APUSH



Colonial Settlement

1606-1682

1. Motives for English Colonization

A. Religious Motives. The Protestant Reformation:

1. Made Englishmen anxious to convert American natives before they were won to Catholicism by Spain:

2. Created numerous dissenting sects whose members were eager to move to the colonies where they could worship as they please.

B. Social Motives

1. Overcrowding at home - the enclosure of farm fields for sheep growing and the influx of American bullion increased food prices fourfold between 1500-1600, wages staying the same as there were many laborers competing for jobs.

2. Desire for Adventure - Richard Hakluyt great propagandist for overseas expansion.

C. Economic Motives

1. Need for outlets for capital - England's commercial and industrial expansion had created a surplus of capital for which there was no market.

2. Need for raw materials/need for markets - nations at the time forbade imports in order to protect their gold supply.

2. Founding of the Southern Colonies. (The Chesapeake Coast1600-1660)

A. The Virginia Company (operated as a joint-stock company)

The Charter of 1606 - Two groups of merchants in London and Plymouth applied for charters authorizing them to plant colonies. Each colony was to be governed by a local council, appointed by a royal council in England whose members were named by the king.

1. Plymouth colony (1607) unsuccessful off the coast of Maine

2. Jamestown (1607-1612)

a) Religion

b) Profit

B. Jamestown

1. Early years unprofitable and harsh conditions; (no gold, trade with Indians was illusive, disease, dysentery, malaria, and malnutrition ravaged the colonists.)

2. Between 1607-1609 more than 900 men arrived, only 60 survived.

C. Reasons for near failure

1. Inadequacies of colonists (unproductive mix)

2. A mix of skilled workers, unskilled servants, and inexperienced gold seeking adventurers.

3. Majority men

4. Adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions.

5. Lack of "frontier technique" which would have allowed the colonists to pick a healthier site for Jamestown to utilize the riches of nature.

6. Were not able to subdue and subjugate the native population

Powhatan Indians - (20,000) 40 different tribes throughout the Chesapeake.

7. No army; no priests

8. Very poor relations

9. Inefficient management

10. The "starving time" - a constant supply of new colonists sent by the company was needed to keep the colony alive. Harsh winters led to crop failure in turn led to malnutrition and disease, dysentery, and starvation.

D. Reorganized company (1609) John Smith provides leadership

1. Free land offered at the end of 7 yrs. working for the company to entice settlers to immigrate to Virginia.

2. Virginia under company rule. Success of the Virginia Colony

1612-1624.

E. Tobacco--Jamestown 1612 (John Rolfe) introduced in the Chesapeake; cultivation of tobacco spread rapidly throughout the region.

1. By 1618, 50 acres off free land was offered to come to the colony.

2 Between 1610-1622, 9,000 colonists crossed the pacific.

3 1616-1619 - land was divided among private owners, incentive and production mounted until the colony was self-supporting.

4. 1619 first legislature established

5 By 1624, 200,000 lbs. shipped trans Atlantic from the colonies. In 1638, it reached 3 million lbs. causing a depression in prices.

F. Created a need for a reliable source of cheap labor.

1. Indentured servants (1600's 4 out of every 5 colonists coming to Virginia and Maryland; 1 in 20 realized their dream of becoming free.) "headright"- 50 acres of property for anyone paying an indentured servants trans

E. Atlantic passage.

1. Males between 15-24 yrs.

2. Lower wrungs of social order. (unemployed, political prisoners, petty criminals)

3. Brutal work, harsh life, bought, traded, sold as property.

4. Africa slaves.

G. Large estates and plantations (insatiable need for more and more land, profit) production grew which intern spurred population growth.

1. Tobacco production exhausts soils nutrients.

2. Encroachment on Indian land.

3. Inevitable contact with the native population.

H. Indian Wars - 1622 Good Friday 1/4 of Jamestown colony destroyed by Indian attack.

1. Bankrupt the Virginia Company.

2. Charter annulled and royal government established.

I. Royal charter established a Royal colony; allowed the elected legislative body established in 1622 to continue to function as a House of Burgesses that made laws in concert with the royal governor and his council named by the king.

1. Fortified the determination of surviving planters to pursue a ruthless new Indian policy. Idea of a "perpetual enemy".

2. Lead to wars in 1644 and 1675 with Chesapeake Indians.

3. Proprietary Maryland (1634)

A. Founded to establish a religious refuge for Catholics (oppressed in Europe) and a new world version of English manorial life. (large estates, provincial nobles, semi aristocrats)

1. Cecilius Calvert received a charter originally issued to his father, Lord Baltimore.

2. It guaranteed proprietors control over all branches of government as well as the right to dispose of all lands as the proprietor saw fit. Give up immediately as well as the manorial system due to demands of colonists; laws subject to the advise and consent of the community.

3. A legislature was soon called and self government introduced. The governor and the

council were appointed by the proprietor and the assembly was elected by the people.

4. Peasants took up free land and imported indentured servants.

5 Maintained generally peaceful relations with the natives.

6. Began to grow tobacco and govern themselves.

7. Rise of social class based on the economy of the tobacco trade.

a). 1650 - 600 / 1700 - 33,000 pop.

8. Toleration Act of 1649 - granted freedom of worship to all those who accepted the divinity of Christ.

4. Daily life on the Chesapeake

difficult existence, uncertain, volatile economy

*average life expectancy 43

high infant mortality rate

3:1 men to women ratio

disease(small pox, malaria, tuberculosis, yellow fever)

primitive, simple housing; not many possessions( any profits went into labor or their land)

fragmented family life( land of immigrants not of families); fluid ,migratory culture; insatiable social life further increased by large numbers of indentured servants.

social institutions: churches and schools took root very slowly.

Four generations would go by on the Chesapeake settlements before the frontier quality of life slowly gave way to more refined living.

5. Founding of the New England Colonies (1620-1660)

A. The New England colonies were founded for both economic and religious purposes.

1. The Puritans intended to not only to purify the church of England but reform of society as well, distressed at the degeneration of the times

2. The growth of turbulent cities, the increase of wondering poor, rising prices, freedom of restraints, disregard for community.

3. Religious and political persecution in England.

4. Believed in a social ethic stressing work as a primary way of serving God. This "work ethic" would banish idleness and impart discipline and purpose throughout the community, organized themselves into religious congregations in which each member for personal salvation but supported all others in their quest.

5. Sense of mission; assumed responsibility for all those "unconverted" around them.

B. Puritan Predecessors in New England: Pilgrims (1620); obtained a grant from the Virginia Company and financial backing of a number of London merchants.

Mayflower arrived at the northern tip of Cape Cod in November

William Bradford/Pilgrim settlement

Separatists - rather than reform the church of England they wanted to be left alone to realize their radical vision of a pure and primitive life.

The Mayflower Compact - the Pilgrims realized they were occupying lands that they had no title to; to protect themselves from eviction, and provide a system of government, they signed a pact that bound each to obey majority will.

a). First in a series of "squatters agreements"

b). 1621 obtained patent to the land from the Council for New England, which succeeded the Virginia Company as owners of the land.

c). 1627 - the colony was self-sufficient and out of debt.

6. The Massachusetts Bay Company

A. a group of Puritan businessmen secured from the Council for New England a grant to the area between the Charles and Merrimac Rivers (1628), and immediately established a trading post at Salem. Several Puritan leaders noting that the charter did not force the company to hold its meetings in England, recognized an opportunity to found a colony that would be virtually self-governing. Led by John Winthrop(who was chosen governor), they signed the Cambridge Agreement(1629) binding themselves to migrate to America.

B. Migration to Massachusetts(1630) 1,000 followers

1. Between 1630 -1640, the "Great Migration", 25,000.

C. Intention to establish communities of pure Christians who collectively swore a covenant with God to work for his ends.

1. Emphasis was on homogeneous communities where the good of the group outweighed individual interests.

D. Built a sound economy based on agriculture, fishing, timbering, and fur trade.

E. Elements of self-government were constructed

1. Theocracy that would allow the state to force all people to live and worship in an orthodox way. *the charter vested control in the freemen (stockholders) who were authorized to elect eighteen "assistants(board of directors), and a governor(president).

F. Democratic beginnings - (1634), elect deputies from each town to meet with the assistants to levy taxes and make all new laws. The government was far from democratic however, as only selected church members were admitted to the ranks of freemen.

1. Tax supported school system / printing press

7. Establishment of other New England Colonies

A. Rhode Island

1. Effects of Puritan intolerance. The undemocratic government of Massachusetts bred a whole series of rebels who founded other New England colonies.

2. Roger William (Providence, RI.), who was banished in 1635 for stating that the government had no authority over the personal habits and opinions of individuals.

3. Anne Hutchinson (Portsmouth, RI.) who was expelled in 1637 for criticizing certain Boston clergymen. The followers of these two rebels founded Rhode Island. Religious and civil freedom were extended to all settlers. Rhode Island Charter(1644)

B. Connecticut

River towns (1636, Hartford, Windsor, Springfield)

New Haven Colony (1637)

United as a colony of Connecticut under a charter issued by the king in 1662. A liberal frame of government allowed almost complete self rule.

C. Maine and New Hampshire

Reverend John Wheelright - Exeter NH (1638)

Royal colony (1679).

9. Massachusetts Bay Colony Daily Life

Puritans planted small, tightly settled villages

open field / closed field" agriculture/grazed their cattle on common meadows.

small tightly controlled, uniformed communal villages.

family settled and oriented(kinship networks from England)

women had a vital role in society.

substantial housing and permanent structures.

stress on literature and education.

rapid population growth

To combat the gradual dispersion of the English settlers and colonial settlements, Puritan leaders established a broad inter colonial political structure in 1643 called the Confederation of New England.

Coordinate government among the various Puritan settlements, and to provide greater protection against the French, Dutch, and Indians.

10. Proprietary New York and Carolina

New Netherlands est. by Dutch in 1624. (The Dutch West India Company on Hudson River)

Dutch merchant fleet controlled most of the trans Atlantic commerce.

1652-1675 the Dutch and English battled for control of the emerging world wide capitalist economy. The Dutch eventually dislodged from the North American mainland.

The king made a proprietary grant to James, duke of York, (king's brother); New York formed out of New Netherland and the former Dutch colonies on the Delaware River. The southern portion was partitioned as gifts to two of the king's friends. This eventually led into the division of two colonies. East New Jersey (adjacent to New York), and West New Jersey, (adjacent to Pennsylvania), which was latter sold to a group of Quakers, William Penn being one. In 1701 the two were united as the royal colony of New Jersey.

The new English colony, (NY), retained much of its ethnic identity; spoke their native language, worshipped in the Dutch reformed Calvinist churches, perpetuated Dutch architecture, for the most part made peace with their new rulers who ruled with an iron fist.

Extreme mix of ethnic cultures left over from the Dutch colonial days. Three major groups emerged, the Dutch, French Huguenots, and the English

11. Proprietary Carolina (1663)

King Charles II granted a vast territory of land to a group of Loyalists who had helped him when he was in exile. Its boundaries extended from coast to coast and from Virginia to central Florida.

To attract colonists they offered generous tracts of land to settlers for free.

Offered religious freedom

grafted plans for a semi medieval government that provided themselves (local lords and nobility) with a monopoly of political power.

Architects of Carolina , which included John Locke, intent, reacting to a generation of violence and radical social experimentation in England during the civil war(1642-1649), was to guarantee a social and political stability in the southern regions of the wild North American continent.

Most of the settlers came from the rugged sugar and tobacco plantations in Virginia and the Wrest Indies ignored proprietary regulations about settling in compact rectangular squares reserving every 2/5's of every county for an appointed nobility.

Refused to accept proprietor's Fundamental Constitutions in 1667 and ignored the governor appointed in England.

Indian relations were nonexistent except for a few fur trading outposts; Carolina's began capturing the Indians for sale as slaves in New England and the West Indies. *series of Indian wars deplete the coastal native tribes.

Carolina Society

Religious and ethnic diversity caused tension (fierce competition, brutal race relations, and stunted social institutions)

Rice, cattle, tobacco and sugar became staple exports for the economy.

Reliance of slave labor

Like Virginia and Maryland the population growth rate was slow do to disease and lack of family influence.

1680 4/5's of South Carolina was white; 1720 black slaves had out numbered whites 2:1.

(1701) North and South Carolina became separate colonies.

North Carolina society emerged around small family run tobacco plantations, livestock grazing, foodstuffs production and timber.

Slavery took root very slowly

Healthier climate settled by families.

12. Founding of Pennsylvania (1681)

A. Grant of proprietary rights to the region along the Delaware to William Penn. Penn a wealthy English Quaker was interested in a government guaranteeing both religious and political freedom. In The Frame of Government (1682) and a Charter of Privileges (1701) he decreed complete freedom of worship and a democratic government which most power was vested in a one-house elected legislature. In no other colony did the people enjoy such freedom

B. Quakers

1) Society of Friends, Quakers, emerged as one of the many radical religious sects to come out of the English civil war searching for a more just and purer religion.

2). Believed that every person could find grace though the "inward light", a spark of redemption that resided in each of us unaided by clergy, ministers, or other human devises; the lone individual.

3). Discarded the ideas of original sin and predestination.

4). Egalitarian society

5). Renounced the use of force in human affairs/pacifism/civil disobedience

6). Equality of women within the church and society

7). High sense of mission to convert the rest of the world to their beliefs.

C. Nature of population - Penn's tolerance attracted settlers from all over Europe to Philadelphia; others were lured by his advertising in Germany and elsewhere. By 1689 Pennsylvania's population of 12,000 was the most cosmopolitan in America. the colony prospered from the first.

1. 1682 Penn purchased Delaware from the duke of York to protect the water route to Pennsylvania. Delaware was given an assembly of its own in 1702, but remained under control until the revolution.

13. Significance of Early Colonization

A. Freedom of Worship

B. Freedom of Political Thought

C. Freedom of Economic opportunity

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