THE STARLING, COMMON TERN, AND JAPANESE QUAIL

have meaning to the bud. They include sounds made by members of their same species, other avian species, and predators. Conspecific and heterospecific sounds that are used to disperse or repel birds are typically distress and alm calls. Although bids responded more strongly to such sounds than to tones when tested, the effects were short term. ................
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