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Equipment Capabilities Appendix

Figure A8.1 Comparison of Production Estimates Using Different Cycle time Equations

Figure A8.1 Illustrates the difference in the results of various cycle equations. The Penn Peters method uses the equation T (min/turn) = 4.443 + 0.00163AYD. The TTY6170 line is derived from the Skyap 97 program.

A New Approach to Yarding Cost Analysis by: Penn A. Peters

1974 Skyline Logging Symposium edited by Jen Jorgenson

Table 8A.1 Penn Peters Equation

|AYD = 700 feet |

|Average cycle time: C |efficiencies |# |#/effic. |

|OH = 0.0388 + 0.0006475(AYD) |0.958 |0.49205 |0.513622 |

|HK = 2.119 |0.824 |2.119 |2.571602 |

|IH = 0.06258 + 0.00087(AYD) |0.913 |0.67228 |0.736342 |

|UH = 1.365 |0.772 |1.365 |1.768135 |

|Total | |4.64833 |5.589701 |

|C = 4.443 + 0.00163 AYD | | |5.584 |

This table shows equations Penn Peters used to develop his regression equation. OH is the outhaul equation, HK is the choker setting time, IH is the inhaul equation, and UH is the unhook the chokers at the landing time. Efficiencies is confidence this number will occur, and # is the number generated if the AYD = 700 feet. The last column is the # divided by the efficiency. These numbers compare with the number generated by regression equation for AYD = 700 feet.

The time to unhook the chokers can be extremely variable. In the Penn Peter’s equations it is the one with the lowest confidence level. This make sense since the this time could vary due to landing area size, log length (long log or tree length), or poor hook. The choker setting time is the next time constant, it can vary according to extreme variations in log diameter, log density, terrain, or number of choker setters. The inhaul and outhaul times overall are mostly related to machine capacities and vary much less overall.

Figure 8A.2 Production Comparison

This chart compares the production with different payloads and external yarding distances using Penn Peter’s equation.

Table 8A. Abbreviated Excel Sheet

Table 8A.2 is an abbreviated output of the Excel sheet used to determine preliminary cost analysis. Inputs needed from PLANS are number of profiles used in analysis, number of profiles per payload and tailhold category, average length of profiles per payload and tailhold category, PLANS acres covered by proposed settings, actual planning area acres, maximum lateral yarding distance, total scheduled time, weight (lbs.) per MBF, volume per acre, and turn weight.

Yarder Specifications

Table 8A.3 Thunderbird TTY 6170 Tower Yarder with 70 ft. tower

|Drum Capacity |Line |Line |SWL |Breaking |Line Speed |Line |

|Drum (feet) |Diameter. |Weight |(kips) |Strength | |Pull |

|Skyline |2000 |1 1/8 |2.34 |43.3 |130.0 |1135-3054 |111,010 |

| |2500 |1 |1.85 |34.5 |103.4 | | |

|Main |2100 |7/8 |1.42 |26.5 |79.6 |1204-3503 |57,370 |

| |2700 |3/4 |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 | | |

|Haulback |4400 |3/4 |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 |1280-3536 |52,130 |

|Slackpull |3100 |1/2 |0.46 |8.9 |26.6 |1536-4243 |6,820 |

|Straw |4500 |3/8 |0.26 |5.0 |15.1 | | |

|5 Guylines |220 |7/8 |1.42 |Operating Weight |115,000 lbs. |

430 horsepower CAT 3406; Mounted on D-7 undercarriage; Track length 17 ft., width 12 ft.

Table 8A.4 Thunderbird TSY 6155 Swing Yarder with 57 ft. tower

|Drum Capacity |Line |Line |SWL |Breaking |Line Speed |Line |

|Drum (feet) |Diameter. |Weight |(kips) |Strength | |Pull |

|Main |2000 |3/4 |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 |1715-2340 |58,740 |

|Haulback |2000 |¾ |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 |2290-2985 |45,970 |

|Slackpull |2000 |3/4 |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 |1715-2340 |58.740 |

|Straw |4000 |3/4 |1.04 |5.0 |15.1 | | |

|3 Guylines |125 |1 1/8 |2.34 |Operating Weight |100,000 lbs. |

325 horsepower CAT 3406; Mounted on D-5 undercarriage. Track length 16 ft., width 12 ft.

Table 8A.5 Koller 501 Thinning Yarder with 40 ft. tower

|Drum Capacity |Line |Line |SWL |Breaking |Line Speed |Line |

|Drum (feet) |Diameter. |Weight |(kips) |Strength | |Pull |

|Skyline |1600 |3/4 |1.04 |19.6 |58.8 | |15,875 |

|Main |1800 |1/2 |0.46 |8.9 |26.6 |1220 |8,157 |

|Haulback |2900 |7/16 |0.35 |6.8 |20.4 | | |

|Straw | | | | | | | |

|4 Guylines |145 |3/4 |1.04 |Operating Weight |17,640 lbs. |

118 horsepower; Mounted on Trailer.

Tailholds and Stump Anchors

Tailhold Stumps: This table can be used as a guide to determine minimum required tailhold stump size. In a phone conversation with Sam Drill of Oregon Occupational Safety and Health on April 3, 1998, he suggested this table might be used as guide, but for each individual case the hooktender will have to make an on site determination whether the stump had a sound undisturbed root system and if the stump is suitable. Also, in some cases, multiple stumps or tieback stumps may be required.

Table 8A.6 Table 6-8 Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 437; p. 67

from Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Code effective Jan. 1992

| |Wire Rope |Wire Rope Breaking Strength | |

|Cable Type |Size in Inches |(EIPS) |Anchor Tree DBH |

|Mainline or Skyline over |1-1/8 |Over 130,000 lbs. |Over 24 |

|Mainline or Skyline |1-1/8 |130,000 lbs. Or less |Over 18 |

|Mainline or Skyline |1 |103,400 lbs. Or less |12 or greater |

|Running Skyline |7/8 | 79,600 lbs. Or less |18 or greater |

|Running Skyline |3/4 | 58,800 lbs. or less |12 or greater |

Table 8A.7 Recommended Minimum Diameters for Tail Trees taken from p.123 of the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Code effective Jan. 92

|Appendix 6-C |

| |

|RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DIAMETERS FOR |

|WEST COAST DOUGLAS-FIR TAIL TREES |

|(Recommended diameter in inches measured at 4.5 feet) |

|SKLINE |RIGGING HEIGHT, FEET |

|SIZE, INCH |30 |40 |50 |60 |70 |80 |

| 5/8 |13.5 |16.0 |18.5 |20.5 |22.5 |24.5 |

| 3/4 |14.5 |17.0 |19.5 |22.0 |24.5 |26.5 |

| 7/8 |15.0 |18.0 |20.5 |23.0 |25.5 |28.0 |

| 1 |16.0 |19.0 |21.5 |24.5 |27.0 |29.0 |

| 1-1/8 |16.5 |20.0 |22.5 |25.5 |28.0 |30.5 |

| 1-1/4 |17.5 |21.0 |23.5 |26.5 |29.0 |31.5 |

| 1-13/8 |18.0 |21.5 |24.5 |27.5 |30.0 |32.5 |

| 1-1/2 |18.5 |22.5 |25.0 |28.5 |31.0 |33.5 |

| 1-5/8 |19.5 |23.0 |26.0 |29.0 |31.5 |34.5 |

| 1-3/4 |20.0 |23.5 |26.5 |30.0 |32.5 |35.5 |

| 1-7/8 |20.5 |24.5 |27.5 |30.5 |33.5 |36.5 |

| 2 |21.0 |25.0 |28.5 |31.5 |34.5 |37.5 |

Table 8A.7is for sound, straight Douglas-fir. Add 2 inches to the diameters when using other coniferous species.

Table 8A.6 is generated using Euler’s Buckling Formula (Forest Engineering, Inc. 1985; p. 82-93)

P = Allowable Buckling Load = [0.12ED4]/L2

P = Conservative formula = [0.12ED4]/L2

E = Modulus of Elasticity in lbs./in.2

L = Height to block in inches

D = Diameter (inside bark) in inches at 2/3 height to the block

Assumption E = 1,550,000 psi for Douglas-fir

Example: L = 24ft., DBH = 16 in., Dia. At 16 ft. about 14 in.

P = (0.04)*(1,550,000)*(14^4)/((16*12)^2)

P = 64,610 lbs. Since the factor of safety of 3 is used this is equivalent to a SWL of 1- 3/8 “ cable.

Table 8A.8 Comparison Stump Holding Force Equations for Selected Cable Diameters

|` |

|Required stump diameters |

|Line Size |Breaking Strength |Nakamura |Golob |OOS&H |

|inches |kips |inches |inches |inches |

|9/16 |33.6 |18 |17 | |

|5/8 |41.2 |20.5 |19 | |

|3/4 |58.8 |25.5 |22.5 |> 12 |

|7/8 |79.6 |30.5 |26.5 | |

|1 |103.4 |33 |30.5 |> 18 |

|1 1/8 |130.0 |41 |34.5 |>24 |

|1 1/4 |159.8 |46.5 |38 |>24 |

|1 3/8 |192.0 |52 |42 |>24 |

Table 8A.7 This Table compares the stump holding force of the Nakamura Equation (Merry, 1985) and Golob’s Equation (MacLeod, 1976), with Table 8A.5.

Nakamura equation F = 0.285*D1.65

Golob equation F = 0.2800 * D + 0.1040*D2

F = Force (kips).

D = Stump Diameter (inches)

Choosing tailhold stumps using by the Nakamura equation will limit the amount available acceptable stumps and may under estimate stump holding force. The Golob equation is not so conservative and the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Code guidelines are much more liberal. If stumps that meet the Nakamura specifications, it is advisable to use them. If not, we suggest selecting stump diameters close to the Golob parameters or at least meets the Oregon regulations. Choosing tailholds and tailtrees is an art. Experienced hooktenders can usually determine the load bearing capacity of stumps based on appearance, location, and previous experience more accurately then any formula method. Select straight and sound trees, preferably Douglas-fir or spruce. Proper rigging and fore thought and planning is paramount. Some general rules from the U.S. Forest Service Guide are listed below:

1.” Holding power tends to increase with soil depth.”

2. “Holding power tends to increase with soil density”

3. ”Holding power increases approximately with the square of the stumps diameter.”

4. “Stumps have greater holding strength on uphill pulls than on downhill pulls as there are normally larger roots on the downhill side of the stump.”

In the Washougal Planning Area tailtrees will be used on possibly 40% of the roads. The tailtree with guylines will reduce the skyline tension on the tailhold as well as provide lift to avoid hang-ups.

Road Costing

Table 8A8 Road Costs For Input Into SNAP

|Slope Classes |< 30 % |30 % to 45 % |>45 % |

|Road Cost Per Mile |$52,000 |$73,000 |$132,000 |

Road Costing Example: Balanced Section

Data:

Ground slope = 30%

Running width = 12 ft

Surface depth = 8 in

Ditch = 3 ft

Turnouts = 5 per mile

Turnout length = 100 ft

Cut slope = 200 % (0.5 : 1)

Fill Slope = 67 % (1.5 : 1)

Common excavation = 85 %

Rock excavation = 15 percent

Excavation Cost = $0.50 per cy (common)

Excavation Cost = $2.00 per cy (rock)

Pipes per mile = 6

Pipe cost = $300 per pipe

Bridges = 1 per 4 miles

Bridge cost = $60,000

Clearing and Grubbing Cost = $1500 per acre

Seeding Cost = $200 per acre

Miscellaneous (survey and design) = $10,000 per mile

Quantities:

Subgrade width = running surface + 2 * taper + ditch + 0.5 feet each side of surfacing.

Subgrade width = 12 + (2 * 3 * 8/12) + 3+1 = 20 ft

For balanced section and 1.15 average shrinkage factor, the bank cubic yards of cut

Per miles are 4499.7 and the slope distance occupied by the road template is 30.25 feet.

Turnout Factor = {1.5 * 100 * 5]/ 5280 = 0.142

Clearing and grubbing = [1.142 * 30.25 ft * 5280]/43560 = 4.2 acres/mile

Excavation = 1.142 * 4499.7 cy/mile

= 5139 cy/mile

Common Excavation = 0.85 * 5139

= 4368 cy/mile

Rock excavation = 0.15 * 5139

= 771 cy/mile

Surfacing = (1.142 * 12 + 2) * 5280/9

= 9213 sy/mile

= 9213 * 8/12 * 13

= 2047 cy/mile

Seeding = 1.142 * Acres of Fill and Cut slopes

= 1.8 acres

Costs:

|Item |Quantity |Unit Cost |Total Cost |

|Clear and Grub |4.2 |1,500/acre |6,300 |

|Excavation (com) |4,368 |0.50/cy |2,184 |

|Excavation (rock) |771 |2.00/cy |1,542 |

|Surfacing |9,213 |0.10/cy |921 |

|Surfacing |2,047 |5.00/cy |10,235 |

|Seeding |1.8 |200/acre |360 |

|Pipes |6 |300/each |1,800 |

|Bridges |0.25 |60,000/each |15,000 |

|Other |1.0 |10,000/each |10,000 |

|Total ($/mile) | | |$48,342 |

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