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Jacksonian Democracy Test Date:

America and Foreign Policy

-Rush Bagot Agreement (1817) – Limited the naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada.

-Convention of 1818 – A treaty that set the border between the United States and Canada at the 49°N latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

-Adams – Onis Treaty – Signed in 1819 by the United States and Spain.

– Spain gave the US East Florida

– The US gave up its claims to what is now Texas

The Monroe Doctrine

-Issued by Pres. James Monroe in 1823.

- It said:

- US would not interfere in the affairs of European nations

- The US would recognize and not interfere with colonies that already existed in N and S hemispheres

- No new colonizing allowed in W hemisphere by other nations

- US would consider any European power’s attempt to colonize or interfere with nations in the W hemisphere to be a hostile act.

Henry Clay and the American System

-Henry Clay – US Representative from Kentucky (former Warhawk).

-American System – Developed by Clay to promote a strong national economy.

– Pushed for the bank to provide a single currency (like we have today)

– It was a series of measures intended to make the US economically self-sufficient.

– Cumberland Road – 1st road built by the Federal Government

– Erie Canal – allowed goods and people to move between Lake Erie and New York City.

Era of Good Feelings – Period from 1815 to 1825 when the United States enjoyed an era of peace, pride and progress. James Monroe was president during this time. There was a rising sense of nationalism.

-Even during the Era of Good Feelings, there were disagreements between different regions of the country. This is known as sectionalism and it threatened the Union.

Three Regions Emerge:

-North

– Economy based on trade and manufacturing

– Supported tariffs

– Opposed selling federal land at cheap prices

-South

– Economy based on agriculture (cash crops)

– Opposed high tariffs

– Relied on enslaved Africans to work the plantations

-West

– Economy was just beginning, based on settlement and agriculture.

– Supported internal improvements and the sale of public land

-A disagreement arose in 1819 when Missouri applied to become a state.

– 11 Free States

– 11 Slave States

Adding a new slave state would give the South more power in Congress.

Missouri Compromise

-Developed by Henry Clay. (Clay = Compromise)

-Settled the conflict that had arisen from Missouri’s application for statehood.

-Terms of the Compromise

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state

• Maine would be admitted as a free state (so that the number of slave and free states would be equal)

• Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of the 36°30‘ latitude (Missouri’s southern border).

Jacksonian Democracy- period of expanding democracy. Many states eliminated the requirement that men must own property to vote.

Election of 1828

-The Democratic Party was formed from supporters of Andrew Jackson.

-Jackson wins the election of 1828. His victory is viewed as a win for the common people.

-Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with governmental jobs. This practice is called the spoils system.

-Jackson relied on his “Kitchen Cabinet”. This was an informal group of trusted advisers who sometimes met in the White House kitchen.

Nullification Crisis

-Tariff of Abomination – Before Jackson took office, Congress placed a high tariff on imports that made Southerners angry.

-Most southerners supported the State Rights Doctrine which stated that since the states had formed the national government, state power should be greater than federal power.

-Southern Vice President John C. Calhoun believed states had the right to nullify (reject) any federal law that they judged to be unconstitutional. This was called the Nullification crisis.

-Jackson was against nullification, but concerned about the economy in the South.

-Henry Clay proposed a compromise that lowered the “Tariff of Abominations” to help appease tension between the North and South states.

-The Northern and Southern states continue to disagree on States’ Rights for years to come.

Jackson Attacks the Bank

-In 1816, the Second Bank of the United States received a 20-year charter.

-Nicholas Biddle, the bank’s director, pushed for another renewal of the bank’s charter in 1832.

-Jackson opposed the Bank of the United States. Jackson proclaimed, “I will kill it”.

-When Congress sent him legislation to renew the Bank’s charter Jackson vetoed it.

-He believed it was an unconstitutional extension of the power of Congress

-The Bank was challenged and an important Supreme Court case, McCulloch vs. Maryland ruled that the National Bank was constitutional.

-When Congress sent him legislation to renew the Bank’s charter Jackson vetoed it.

-This did not help the economy and caused inflation, but Jackson was able to lower the national debt.

-Jackson used veto power to strengthen the Executive Branch.

Indian Removal

-President Jackson and other leaders wanted to open up lands in the west to settlement by American farmers.

-With pressure from Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It Authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West.

-They were forced to move to Indian Territory which is in modern day Oklahoma.

-A new government agency, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to manage Indian removal to western lands.

- The Choctaw were the first removed from their land. They experienced a disastrous winter trip and 1/4 of the Choctaw died. (of cold, disease, and starvation)

-News of the Choctaw’s hardships led other tribes to resist removal.

-The Cherokee believe they could prevent conflict and avoid removal by adopting the culture of the white people.

-Schools were set up to teach the Cherokee the English language.

-The Cherokee even developed their own government modeled after the U.S. Constitution.

- Despite this, adopting the white culture did not protect the Cherokee.

-The Cherokee sued the state and the case went to the Supreme Court.

-In Worcester v. Georgia the Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of GA had no force.

-GA ignored the ruling and Jackson took no action. Andrew Jackson’s presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land was broken when he choose not enforce the court’s ruling. (American citizens did NOT protest this.)

-Jackson said “John Marshall made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

The Trail of Tears

-U.S. troops began to remove all Cherokee to the Indian Territory in 1838. The Cherokee’s 800-mile forced march became known as the Trail of Tears.

-During the march they suffered from disease, starvation, and harsh weather. 1/4 of the 18,000 (4,500) died.

Personal Accounts

-Letter from Jenny, a Cherokee girl, just before her removal:

March 10, 1838

Beloved Martha, I have delayed writing to you so long…..If we Cherokee are to be driven to the west by the cruel hand of oppression to seek a new home in the west, it will be impossible…..It is thus all our rights our invaded.

Recollection of a survivor of the Trail of Tears

-“Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave Old Nation. Women cry and made sad wails, children cry and many men cry……..but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much.”

Election of 1836

-A new political party formed in 1834 to oppose Jackson called the Whig Party.

-They named themselves after an English party that opposed the monarchy to make the point that Jackson was using his powers like a king.

- In the 1836 election, Jackson chooses not to run. Democrats nominated Martin Van Buren to run for President. The Whigs nominated four men to challenge him. Van Buren won.

Panic of 1837

-This severe economic depression caused by Jackson’s banking policies and inability to reverse the inflation.

-People blamed Van Buren for these economic problems because they occurred shortly after he took office.

Election of 1840

-The Whig party united behind their candidate William Henry Harrison. He wins the election and becomes the next President. (Tippecanoe and Tyler too!)

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