APA Citations & Reference List, 7th Edition, 2020 Update

APA Citations & Reference List, 7th Edition, 2020 Update

In-Text Citations

At minimum, APA format requires that a student include the author's last name and the year of publication for any source that is referenced in-text

If a student's paper is referring to an idea from another work or the work as a whole without directly quoting that work: only the author's last name and year of publication are required in the in-text reference. E.g. (Clark, 2016)

If a student is directly quoting material from the source: the in-text reference should include a page number, if available, in addition to the author's last name and publication year. E.g. (Clark, 2016, p. 124)

All sources that are cited within a student's paper must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper as well

In-text citations for sources with a single author

A student may choose to introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The page number, if available, will be included inside parentheses following the quotation: o According to Janifer (2011), "APA style has an internal logic that is often difficult for first-time users to recognize" (p. 303). o Janifer (2011) claims that "APA style has an internal logic" (p. 303); but how difficult is the style for students to understand and use effectively?

A student may also choose to leave the author's last name out of the signal phrase. In such a case, the student must then place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number all in parentheses after the quotation: o Prominent researchers in the field have argued that "APA style has an internal logic that is often difficult for first-time users to recognize" (Janifer, 2011, p. 303).

In-text citation for summary or paraphrase

A student may choose to paraphrase an idea from another work or summarize the general argument of an entire work. In such cases, the student only has to make reference to the author and year of publication in their in-text citation: o Janifer (2011) argues that individuals working in APA style for the first time find difficulties understanding its quirks, despite whatever sense it makes to those who have had extensive practice.

In-text citations for a work by multiple authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names if written within the text and use the ampersand ("&") within the parentheses. o Studies by Olsen and Tanner (1995) show... o (Olsen & Tanner, 1995)

A Work by Three or More Authors: In the signal phrase or in the parentheses, place the first author's last name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and the rest"). o Graeble et al. (2007) demonstrated... o (Graeble et al., 2007) However, if a student is working with separate sources that would be confused with each other in this shortened form because they possess the same first author AND year of publication, the citation can include a couple more author names in order to clear up the ambiguity. o (Graeble, Paley, Larkin, et al., 2007) o (Graeble, Weston, Rawley, et al., 2007)

In-text citations for sources with no known author

If the work does not have a listed author, the student must cite the source by its title in the signal phrase. If the title is long, place only the first few identifying words within the parentheses. Titles of longer works like books and reports should be italicized, while titles of shorter works like articles, chapters, and web pages should be placed in quotation marks.

o One such study was conducted on students' apprehension of APA style in

comparison to other styles like MLA and Chicago ("Evaluating APA," 2017).

In-text citations for sources with an organization as author

If the author is a group, organization, or a government agency, the student should mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation when the source is cited. o According to the American Psychological Association (2019), ...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, the student can include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. o First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2019) o Second citation: (APA, 2019)

In-text citations for two or more works by one author in same year

If a student wishes to reference two sources by the same author written in the same year, place lower-case letters (a, b, c) next to the year to order the entries in the reference list and in the in-text citation. o Research by Williams (2010a) illustrated that...

In-text citations for two or more works in the same parentheses

If a student wishes to cite two or more sources that reference the same information, include the sources (author names and years of publication) in alphabetical order, separated by semi-colons. o (Boyle, 2009; Egan, 2007) o (Abbas & Richter, 2014; Henley, 2012)

In-text citations for personal communication

For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, students should cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Personal communication is not included in the reference list. o (R. Schmidt, personal communication, January 16, 2020). o R. Schmidt claimed that many students neglect to properly evaluate the accuracy of the citations given to them by online citation generators (personal communication, January 16, 2020).

In-text citations for indirect sources

If a student uses a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. o Novak argued that... (as cited in Cleary, 2018, p. 87).

Note: Rather that citing indirectly, students should strive to locate the original material and cite the original source, if possible.

In-text citations for electronic sources

Students should strive to cite an electronic document the same as any other document by including both author and year of publication in the signal phrase or parentheses. o Jones (2017) explained...

When quoting from an electronic source that lacks page numbers, students should try to include information to help readers find the passage being cited. Use heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these to guide your reader. o As suggested by Tennant (2006), ... (Guidelines section, para. 3). Note: Never include the page numbers of Web pages you print out in your citation. Different computers print Web pages with different pagination, making these numbers unhelpful.

APA Reference List: Guidelines & Format

GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK WITH ONE AUTHOR

Place the author's last name first, followed by their initials. Brandt, J. E. (2018). Accounting for personality differences in the workplace. Studies in Business and Psychology, 11(1), 42-54.

______________________________________________________________________________

GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR

Two Authors List authors by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand ("&") instead of "and."

Sturm, V. G., & Drang, R. M. (2019). Managing stress in the 21st century urban center: The new practical approach. Journal of Mental Health, 78(2), 98-113.

Three to Twenty Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

Ainsley, F., Reeditz, D. S., Claus, M. S., Cuperbole, A., Pisario, K., & Blankenship, J. C. (2012). Through the woods: Studying the psychological effects of fairy tales on young readers. Journal of Childhood Psychology, 45(4), 345-366.

More Than Twenty Authors List authors by last names and initials in the order credited on the text, with commas separating author names. After the nineteenth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the all remaining author names except the final one listed; this final author name should be included after the ellipses. Regardless of the number of authors credited on your source, no more than twenty names should appear in your Reference entry.

Brown, F. H., White, M. J., Red, L. L., Green, A. A., Yellow, J. A., Blue, S. T., Orange, J. M., Violet, C. B., Black, R. H., Silver, R. S., Pink, Y. T., Purple, U. V., Burgundy, P. Q., Opal, D. C., Magenta, F. P., Gold, Q. E., Mauve, H. H., Aquamarine, L. J., Grey, B. M., . . . Rainbow, L. H. (2019). A study of the visible color spectrum. Light Refraction Quarterly, 32(1), 108-125.

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GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK BY ORGANIZATION OR UNKNOWN AUTHOR

Organization as Author:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Unknown Author:

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2019). Merriam-Webster. ______________________________________________________________________________

A BOOK

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (2010). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. American Psychological Association.

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EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR

Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.

EDITED BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. E. E. Editor (Ed.). Publisher.

______________________________________________________________________________

AN EDITION OF A BOOK OTHER THAN THE FIRST

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (#st/nd/rd/th ed.). Publisher..

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AN ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & E. E. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.

O'Blivion, B., & Cronenberg, D. (1983). Radical television in the 1980s. In W. R. Harry (Ed.), Social issues in modern Canada (pp. 101-116). Springer.

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AN ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER (ELECTRONIC)

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title. URL ______________________________________________________________________________

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