• Contrast ectotherms with endotherms

• Describe how the organ systems of the different groups of chordates carry out essential life functions

Unit 10 The Human Body

• Chapters 35:

- Describe the structures and functions of:

- Nervous system

- Integumentary system

- Respiratory system

- Skeletal system

- Muscular system

- Digestive and excretory systems

- Circulatory system

- Endocrine and reproductive systems

- Lymphatic and immune systems.

- Define Homeostasis.

   -    Explain negative feedback.

- Explain positive feedback.

- Describe the functions of the central nervous system and the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

• Chapters 36:

                      -    Describe the structure of a typical bone and explain how bones develop

                              -    Describe the three types of muscle tissues.

                              -    Explain how muscles contract.

                              -    Explain why exercise is important.

                              -    Describe the structure of hair and nails.  

• Chapter 37:

• Identify the functions and structures of the circulatory system

• Name the three types of blood vessels

• explain the functions of red and white blood cells and plasma cells

• describe the role of the lymphatic system

• describe respiration and the function of the respiratory system

• explain how smoking affects the respiratory system

• Chapter 38

• explain how food provides energy

• identify and describe the functions of the organs of the digestive system

• identify the functions of the kidneys

• explain how blood is filtered

• Chapter 39

• State the function of the endocrine system

• describe hormones and glands

• explain how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis

• identify the functions of the major endocrine glands

• explain the functions of the male and female reproductive systems

• Chapter 40

• identify the causes of disease

• explain how infectious diseases are transmitted

• describe how antibiotics fight infection

• identify the body's nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens

• describe the function of the immune system

• explain what an autoimmune disease is

• describe how HIV is transmitted and affects the immune system

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