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NameDateConversion Tables and Physical ConstantsTable 1 – English Weights and Measures Table 2 – SI PrefixesUnits of LengthFactorPrefixSymbolStandard unit – inch (in. or “)1024yottaY12 inches=1 foot (ft or ‘)1021zettaZ3 feet=1 yard (yd)1018exaE16.5 feet=1 rod (rd)1015petaP5280 feet=1 mile (mi)1012teraTUnits of Weight109gigaGStandard unit – pound (lb)106megaM16 ounces (oz)=1 pound103kilok2000 pounds=1 ton (T)102hectohUnits of Volume101dekadaLiquid100BASE8 ounces (fl oz)=1 cup (c)10-1decid2 cups=1 pint (pt)10-2centic16 ounces (fl oz)=1 pint10-3millim2 pints=1 quart (qt)10-6micro?4 quarts=1 gallon (gal)10-9nanonDry10-12picop2 pints (pt)=1 quart (qt)10-15femtof8 quarts=1 peck (pk)10-18attoa4 pecks=1 bushel (bu)10-21zeptoz10-24yoctoyTable 3 – Conversion Table for Lengthcmmkmin.ftmile1 centimeter =110-210-50.39373.2804 x 10-26.2137 x 10-61 meter =100110-339.373.28046.2137 x 10-41 kilometer =105100013.937 x 1043280.40.621371 inch =2.542.54 x 10-22.54 x 10-518.3333 x 10-21.5783 x 10-51 foot =30.480.30483.048 x 10-41211.8939 x 10-41 mile =1.6093 x 1051609.341.60936.336 x 104528011 angstr?m = 10-10 m1 fermi = 10-15 m1 nautical mile = 1852 m1 light-year = 9.460 x 1012 km1 yard = 3 feet1 parsec = 3.084 x 1015 km1 fathom = 6 feet1 Bohr radius = 5.292 x 10-11 mTable 4 – Conversion Table for AreaMetricEnglish1 m2=10,000 cm21 ft2=144 in2=1,000,000 mm21 yd2=9 ft21 cm2=100 mm21 rd2=30.25 yd2=0.0001 m21 acre=4840 yd21 km2=1,000,000 m2=43,560 ft21 mi2=640 acresm2cm2ft2in21 m2 = 110410.763915501 cm2 = 10-411.0764 x 10-30.1551 ft2 = 9.2903 x 10-2929.0311441 in2 = 6.4516 x 10-46.45166.9444 x 10-311 circular mil = 5.07 x 10-6 cm2 = 7.85 x 10-7 in2Table 5 – Conversion Table for VolumeMetricEnglish1 m3=106 cm31 ft3=1728 in31 cm3=10-6 m31 yd3=27 ft3=103 mm3m3cm3 or mLLft3in31 m3 = 1106100035.31476.1024 x 1041 cm3 or mL= 10-611.00 x 10-33.5315 x 10-56.1024 x 10-21 liter (L) = 1.00 x 10-3100013.5315 x 10-261.02371 ft3 = 2.8317 x 10-22.8317 x 10428.3168117281 in3 = 1.6387 x 10-516.38711.6287 x 10-25.787 x 10-411 U.S. fluid gallon = 4 U.S. fluid quarts = 8 U.S. pints = 128 U.S. fluid ounces = 231 in3 = 0.134 ft31 L = 1000 cm3 = 1.06 qt1 fl oz = 29.5 cm31 ft3 = 7.47 gal = 28.3 L1 m3 = 263.691 gallons 1 gallon = 3.79 x 10-3 m3Note for Table 6 below: Quantities in the shaded areas are not mass units. When we write 1 kg “ = ” 2.2046 lb, this means that a kilogram is a mass that weighs 2.2046 pounds under standard conditions of gravity (g = 9.80 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2).Table 6 – Conversion Table for Massgkgslugozlbton1 gram = 10.0016.8522 x 10-53.5274 x 10-22.2046 x 10-31.1023 x 10-61 kilogram = 100016.8522 x 10-235.2742.20461.1023 x 10-31 slug = 1.4594 x 10414.59391514.784832.1741.6087 x 10-21 ounce = 28.34952.835 x 10-21.9426 x 10-316.25 x 10-23.125 x 10-51 pound = 453.5920.45363.1081 x 10-21615.00 x 10-41 ton = 9.0719 x 105907.18562.16193.2 x 10420001Note for Table 7 below: Quantities in the shaded areas are weight densities and, as such, are dimensionally different from mass densities. Note that Dw = Dmg, where: Dw = weight density, Dm = mass density, and g = 9.80 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2.Table 7 – Conversion Table for Densityslug/ft3kg/m3g/cm3lb/ft3lb/in31 slug/ft3 = 15150.51532.21.86 x 10-21 kg/m3 = 1.94 x 10-310.0016.24 x 10-23.61 x 10-51 g/cm3 = 1.941000162.43.61 x 10-21 lb/ft3 = 3.11 x 10-216.01.69 x 10-215.79 x 10-41 lb/in3 = 53.72.77 x 10427.717281Table 8 – Conversion Table for Timeyrdayhmins1 year = 13658.76 x 1035.256 x 1053.1536 x 1071 day = 2.7397 x 10-312414408.64 x 1041 hour = 1.1416 x 10-44.17 x 10-216036001 minute = 1.9026 x 10-66.94 x 10-41.67 x 10-21601 second = 3.171 x 10-81.1574 x 10-52.7778 x 10-41.6667 x 10-21Table 9 – Conversion Table for Speedft/skm/hm/smi/hcm/sknot1 ft/s = 11.09730.30480.681830.480.59251 km/h = 0.911310.27780.621427.77780.5401 m/s = 3.28083.6012.23691001.94381 mi/h = 1.46671.60930.447144.7040.8691 cm/s = 3.2808 x 10-23.60 x 10-20.012.2369 x 10-211.9438 x 10-21 knot = 1.68781.8520.51441.150851.44441Table 10 – Size and Shape of the EarthDimensionmileskilometersEquatorial radius39636378Polar radius39506257Average radius39566371Equatorial circumference24,90240,077Table 11 – Areas of the Earth, Land, and OceanPart of EarthMillions ofSquare milesSquare kilometersLand (2.22%)57.5149Ice sheets and glaciers615.6Oceans and seas (70.78%)139.4361Land plus continental shelf68.5177.4Oceans and seas minus continental shelf128.4332.6Total area of the Earth196.9510Table 12 – Distribution of Land and Water on the Earth’s SurfaceHemisphereLandOceanNorthern39.3%60.7%Southern19.1%80.9%Table 13 – Heights and Depths of the Earth’s SurfaceLandOceans and SeasHeightFeetMetersDepthFeetMetersGreatest height:29,0288848Greatest known depth:36,20011,035Mount EverestMariana TrenchAverage height2757840Average depth12,4603,800Table 14 – Average Temperatures and Salinity of the Oceans, Excluding Adjacent SeasTemperature (?C)Salinity (parts per thousand)Pacific (total)3.1434.60North Pacific3.1334.57South Pacific3.5034.63Indian (total)3.8834.78Atlantic (total)3.9934.92North Atlantic5.0835.09South Atlantic3.8134.84Southern Ocean0.7134.65World ocean (total)3.5134.72Table 15 – Characteristics of TrenchesTrenchDepth (km)Length (km)Average Width (km)Pacific OceanKurile-Kamchatka Trench10.52,200120Japan Trench8.4800100Bonin Trench9.880090Mariana Trench11.02,55070Philippine Trench10.51,40060Tonga Trench10.81,40055Kermadec Trench10.01,50040Aleutian Trench7.73,70050Middle America Trench6.72,80040Peru-Chile Trench8.15,900100Indian OceanJava Trench7.54,50080Atlantic OceanPuerto Rico Trench8.41,550120South Sandwich Trench8.41,45090Table 16 – Water Sources for the Major Ocean BasinsOceanPrecipitation (cm/yr)Runoff from Adjoining Land Areas (cm/yr)Evaporation (cm/yr)Water Exchange with Other Oceans (cm/yr)Atlantic78201046Arctic24231235Indian101713830Pacific121611413Table 17 – Volume, Density, and Mass of the Earth and Its PartsPart of EarthAverage Thickness or Radius (km)Volume (km3)Mean Density (g/cm3)Mass (g)Relative Abundance (%)Atmosphere–––5 x 10210.00008Oceans and seas3.81,3701.031.41 x 10240.023Ice sheets and glaciers1.6250.900.023 x 10220.0004Continental crust356,2102.81.739 x 10250.29Oceanic crust82,6602.97.71 x 10240.13Mantle2,881898,0004.534.068 x 102768.1Core3,473175,50010.721.881 x 102731.5Whole Earth6,3711,083,2305.5175.976 x 1027– ................
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