Sandawe etymology - RiNet

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Sandawe etymology

Compiled by George Starostin

This is the main database for Sandawe material that draws upon several existing data sources, generalizing the entries in the "Proto-Sandawe" field and tentatively linking them to the "Macro-Khoisan" database. The genetic status of Sandawe is at the present time better established than that of Hadza; the language is almost certainly Khoisan, in fact, it is not even excluded that stronger ties exist between Sandawe and Central Khoisan (Khoe) than between Sandawe and Peripheral Khoisan. Nevertheless, even so, the distance is quite impressive, and given Sandawe's status as an isolated language, no regular correspondences have been established so far. Lexically, Sandawe seems to be somewhat more resistant to external influence than Hadza; even so, some Bantu borrowings frequently penetrate into the language, and not all of them have, as of yet, been identified within the database. Data sources: The main source is Kagaya 1993, but Kimmenade 1954 and especially Dempwolff 1916 often provide valuable data not found in Kagaya's dictionary or alternate variants which provide extra insight into Sandawe phonology and morphology. Another valuable source is the large list of click-less entries found in Elderkin 1983. The database consists of the following fields: 1. Proto-Sandawe: a unified phonological transcription of the various transcription styles in available data sources. Sandawe does not have much dialect differentiation, so the term "Proto-Sandawe" is provisional. 2. Meaning: the general meaning of the Sandawe stem. 3. Sandawe: the data itself. In most cases, the data have been transliterated exactly the way they are found in original sources. 4. Notes: various notes and observations. 5. References. Notes on transcription: Clicks: | = dental click, ! = alveolar click (Sandawe does not phonologically distinguish between alveolar ! and palatal ; Kagaya 1993 transcribes with the click that all other sources transcribe as !), = lateral click. Click effluxes include zero (no special marking; Dempwolff and Kimmenade transcribe it as ), aspiration (|h, etc.; Dempwolff and Kimmenade do not distinguish between zero efflux and aspirated efflux), nasalisation (, etc.), and the glottal stop (|, etc.; transcribed as ' by Dempwolff and Kimmenade). Non-click consonants are transcribed as follows: = tl (K., Kim.) = (D.) = voiceless

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lateral affricate; = hl (K.) = dhl (Kim.) = (D.) = l (E.) = voiceless lateral fricative; L = dl (K., Kim.) = (D.) = voiced lateral affricate; c (ts), (dz) = hissing voiceless and voiced affricates; the dot under the consonant marks glottalisation (, , etc. = k', tl' in most transcriptions). It is not always clear which details in various researchers' transcriptions are phonologically relevant and which ones merely reflect phonetic peculiarities. Thus, Kagaya consistently marks vowel length, while Dempwolff and Kimmenade never do; contrastive vowel length is practically non-existent in Khoisan, and thus, although we do follow Kagaya in this respect, the feature has to be taken with a grain of salt. For bibliographical details please click on the links in the "References" field.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

1 *afa a k. of thorn-tree 0 afa (K.); ?ffa (Kim.) Kagaya 80; Kimmenade 34.

2 *adu to help 262 'aduge (D.); ?d?ku (E.); aduk(u) (K.); ?duke (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade

3 *ala arrow, harpoon 0 'ala (D.); ?l? (E.); ?la (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Elderkin 1983: 515; Kimmenade 34.

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Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

(Kim.) References 34.

4 *alla scorpion 248 'alala (D.); ll (E.); alaala (K.); ?lala "petit scorpion jaune"

Dempwolff 42; Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

5 *al branch 0 ?l (E.); alee (K.); al? (Kim.) Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

6 *alemo arm 0 'almo "Oberarm" (D.); alamu, ?lemu (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kimmenade 34, 78.

Number

7

Proto-Sandawe

*ae

Meaning

nephew

Khoisan etymology

0

Sandawe

'ae, f. 'aesu "Better, Base" (D.); ahlee "maternal uncle's son or

daughter" (K.); ?dhle "cousin", ?dhlesu "cousine" (Kim.)

References

Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning

8 *aena monitor (of lizard)

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Khoisan etymology

0

Sandawe

?l?ni "monitor lizard" (E.); ahlena (K.); ?dhlani (Kim.);

?hlan "large lizard" (TBW)

References

Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34; TBW 305.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

9 *amana perhaps 0 'amana (D.); amanaa (K.); amana (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

10 *amata a k. of tree 0 'amaa (D.); amata (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

11 *ame tonsilitis 0 ame (K.); am? (Kim.) Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

12 *ame to bring up, educate 0 ?m? (E.); ame (K.); am? (Kim.) Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

Number

13

Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

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*amphni pumpkin 0 'ampani (D.); amphaaning' (K.); amp?ni "melon" (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

14 *ana maize 0 aana (TBW) TBW 305.

15 *anakV to make dry; to whiten 210 'anaku "bleichen" (D.); ?naka (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kimmenade 34.

16 *anana to exchange 0 anana, aanana (K.); ?nana (Kim.) Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

17 *ant(h)a a k. of vessel 0 'anta "Honigtopf" (D.); antha "calebasse" (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kimmenade 34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

(Kim.) References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

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18 *arama to hatch 0 arama (K.); ?rama (Kim.) Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 34.

19 *axi()te phlegm 0 ?x?t? (E.) Elderkin 1983: 515.

20 *khu a k. of rat 0 aakh(u) "house rat" (K.); akuku "petite souris des champs"

Kagaya 80; Kimmenade 34.

21 *me to break 0 ?m? "to tear" (E.); aame (K.); ?me (Kim.) Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 80; Kimmenade 34.

22 *naka to spread 0 aanaka (K.)

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References

Kagaya 80.

Number

23

Proto-Sandawe

*rV

Meaning

to agree; verily

Khoisan etymology

5

Sandawe

'ara "wirklich" (D.); r? "truth" (E.); aare "to agree, yes"; araa

"to be honest, truth" (K.); ara "vraiment, reellement" (Kim.)

References

Dempwolff 42; Elderkin 1983: 515; Kagaya 80; Kimmenade

34.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References 35.

24 *be big 114 ba'a, ba'e (D.); b?? (E.); be (K.); baa, bae (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Elderkin 1983: 503; Kagaya 81; Kimmenade

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

25 *babatho cockroach 0 babatho (K.) Kagaya 81.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

(Kim.) References

26 *badi first-born, only 0 badiso "first-born" (K.); b?diso "unique (enfant unique)"

Kagaya 81; Kimmenade 35.

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

(Kim.) References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe References

Number Proto-Sandawe Meaning Khoisan etymology Sandawe

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27 *balima husband's brother (m.), wife's sister (f.) 0 bal?masu (D.); balima-a, balima-su (K.); b?lima, b?limasu

Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 82; Kimmenade 35.

28 *balo to take care (of domestic animals), make to graze 0 balo (D., K., Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 82; Kimmenade 35.

29 *bari rainy season 0 bari "Ackerszeit" (D.); bar(i) (K.); b?ri (Kim.) Dempwolff 42; Kagaya 82; Kimmenade 35.

30 *batha duck 0 batha (K.) Kagaya 82.

31 *baxe to grind 0 b?e (Kim.); b?o "farine" (Kim.)

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