Chapter 1



NATIONAL INDIAN JUSTICE CENTER

TRIBAL TRANSPORTATION

NEEDS ASSESSMENT

Fort Bidwell Indian Community of Paiute Indians

February 2009

PRELIMINARY

Table of Contents

Page

Chapter 1 Introduction/Background 1-3

Chapter 2 Demographic Profile 2-1

Methodology and Data Sources 2-1

Demographics 2-1

Economics 2-7

Land Use 2-9

Chapter 3 Existing Conditions 3-11

Auto Access 3-11

Highway 3-11

Existing Roadway Needs 3-11

Existing Public Transportation Services 3-11

Existing Non-motorized Transportation 3-12

Summary of Existing Transportation Needs 3-13

Chapter 4 Future Needs 4-1

Improvements to Roadways 4-1

Transit Needs 4-1

Bicycle and Pedestrian Needs 4-1

Chapter 5 Priority Projects 5-1

Appendix A: References and Glossary

Appendix B: IRR for the Fort Bidwell Indian Community

Table of Figures

Page

Figure 1-1 Fort Bidwell Indian Community Center 1-4

Figure 1-2 Aerial View of Reservation 1-5

Figure 1-3 Overview Map 1-1

Figure 2-1 Basic Population Characteristics – Separated by Census Tract 2-3

Figure 2-2 Census tract 4 (Tribal BG 1) 2-4

Figure 2-3 Household Income Compared to General Population 2-5

Figure 2-4 Household Income for the Fort Bidwell Reservation 2-5

Figure 2-5 Housing Characteristics 2-6

Figure 2-6 Household Income, Poverty Status, and Housing Cost 2-6

Figure 2-7 Population Projections by County 2-6

Figure 2-8 Major Employment Sectors in Modoc County, 2008 2-7

Figure 2-9 Employment 2-8

Figure 2-10 Means of Transportation to Work, 2000 2-9

Figure 3-1 Modoc County Transit Services and Key Activity Centers 3-12

Figure B-1 Indian Reservation Road System B-1

Figure B-2 Map of IRR Road Inventory B-2

Introduction/Background

The Fort Bidwell Indian Community of Paiute Indians is located in far northeastern California, approximatelyabout 12 miles south of the Oregon border, and east of the Oregon andof the Nevada borders. Fort Bidwell was originally established as a military outputpost in approximatelyabout 1863, and abandoned in the 1890s. A few of the original buildings, though dilapidated, still exist on Reservation lands. The reservation was formed in 1934 and is comprisesd of 3543 acres within the tribe’s aboriginal territory in Modoc County.

The Reservation is situated in rugged and remote high desert terrain in the Surprise Valley on the eastern slopes of the Warner Mountain Range, with elevations ranging from about 4,500 to 8,000 feet. About 2,600 acres of the reservation are forested with fir, pine and cedar. [1]

U.S. Highway 395 runs north-south through eastern Modoc County, passing through Alturas, and is to the west of Fort Bidwell. Fort Bidwell is over 50 miles and between 1-1.5 hours drive from Alturas. State Route 299 runs generally east-west between Alturas and Redding. SR 139 runs northwest of Alturas to Klamath Falls and SR 81 runs from Cedarville southeast to the Nevada border. Surprise Valley Road, which leads to Fort Bidwell, is a continuation of SR 81 north of Cedarville.

As discussed further in this report, the primary transportation challenge faced by the Fort Bidwell Indian Community is its distance from cities or towns with amenities such as employment opportunities, grocery stores, schools, or medical facilities. The town of Fort Bidwell lacks any such services; the closest town, Cedarville, is 25 miles away, along County Road 2 (Surprise Valley).

Figure 1-1 Distance from Fort Bidwell (Modoc County) to Nearest Metropolitan Areas

|Metropolitan Area |Distance (miles) |Distance (road hours) |

|Alturas, CA |50 |1 hour |

|Klamath Falls, OR |150 |2 ¾ hours |

|Redding, CA |192 |3 ½ hours |

|Grants Pass/ Medford, OR |218 |4 hours |

|Reno, NV |220 | 3 ¾ hours |

|Sacramento, CA |350 |6 hours |

|Portland, OR |426 |7 ½ hours |

Source: Rand McNally Maps & Driving; Map Quest. Distance (miles) and road hour estimates are approximate.

Figure 1-2 Fort Bidwell Indian Community Center

[pic]

Source: John R. Vass, Geothermal District Heating Study Presentation, 11/2008.

Figure 1-3 Aerial View of Reservation

[pic]

Source: John R. Vass, Geothermal District Heating Study Presentation, 11/2008.

Figure 1-4 Fort Bidwell Reservation

[pic]

The primary objective of this study is to provide reliable data on the existing transportation system for the Fort Bidwell Indian Community of Paiute Indians. The data should provide an invaluable tool that can be used for the planning and programming of projects that could be funded from various sources. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the Tribe’s transportation needs and to develop strategies to meet these needs.

To assess the Tribe’s transportation needs, Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates carried out background research on the existing transportation infrastructure and services for all transportation modes – including references to the Traffic Circulation Report (TCR) and Indian Reservation Roads (IRR) report on the condition of and planned changes to the roadway network on and around the Fort Bidwell Indian Community. The research also covered the demographics of tribal members, the economic activities essential to the tribe and the social, recreational and cultural activities that generate the transportation needs. The background research was followed by a site visit (on February 27, 2009) to meet with tribal representatives to understand the Tribe’s transportation requirements, understand the Tribe’s vision for the community’s future, and to receive input on how best to meet current and future transportation needs. The Tribe’s lead informant was Aaron Townsend, Tribal Chairperson. Mr. John Vass, tribal administrator, was also consulted via telephone and email. Tribal staff provided some of the photographs included in this report, and were provided an opportunity to comment on the draft Needs Assessment report.

Figure 1-5 Overview Map

THIS PAGE TO BE REPLACED BY OVERVIEW MAP IN PDF.

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Demographic Profile

Methodology and Data Sources

This profile utilizes data from the 2000 U.S. Census, which is often the broadest available source of demographic information, but is also problematic for several reasons. It is nearly ten years old; the decennial update is due in 2010. Most reservations and tribal areas are not large enough to be included in the annual American Community Survey, which is limited to areas of 65,000 or more people. In addition, many tribal areas are remote and may have been undercounted. Recognizing the limitations of the 2000 Census, this profile utilized several supplemental data sources. These population estimates may reflect different geographies and/or more comprehensive counts than the U.S. Census.

• A census conducted by the tribe, where available, was the best alternative source of a broad range of demographic data. Alternatively, tribal enrollment was often listed on the tribe’s website and/or provided by its informant(s).

• The Indian Housing Block Grant from 2008 included the tribe’s reported enrollment, the American Indian Alaska Native (AIAN) population, and socioeconomic indicators related to housing and income (see Figure 2-6).

• The Bureau of Indian Affairs’ 2005 American Indian Population and Labor Force Report provided tribal enrollment and employment data (see Figure 2-9).

The basic demographic data from the 2000 U.S. Census came from Summary File 1, which is areflects 100% sample of the population, for the census tract and block group that contains the Fort Bidwell Reservation. The data was filtered to identify the Fort Bidwell Reservation using the American Indian Area/Alaska Native Area/Hawaiian Home Land (AIANAHH) geography, which identifies the Reservation. (This designation includes both reservations and on and off-reservation trust lands, however the Census Bureau does not tabulate data for on-reservation trust lands.) The 100% sample data from Summary File 1 was supplemented with a broader set of data obtained from Summary File 3, which included a sample of 35 to 40% of the tribal population.

Demographics

Basic Characteristics

For the year 2008 Indian Housing Block Grant , tribal enrollment was registered as 277 (see Figure 2-6). The Indian Housing Block Grant is a program under the Native American Housing Assistance and Self Determination Act (NAHASDA), and is used for the population element for of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Indian Reservation Roads Inventory distribution formula. The Fort Bidwell tribe currently reports an enrollment of 284 members, of which 118 live on the Reservation.[2]

The table below summarizes basic characteristics of the Tribal population on the Fort Bidwell Reservation from the 2000 U.S. Census. The Reservation, which corresponds to tribal block group 1, falls within census tract 4 block group 1).

• The Fort Bidwell Tribe members counted comprise 14.7% of the general population in the U.S. Census block group containing the Reservation and 1.1% of the county. The Census data appears to be consistent with the tribe’s stated enrollment.

• There were more females than males among those counted in the 2000 Census: 55% female compared to 45% female male.

• The median age for the Tribe was 23.5 for males and 28.5 for females, which is significantly lower than the median age for the general population of about (47 for both males and females in the census tract/block group). The median age for the Tribe was also lower than the median age for county as a whole – about 41 for males and 43 for females.

• Thirty-five (35) percent (35%) of tribe members were under the age of 18, according to data from the 2000 U.S. Census. This is compares to the 26% of members under the age of 16 reported in the 2005 Population and Labor Report.

• Fifteen (15) percent (15%) of tribe members were 65 or older according to Census data. This compares to 6% of members reported as 65 and over in the Population and Labor Report.

Figure 2-1 Basic Population Characteristics – Separated by Census Tract

|Census Tract / Block Group |Fort Bidwell Reservation |

| |Tract 4 / Tribal BG 1 |

|County |Modoc |

|General Population |1,301 |

|in census tract 4 | |

|Tribal population (tribal block group) |108 |

|(basis for below figures) | |

|AIAN population alone or with one or more other|102 |

|races 1 | |

|Tribe % of General Population |8.3% |

|in census tract | |

|Male/Female | |

|# Males in tribe |49 |

|# Females in tribe |59 |

|Median Age | |

|Median age male in tribe |23.5 |

|General Pop. Male Median Age (census tract) |46.77 |

|Median age female in tribe |28.5 |

|General Pop. Female Median Age (census tract) |46.8 |

|Age Breakdown | |

|Tribe % under 18 |35% |

|Tribe % 65 and over |15% |

Source: U.S. Census, 2000, Summary File 1. (1) AIAN is American Indian or Alaska Native

Maps

Figure 2-2 illustrates the specific census tribal block group where the tribe lives.

Figure 2-2 Census tract 4 (Tribal BG 1)

[pic]

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 U.S. Census

Income

The table below, based on data from the 2000 U.S. Census, compares the median household income of $15,625 for the Reservation to an income of $27,522 for the general population in Modoc County. About 39% of the tribe was below the poverty level, compared to about 21% for the general population. The median household income and poverty population in the overall census tract and block group were comparable to the county as a whole.

Figure 2-3 Household Income Compared to General Population

|General Population |Fort Bidwell |

| |Reservation |

|Modoc |Tract 4 BG 1 |Tract 4 |

|County | |Tribal BG 1 |

|$27,522 |$28,839 |$15,625 |

Source: U.S. Census, 2000, Summary File 3.

The following table shows income for individual households in the 2000 U.S. Census sample. About 85% of households earned less than $30,000, the approximate median income for the general population. Eight (8) percent earned between $30,000 and $40,000 and the remaining 6% earned more than $45,000.

Figure 2-4 Household Income for the Fort Bidwell Reservation

[pic]

Source: U.S. Census, 2000, Summary File 3.

Housing

The following table, based on U.S. Census data, summarizes housing characteristics for the Reservation. Tribe members own 57% of their housing units, less than the general population in the county, (71%), while 43% are renters (see Figure 2-5).

Figure 2-5 Housing Characteristics

|Area or Census Tract|General Population |Fort Bidwell |

| | |Reservation |

| |Modoc County |Tract 4 |Tract 4, |

| | | |Tribal BG 1 |

|# Households |3,784 |574 |42 |

|% Owning |71% |68% |57% |

|% Renting |29% |32% |43% |

Source: U.S. Census, 2000, Summary File 1.

Based on information from the 2008 Indian Housing Block Grant, the table below shows that 14 households earn less than 80% of the median family income (which is adjusted for the size of a family) and are classified as having a “housing shortage.” Ten households are classified as overcrowded. and h Housing expenses consumee over half the income of 13 households.

Figure 2-6 Household Income, Poverty Status, and Housing Cost

|AIAN Persons |Tribal |HH < 80% |HH |HH |

| |Enrollment |(Housing Shortage) |Overcrowded |Severe Cost |

|188 |277 |14 |10 |13 |

| | |Number of AIAN Households earning |AIAN Households with more than 1 |AIAN Households with Housing |

| | |less than 80% of Median Family |person per room or without |Expenses greater than 50% of |

| | |Income |kitchen or plumbing |Income |

Source: Indian Housing Block Grant Formula (IHBG), 2008

Population and Housing Projections

The California Department of Finance (DOF) provides population projections for California Counties, broken out by race and ethnicity although not by tribe. These projections are shown in Figure 2-7 below. The DOF lists an AIAN population of 358 for Modoc County in 2000 and projects growth of 7% by 2010. The projected rate of growth declines to 3% between 2010 and 2020. (These numbers do not include multiracial population, listed as a separate category.) The AIAN population is projected to grow more slowly at a slower rate than the overall population in Modoc County.

Figure 2-7 Population Projections by County

| |2000 |2010 |2020 |

|AIAN Population - Modoc |358 |384 |396 |

|% Change |- |7% |3% |

Source: California Department of Finance, Population Projections by Race / Ethnicity for

California and Its Counties 2000–2050, (Tables P-1), July 2007.

Economics

Primary Economic Activities

The figure below shows the major employment sectors in Modoc County as a whole. The two largest sectors are government and trade/transportation/utilities. The majority of Modoc County residents live and work in Alturas. The far eastern part of the county, along Surprise Valley Road, has higher concentrations of population and employment than the rest of the county, with the exception of the Alturas. There are higher concentrations of employment than population in north Alturas and the area south of Alturas, suggesting that employees commute from other areas of the county to jobs here.[3]

Figure 2-8 Major Employment Sectors in Modoc County, 2008

[pic]

Source: California Employment Development Department. Total industry employment of 2830 in 2008.

Employment

According to 2005 data from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) (see Figure 2-9 below), of 192 tribe members available for work, 68% were employed, with 36% employed in the public sector and 64% employed in the private sector. Of those employed, 80% were below the poverty level established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which is based on family size.[4] Combined, 94% of tribe members were either unemployed or working but below DHHS poverty guidelines.

Compared to the national average for Indian Tribes in 2005, the tribe’s unemployment rate of 32% is less than the national average of 49%. However, the national average for those employed but below poverty guidelines was 29%, which is substantially lower than the 80% rate for the Fort Bidwell tribe.

Figure 2-9 Employment

Tribal Enrollment |Not Available for Work |Available for Work |Employed |Unemployed |Public |Private |Employed, but below poverty Guidelines | |306 |33 |192 |68% |32% |36% |64% |80% | |Source: American Indian Population and Labor Force Report, 2005. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Indian Services.

Economic Development Plans

The reservation contains timber and geothermal resources. The tribe has been pursuing development of its geothermal resources for several years.

In 2005, the tTribe received a grant under the Department of Energy’s Tribal Energy Program to assess the “feasibility of installing a geothermal district heating system to provide low-cost, efficient heating of existing and planned residences, community buildings, and water using an existing geothermal well.” Geothermal power would be used to heat all residential and community buildings.[5] The project developed aA GIS-based inventory was developed by the project of all buildings, and and attached infrastructure, and refineding a number of economic development concepts: greenhouses, fish farming, a therapy spa, and/or sale of excess power off-reservation. The tTribe drilled a well in late 2007. Testing started in the fall of 2008 and results are expected in the spring of 2009.[6]

Commute Patterns

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, all of the 22 workers over 16 years of age living on the Reservation worked in their county of residence. As shown in the figure below, about 55% of workers drove alone to work alone, while 9% carpooled and 37% walked.

Figure 2-10 Means of Transportation to Work, 2000

[pic]

Source: U.S. Census, 2000, Summary File 3.

Travel Time

Eighty-six (86) percent (86%) of the workers who did not work at home (Connie, does this mean self-employed, working in their county of residence, or on the Rancheria?) traveled less than 15 minutes to get to work, based on data from the 2000 U.S. Census. The remaining 14% traveled 45-59 minutes to work.

Vehicle Ownership

There are 13 Thirteen households, or 29% of the population living, on the Reservation without access to a vehicle, based on data from the 2000 U.S. Census. This is much significantly higher than 6% for the general population in the census tract and 8% for the county as a whole.

Land Use

Modoc County, located in the northeast corner of California, is the third least populated county in the state and has the tenth largest land area – approximately 4,300 square miles.[7] The terrain is mountainous with high-desert vegetation and timber.

The Fort Bidwell reservation is in the far northeastern part of the county, bordered by the Modoc National Forest to the west, private ranch land to the north and south and the town of Fort Bidwell to the east. About 2,600 acres of the reservation are forested. [8]

Approximately 70 percent of the region is public land, managed by the State and federal

governments. These public holdings are discussed later in this chapter. The Modoc County

General Plan (Mintier Harnish & Associates, 1985) identifies five land-use categories:

residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and public/quasi-public. Roughly, 30 percent of

the region is privately owned: about 26 percent is used for agriculture, while the remaining 4

percent supports residential, commercial and industrial uses.

Existing Conditions

Auto Access

Census data indicates that 29% of tribal households do not have owna car. Even fFor those who do own a car, the cost of gas, insurance, and maintenance can be a financial burden, especially because of the routinely long distances required to be travelled in order to access health care, employment, school or shopping due to the distance required to access health care, employment, schools and shopping..

Highway

Covering about approximately 3,300 acres, the Fort Bidwell Reservation is located just to the west of the

community of Fort Bidwell, in the northern portion of Surprise Valley. CR 1 (Surprise Valley

Road) north from Cedarville provides access to the reservation. The Fort Bidwell is located about 20 miles north and east of California State Highway 299, which passes through Alturas, the county seat of Modoc County.

Existing Roadway Conditions

The 2008 IRR report (see Appendix B) identified a total of 14 roads in the Indian Reservation Road System. Of these, seven are county roads, one is a state road, two are federally owned, and another four are owned by BIA or directly by the tribe. The quality of the road surface varies from “primitive” and unpaved, to State Road 395, which is paved and in very good condition in the case of US 395. Some of the local roads owned by the BIA, located on the Reservation, owned by BIA, are in need of repair or basic paving.

Existing Public Transportation Services

Public Transit

Sage Stage is the only public transit operator serving the Modoc County region; however, it does not travel to Fort Bidwell. It is operated by the Modoc Transportation Agency (MTA) through a contract with MV Transportation, Inc. All of Sage Stage’s six vehicles are wheelchair accessible. Sage Stage operates three intercity bus routes and general public demand responsive service within a ten mile radius of Alturas, the county seat. Sage Stage operates three intercity fixed routes with deviated services providing transportation between communities within Modoc County as well as making connections to Reno, Nevada; Redding, California; and Klamath Falls, Oregon. Figure 4-3 shows these routes on a county map. All intercity routes make one round-trip per service day, which originate and end in Alturas. Service to Klamath Falls, Oregon is available through Canby, Newell and Tulelake on Wednesdays. Service to Redding is available on Monday and Friday with stops in Canby, Adin and towns along State Route 299 in Shasta County. Service to Reno is available via US 395 on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

All intercity services are provided on reservation basis and require a minimum of two fare-paying passengers per service day. Flag stops are permitted on these routes.

Fares for intercity bus service range from $18 to $30 for the general public and $12 to $20 for persons eligible for discounted fares.

Figure 3-1 illustrates the proximity of the Sage Stage, and basic activity centers (medical facilities, schools, social service programs, etc.) where people need to go.[9]

Figure 3-1 Modoc County Transit Services and Activity Centers (insert)

Existing Regional & Long Distance Services

For regional connections, Modoc County residents can access Amtrak and Greyhound in Redding, California; Reno, Nevada; and Klamath Falls, Oregon. Sage Stage provides service to each of those destinations.

School Transportation

There is no public school on the reservation, or even in Fort Bidwell. Elementary and high school pupils attend school in Cedarville. School bus transportation is available for students, and school bus stops are located within the reservation.

Paratransit

There is no paratransit service available in Fort Bidwell;. iIn fact, such services are limited within Modoc County. Sage Stage operates Dial-A-Ride, a demand responsive service available to the general public within a ten mile radius of Alturas. Dial-A-Ride operates Monday through Friday from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Rides are scheduled on a first come first serve basis. However, priority is given to trips to healthcare appointments if they are scheduled in advance. Subscription trip service is also available for routine trips (such as commuting to work and school) with some limitations.

Depending upon trip length according to three zones (This does not make sense…), Dial-A-Ride fares range from $2 to $6 for the general public and $1.25 to $3.75 for discounted fares.

Social Services

Fort Bidwell Indian Community Council, through the Warner Mountain Indian Health Project, provides transportation to tribal members to access health care, schools, job training, and recreational opportunities through mileage reimbursement, gas vouchers, and direct transportation services with paid and volunteer drivers.

Air Travel

The closest public airport is located in Klamath Falls, Oregon about 150 miles from Fort Bidwell. Other airports are in Reno, Nevada (220 miles away) or Redding, California, which is 190 miles away.

Existing Non-motorized Transportation

There are no dedicated bicycle paths or facilities on the Reservation.

Summary of Existing Transportation Needs

A number of transportation needs and gaps have been identified specific to the Fort Bidwell Indian Community of Paiute Indians. These are described below:

Access to Medical Care and other Essential Services: A tribal medical clinic is located on the Fort Bidwell Reservation. Basic services are available through the clinic; however, more specialized care is available in either Cedarville or Alturas. There are no grocery stores, gas stations, or retail establishments of any kind in Fort Bidwell. Residents must travel to Cedarville, which is 25 miles to the west, for groceries or other basic services. LikewiseSimilarly, employment opportunities are very limited;. tThe Tribe itself hires 30 staff, and two tribal members commute to Alturas.

The Tribe is considering obtaining a van or other vehicle in order to enhance connectivity to these communities, and to link up connect with the Sage Stage.

Road Maintenance: The highest priority for the Community is to ensure that existing roads are well maintained. County Road 1 (Surprise Valley Road) is the lifeline linking Fort Bidwell to Alturas and Cedarville;. tTherefore, it is important to the Tribe’s well being to ensure it County Road 1 is maintained, plowed in case of snow, and also that grasses and vegetation alongside the road isare kept trimmed in order to discourage deer or other wildlife from venturing too close to the road.

Future Needs

Improvements to Roadways

The primary need for the Table Bluff Fort Bidwell Reservation is to ensure that existing roads are well maintained and navigable all times of year. In particular, County Road 1 is a critical lifeline that links Fort Bidwell to other communities. It is a two lane road that has little or no shoulder. It is important to keep vegetation and grasses cleared to enhance visibility and to discourage the proximity of wildlife.

Figure 4-1 Surprise Valley Road

[pic]

Transit Needs

There are no public transit services directly available to or from Fort Bidwell;. Iin fact, public transit services within Modoc County are limited, as described further in Chapter 3. Tribal representatives expressed the need for residents to have access to the Sage Stage, which does provides links to Alturas and beyond.

Bicycle and Pedestrian Needs

No specific issues have been identified.

Priority Projects

1

2 County Road 1 (Surprise Valley Road)

3 As indicated in Chapter 4, a high priority identified by the Tribe is to ensure that County Road 1 is well maintained.

4 Tribal Roads

5 It is also important to ensure that all roads on the reservation are paved and maintained;. cCurrently, not all roads are paved (see figure 5-1, below). In particular, the Tribe would like to pave Boundary Lane and Hot Springs Road.

6

Figure 5-1 Fort Bidwell Reservation Roads

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Appendix A

REFERENCE AND GLOSSARY

APPENDIX A: REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. 2007. POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY RACE / ETHNICITY FOR CALIFORNIA AND ITS COUNTIES 2000–2050, JULY 2007,

Modoc County. 2008. Coordinated Public Transit – Human Services Transportation Plan, prepared by Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates on behalf of the California Department of Transportation.

Modoc County 2005 Regional Transportation Plan, prepared by LSC Transportation Consultants, Inc., on behalf of the Modoc County Transportation Commission.

U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2008. Indian Housing Block Grant Formula (IHBG).

U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Summary File 1 and AIAN Summary File.

Winzler and Kelly, California Indian Reservation Roads (IRR) Technical Report, prepared on behalf of the California Department of Transportation, February 2008.

Glossary

AIAN – American Indian/Alaska Native (used in US Census data)

ANA - Administration for Native Americans

BIA – Bureau of Indian Affairs

FHWA – Federal Highways Administration

ICDBG - Indian Country Development Block Grant

IHBG – Indian Housing Block Grant

IRR – Indian Reservation Roads

NAHASDA - Native American Housing Assistance and Self Determination Act

Appendix B

IRR FOR FORT BIDWELL INDIAN COMMUNITY

APPENDIX B: IRR FOR FORT BIDWELL INDIAN COMMUNITY

Figure B-1 Indian Reservation Road System

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Source: Table taken from Appendix A, Long Range Transportation Plan Master Inventory, Winzler Kelly Consulting Engineers, November 2007. Numbers in brackets represent codes for the Indian Reservation Roads (IRR) RIFDS inventory system of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Narrative descriptions of the routes are included as a separate attachment.

Figure B-2 Map of IRR Road Inventory

THIS PAGE TO BE REPLACED BY OVERVIEW MAP IN PDF

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[1] Ben Barker et al, “Geothermal Exploration at Fort Bidwell, California,” Proceedings of the 30th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 2005.

[2] John R. Vass, Geothermal District Heating Study Presentation, 11/2008.

[3] Modoc County, Coordinated Public Transit – Human Services Transportation Plan, 2008.

[4] For a family of two, the poverty threshold was a combined income of $12,830; for a family of four, the poverty threshold was $19,350.

[5] U.S. Department of Energy, Tribal Energy Program,

[6] John R. Vass, Geothermal District Heating Study Presentation, 11/2008.

[7] California Association of Counties,

[8] Ben Barker et al, “Geothermal Exploration at Fort Bidwell, California,” Proceedings of the 30th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 2005.

[9] Modoc County Coordinated Public Transit Human Services Transportation Plan, 2008

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