Healthcare waste management in 7 MNPB - World Bank
Building up the plan for
Healthcare waste management and treatment
18 October, 2009
Table of contents
CHAPTER 1. HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 4
CHAPTER 4: BUILDING THE PLAN FOR POLLUTION MITIGATION 5
CHAPTER 1. HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 10
1. 1 Introduction 10
1.1.1 HCWM 11
1.1.2 Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT, November, 30 2007, of the Minister of Health on healthcare waste management. 12
1.1.3. Standards 12
1.1.4. TCVN7380-2004 and TCVN7381-2004 on medical solid waste incinerator 14
1.1.5 Review of requirement on HCWM practices in Vietnam and in the world 14
1.2 Comparison with international standards 15
1.3 Air emission from Healthcare waste incinerators 17
1.4. Recommendations for strengthening the legislative framework 17
1.6 Environmental assessments and building HCWM plan team 18
1.7 Methodology 18
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT SITES AND STATUS OF HCWM 19
2.1 Description of project sites and HCWM status 19
2.2. Survey and field trips to investigate the existing HCWM at the project healthcare establishments. 27
2.2.1 Questionnaires on HCWM 27
2.2.2 Assessment of waste generation rate at project healthcare establishments 28
2.2.3. Assessment of the type of waste/group of waste in practices 28
2.2.4. Waste separation, collection, transportation, storage and treatment HzHCSW at project DGHs 29
2.2.5. Assessment of HCWM team, internal guideline, training course in HCWM 32
2.2.6. Assessment of HCSW treatment 36
2.2.7 HCWM assessment 36
2.2.8 Assessment of local authorities’ and DPC leader’s proposals on HCWM 37
2.2.9. Infectious liquid waste and waste water treatment (WWT) 37
2.2.10 The needs of spread out regulation on safe discharges of medical waste water 38
2.2.11. Assessment of Healthcare waste water management 39
2.3. HCWM Budget 40
2.4 Risk associate with current HCWM practices and role of Provincial DOH in HCWM inspection 40
CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTED SOURCES FROM MEDICAL WASTE AT THE PROJECT UNITS 42
3.1 Environmental impact caused by medical waste water 42
3.1.1 Estimation of waste water volume from the preventative DGHs in project area. 42
3.1.2 Specific characteristics and components of healthcare waste water 43
3.2 Raising hospital waste is one environmental impact. 44
3.2.1 The discharge of medical solid waste from DGH/DPC in the project sites 44
3.2.2 Objective, impacted scale of medical solid waste 45
3.3 Environmental impact when building the technical house for preventive medical center. 47
3.3.1 Impacts in the preparing and the implementing phase. 47
3.3.2 Environmental impacts in the operation phase 49
3.4. Integrated assessment of environmental impacts of the project 49
CHAPTER 4: BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MITIGATION SOLUTION 51
4.1 Decrease the impact of medical waste by increasing practices HCWM for medical establishments in the project areas. 52
4.1.1 Increase guideline of HCWM 52
4.1.2 Regulative development, human resources for HCWM 53
4.1.3 Building up one specific HCWM Plan for projected district general hospitals 54
4.2 HCWM plan and environment impacts mitigation for district general hospitals in the project area. 55
4.2.1 Waste separation at source by group of waste based on HCWM Regulation of HCWM- QĐ43/2007/QD-BYT. 55
4.2.2 Color coding for waste bag, stored bin, waste bin. 56
4.2.3 Responsibility of waste collection, transportation in the medical units. 57
4.2.4 HCW treatment plan of medical units in the project area. 58
4.2.5. Impact mitigation from radioactive waste 61
4.2.6 Mitigation method of epidemic diseases 61
4.2.7 Other mitigation methods 62
4.2.8 Preventive and deal with environmental breakdown 63
4.2.9 Increasingly monitoring the information of hazardous medical waste 63
4.2.10. Increasing individual responsibility of HCWM 64
4.2.11. Preparing specific financial source for HCWM 64
4.2.12 Preparing to build treat HCWM based on the assessment and selection of suitable technology for project DGH/DPC. 64
4.2.13 Implementing, building and treating medical waste for medical units with different source of capital 67
4.2.14 Making and creating appropriate budget and encouraging medical waste treatment 67
4.3 Mitigation of environmental pollution in the construction phase of the preventive medical center. 67
4.3.1 Mitigation method when preparing construction 67
4.3.2 Mitigation impacts when preparing the building platform 72
4.3.3. Air pollution mitigation in the construction phase 73
4.3.4 Mitigation of water pollution in the construction phase 73
4.3.5 Mitigation of solid waste in the construction phase 74
4.3.6 Safety in construction implementation and protection 74
4.4. Air pollution mitigation in the operation of newly built DPC 75
4.4.1. Air pollution mitigation 75
4.4.2 Water pollution mitigation 75
4.4.3. Mitigaiton method for healthcare solid waste (HCSW) 75
4.4.4 Sum up the method of MW treatment of preventive medical center 76
CHAPTER V: INVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM 79
5.1. Environmental management and monitoring program 79
5.1.1 Environnemental management plan (EMP) 79
5.2 Air environment monitoring 82
5.3 Waste water monitoring 83
5.4 Solid waste monitoring 83
5.5 Monitoring the sanitation condition of working environment 84
CHAPTER 6: ACTION PLANS AND COST OF MWM IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCES 85
6.1 Cost estimation 85
6.2 Co-ordinate cost estimation for the supplying of MW treating equipment 85
6.3 Implementation Schedule 87
Chapter 7: Recommendations to strengthen HCWM at North Central Provinces. 89
7.1 Increase training, wide spreading, practicing HCWM based on QD43/2007 of MoH and other legal regulations. 89
7.2 Building HCWM plan and environmental impact mitigation 89
7.3 Increase the proper monitoring at the province, increase human ability of HCWM assessment for Medical Service. 89
7.4 Increase equipment and tools for medical waste collection and disposal 90
7.5 Increase testing suitable equipment for medical waste treatment; operating, collecting experiment from operation and management. 90
References 91
APPENDIX 1. SOCIAL- ECONOMY INFORMATION OF 6 NCP 93
THANH HOA PROVINCE 93
NGHE AN PROVINCE 93
Appendix 3: Results of HCWM evaluated based on questionnaires 119
Appendix 5: Picture of Guiding of separation and treatment of needs and syringes 149
Appendix 6: List of organization and Individuals participated in HCWM Plan 150
Appendix 7: Picture report at from the practical observation 150
Annex 8: Environmental standards and related documents 154
CHAPTER 1. HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
1. 1 Introduction 10
1.1.1 HCWM 11
1.1.2 Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT, 30 November 2007, of the Minister of Health on healthcare waste management. 12
1.1.3. Standards 12
1.1.4. TCVN7380-2004 and TCVN7381-2004 on medical solid waste incinerator 14
1.1.5 Review of requirement on HCWM practices in Vietnam and in the world 14
1.2 Comparison with international standards 15
1.3 Air emission from Healthcare waste incinerators 17
1.4. Recommendations for strengthening the legislative framework 17
1.6 Environmental assessments and building HCWM plan team 18
1.7 Methodology 18
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT SITES AND STATUS OF HCWM 19
2.1 Description of project sites and HCWM status 19
2.2. Survey and field trips to investigate the existing HCWM at the project healthcare establishments. 27
2.2.1 Questionnaires on HCWM 27
2.2.2 Assessment of waste generation rate at project healthcare establishments 28
2.2.3. Assessment of the type of waste/group of waste in practices 28
2.2.4. Waste separation, collection, transportation, storage and treatment HzHCSW at project DGHs 29
2.2.5. Assessment of HCWM team, internal guideline, training course in HCWM 32
2.2.6. Assesment of HCSW treatment 36
2.2.7 HCWM assessment 36
2.2.8 Assessment of local authorities’ and DPC leader’s proposals on HCWM 37
2.2.9. Infectious liquid waste and waste water treatment (WWT) 37
2.2.10 The needs of spread out regulation on safe discharges of medical waste water 38
2.2.11. Assessment of medical waste water 39
2.3. HCWM Budget 40
2.4 Risk associate with current HCWM practices and role of Provincial DOH in HCWM inspection 40
CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTED SOURCES FROM MEDICAL WASTE AT THE PROJECT UNITS 42
3.1 Environmental impact caused by medical waste water 42
3.1.1 Estimation of waste water volume from the preventative DGHs in project area. 42
Generation of waste water in DGHs 42
3.1.2 Specific characteristics and components of healthcare waste water 43
3.2 Raising hospital waste is one environmental impact. 44
3.2.1 The discharge of medical solid waste from DGH/DPC in the project sites 44
3.2.2 Objective, impacted scale of medical solid waste 45
3.3 Environmental impact when building the technical house for preventive medical center. 47
3.3.1 Impacts in the preparing and the implementing phase. 47
3.3.2 Environmental impact in the operation phase 49
3.4. Assessment the environmental impact total 49
CHAPTER 4: BUILDING THE PLAN FOR POLLUTION MITIGATION
4.1 Decrease the impact of medical waste by increasing practices HCWM for medical units in the project areas. 52
4.1.1 Increase guideline of HCWM 52
4.1.2 Regulative development, human resources for HCWM 53
4.1.3 Building up one specific HCWM Plan for projected district general hospitals 54
4.2 HCWM plan and environment impacts mitigation for district general hospitals in project area. 55
4.2.1 Waste separation at source by group of waste based on HCWM Regulation of HCWM- QĐ43/2007/QD-BYT. 55
4.2.2 Color coding for waste bag, stored bin, waste bin. 56
4.2.3 Responsibility of waste collection, transportation in the medical units. 57
4.2.4 HCW treatment plan of medical units in the project area. 58
4.2.5. Impact mitigation from radioactive waste 61
4.2.6 Mitigation method of epidemic diseases 61
4.2.7 Other mitigation methods 62
4.2.8 Preventive and deal with environmental breakdown 63
4.2.9 Increasingly monitering the information of hazardous medical waste 63
4.2.10. Increasing individual responsibility of HCWM 64
4.2.11. Preparing private source of capital for HCWM 64
4.2.12 preparing to build treat HCWM based on the assessment and selection of suitable technology for project DGH/DPC. 64
4.2.13 Implementing, building and treating medical waste for medical units with different source of capital 67
4.2.14 Making and creating appropriate budget and encouraging medical waste treatment 67
4.3 Mitigation of environmental pollution in the construction phase of preventive medical center. 67
4.3.1 Mitigation method when preparing construction 67
4.3.2 Mitigation impacts when preparing the building platform 72
4.3.3. Air pollution mitigation in the construction phase 73
4.3.4 Mitigation of water pollution in the construction phase 73
4.3.5 Mitigation of solid waste in the construction phase 74
4.3.6 Safety in construction implementation and protection 74
4.4. Air pollution mitigation in the operation of newly built DPC 75
4.4.1. Air pollution mitigation 75
4.4.2 Water pollution mitigation 75
4.4.3. Mitigaiton method for healthcare solid waste (HCSW) 75
4.4.4 Sum up the method of MW treatment of preventive medical center 76
CHAPTER V: INVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM 79
5.1. Environmental management and mornitering program 79
5.1.1 Environnemental management plan (EMP) 79
5.2 Air environment monitoring 82
5.3 Waste water monitoring 83
5.4 Solid waste monitoring 83
5.5 Monitoring the sanitation condition of working environment 84
CHAPTER 6: ACTION PLANS AND COST OF MWM IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCES 85
6.1 Cost estimation 85
6.2 Co-ordinate cost estimation for the supplying of MW treating equipment 85
6.3 Implementation Schedule 87
Chapter 7: Recommendations to strengthen HCWM at North Central Provinces. 89
7.1 Increase training, wide spreading, practicing HCWM based on QD43/2007 of MoH and other legal regulations. 89
7.2 Compose planed form for HCWM and environmental impact mitigation 89
7.3 Increase the proper monitoring at the province, increase human ability of HCWM assessment for Medical Service. 89
7.4 Increase equipment and tools for medical waste collection and disposal 90
7.5 Increasing tests of the suitable equipment for medical waste treatment; operating, collecting experiment from operation and management. 90
7.6 Step by step creating specific financial source for HCWM (solid waste and waste water treatment and management)
References 91
APPENDIX 93
Abbreviation
DOSTE: Department of Science, Technology & Environment DoNRE;
DOSTE: Department of Science, Technology & Environment,
DONRE: Department of Natural Resources and Environment DoC: Department of Construction DoF: Department of Finance
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
DH: District hospital
DoH: Provincial Department of Health
District Preventive Medical Center : DPC
District general hospital: DGH
ICT: Infectious Control (IC) - Infectious Control Team
IEC: Information Education Communication
GDPM: General Depart. Preventive Medicine
North Central Province: NCP
MP: Master Plan
MoH: Ministry of Health
MoNRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
MoSTE: Ministry of Science Technology and Environment
HCW: Healthcare waste
HCSW: Healthcare solid waste
HCSWM: Healthcare Solid Waste Management
Hz HCSW: Hazardous Healthcare Solid Waste
HCWMP: Healthcare waste management Plan
HCSWT: Healthcare Solid Waste Treatment
PH: Provincial hospital
PGH: Provincial general hospital
PL: Polyclinic
PMB: Project management Board
RMW: Regulated medical waste
TCVN: National standard
QCVN: Technical regulation
URENCO: Urban Environmental Company
WWTF: Waste water treatment facility/plant
WMO: Waste management Officer
WMT: Waste management Team
Introduction
The report on Healthcare waste management plan has been designed to report the impacts of health care waste, building up the mitigation solutions and environmental monitoring, environmental management for the project activities that related to: i) equipment supplying to the district general hospital, ii) construct and provide medical equipment to the district preventive medical centers and healthcare training center, iii) support and improve healthcare services at the projected medical establishments aiming at the improvement of the community’s health of 6 poor provinces, improvement health of vulnerable groups of peoples (children, women, poorer, ethnic peoples). Through the project “Healthcare support for 6 North Central Provinces” activities, the healthcare services is improved and caused the increase of healthcare waste and high pressure to the existing healthcare waste management (HCWM) and treatment facilities of the projected healthcare establishments. The environmental impacts should be mitigated by appropriate and consistent solutions at projected hospitals and newly built preventive medical centers.
The report consists 7 chapters analysis the impacts to the environment and public health due to the increasing of medical services at projected sites and proposals on environmental management solutions.
Chapter 1: Healthcare waste management, related legal documents and regulations.
Chapter 2: Description of project sites, existing HCWM and risks
Chapter 3: Environmental impact assessments
Chapter 4: Healthcare waste management plans and mitigations
Chapter 5: Environmental monitoring plan
Chapter 6: Estimation of financial budget for HCWM and environmental management plan (EMP)
Chapter 7: Recommendation and conclusion
The evaluations is revealed through the depth interview of healthcare management authorities, healthcare waste responsible staffs, medical workers, waste workers. The resurvey has been delivered questionnaires to the healthcare establishments and the questionnaires have been fulfilled and made proposals by healthcare establishment themselves. Based on these, the Action plan and Healthcare waste management Plant (HCWMP) are being developed and play important role as key outputs of the report. The information on project sites is presented in Annex 1 and Annex 2. The minutes of the meetings, questionnaires and field trip quick tests are presented in Annex 3. Annex 4 presents the construction sites of district preventive medical center (DPCs), its scales. The recommendation of safe discharges of infectious and pointed wastes is showed in Annex 5. Annex 6 consists of the list of organization and individuals participated in the building up HCWM plan. The environmental standards and waste effluents discharged standards as well as the related documents are consists in Annex 7, the field trip survey presented though out the photo report in Annex 8. The international Healthcare wastes management and related domestic Ministerial regulations on HCWM, the consultation on HCWM with the related organizations and individuals. In addition, the master plan of HCSWM, the documents of the local and international workshop have been referenced. Studying the previous studies on HCW generation rate to selection of the appropriate generation rates combining with the field trip surveys and collection of the questionnaires directly related to the HCWM to find the estimation of the generation rate of hospital waste and assessment on the HCWM activities in projected district hospitals for this report.
CHAPTER 1. HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
1. 1 Introduction
Vietnam currently have 13483 healthcare hospitals including 956 state-owned ones and 859 regional policlinics, 51 rehabilitation centers, 10815 commune beds (GSO, 2007), 700 sector medial centers, 41 medical sites with the total bed number of bed 210800. The healthcare waste is estimated to be produced 70 tons/day and 80 tons/day due to the increase of healthcare establishments, beds, health services, population and urbanization and patients are day by day being more assess to health services.
The Ministry of Health has been issued the Healthcare waste management (HCWM) Regulation on 30 November 2007, QD/43/2007QD-BYT.
The HCW is the solid, liquid, gas wastes consist of 2 types: normal waste and hazardous waste. Healthcare waste should be separated and segregated right at source by using appropriate bags and tools, containers as stipulated in chapter III of the Regulation on HCWM of the Ministry of Health. Time for HCW storage at the healthcare establishments is maximum 48h. The HCW should be transported outside of the hospital by using specific tools matching the technical requirements of Circular No 12/2006/TT-BTNMT dated 26 December, 2006 on licensing the hazardous waste collection, transportation and destruction. Each medical center or healthcare establishments has to have the waste auditing notes, and the waste receipts regulated detail in the mentioned above Circular No 12/2006/TT-BTNMT. The suggestion of waste treatment models, treatment technology are more diversified compared to the old one. The liquid hospital waste treatments are more focused.
The Decision No 43/2007/QD-BYT on HCWM has been issued since 2007 and together with the inspection and monitoring; the HCWM has been boosted and stepped by step put into orders. The HCWM basically has been separated at source and collected. However, at the projected district preventive medical centers (DPC) and district general hospitals (DGH), the HCWM has found in difficulties compared to the provincial and central level ones. The situation gets worse in the projected sites at the poor and difficult provinces in the Northern Central Provinces of Vietnam.
1.1.1 HCWM
Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT dated November 30, 2007, of the Minister of Health giving guidelines on healthcare waste management for implementations. Beside that, there are several documents on technical requirements for medical incinerator evaluation, technical standard for discharged hospital waste water as well as air emission from medical solid waste incinerator, radioactive management are based on the related Ministerial technical regulation. The documents, regulation related to HCWM is presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: The summary of the regulations relating to healthcare waste management at nation level
|Name of regulation |Date issued |Main activities described |
|Constitution of SRV |1999 |All governmental ministries have to protect natural |
| | |resources and environment |
|Environmental Law (revised one) |Oct-05 |Ministry of Health in charge of environmental |
| | |protection in healthcare sector |
|Decision 23/2006 and Circular 12 on Hazardous waste |2006 |MonDre on Hazardous waste management and requirements |
|management | |for collection, transportation, treatment and auditing |
|Decree 80 of Government |August, 2006 |Guiding to implement Environmental Law |
|Decree 81 of Government |Sep, 2006 |EIA requirement for development project |
|Circular 08 of MoNRE |Sep, 2006 |Guiding implementation of EIA and environmental |
| | |protection commitment |
|Decision 43/2007/QD-BYT Ministry of Health |30t November, 2007 |Regulation on healthcare waste management |
|Decision No 60/2002/QD-BKHCNMT by The Minister of Science, |07th August 2002 |Issue on Technical guidelines on hazardous waste |
|Technology and Environment | |burying. |
| | | |
|Decision No 67/2003/ND-CP by Government |13th June 2003 |Fees for environment protection complied with waste |
| | |water |
|TCVN7382:2004 Water quality- Hospital waste water – |2004 |National discharged standard for hospital waste water |
|discharged standards | | |
|TCVN7381:2004. Healthcare solid waste incinerator – Method of|2004 |Method for evaluating medical solid waste incinerator |
|specification appraisement | | |
|TCVN7380:2004: Healthcare solid waste incinerator- Technical |2004 |National technical requirement for medical solid waste |
|requirement | |incinerator |
|Healthcare waste management regulation |2007 |Decision on the enforcement of the HWM regulation |
|QD43/2007/QD-BYT | | |
|QCVN 14:2008 |2008 |National technical regulation on domestic water |
| | |quality |
|QCVN 08-2008/BTNMT |2008 |National technical regulation on surface water quality |
|QCVN 09-2009/BTNMT |2008 |National technical regulation on underground water |
| | |quality |
1.1.2 Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT, November, 30 2007, of the Minister of Health on healthcare waste management.
This regulation has been regarded as the basic foundation for the healthcare waste management and for investing the infrastructure for treating of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes derived from health establishments.
This regulation makes concretely on classification, identification of healthcare waste and the process of healthcare solid waste collecting at heath establishments, regulations on on-site and off-site transportation of solid hazardous waste. Moreover, the HCWM Regulation also introduces some models, technology and measures for treatment and destruction of solid, liquid, gaseous wastes as well as the regulations for implementation.
1.1.3. Standards
Solid waste:
-The requirement on separation, collection, transportation, treatment of HCW is stipulated in QD43/2007/QD-BYT, November, 30,2007 of MoH.
-Decision No23/2006/QD-BTNMT dated September 26, 2006 in which the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment issued a list of hazardous wastes and the Circular No12/2006/TT-BTNMT dated December 26, 2006 giving the guideline on the condition, the procedures for application preparation, registration and license granting to practice and issuance pf the code for hazardous waste management.
Landfill waste based on technical design TCXDVN 261:2001; Landfill of Hazardous waste based on technical design: TCXDVN 320-09-11-2004.
General requirement of sanitation landfill: TCVN 6696:2000. Technical design TCXDVN 320:2004.
Technical design requirement for the construction of radioactive works that causes damage for people has to follow designed technical regulation of the Decision No 32/2005/QD-BYT dated 31 October 2005 for designing the X-ray and related labs or departments.
Air pollution
QCVN 02-2008/BTNMT – Technical requirement for air emission from medical incinerator
Vietnamese standard TCVN 7380:2004 established standards and other requirements on Healthcare solid waste incinerator – Technical requirements.
Vietnam standard TCVN 7381:2004: Method of specification appraisement for healthcare solid waste incinerator.
Vibration and Seizing cause by the construction activities: Maximum vibration at the residential and public areas, TCVN 6962:2001.
Technical requirement for equipment and machines working in the construction works TCVN 4087-1985.
Vietnamese standards for air quality and surrounding air quality TCVN 5937:2005; TCVN 5938:2005 – Air quality – Limited maximum concentration of some poisonous chemical in the air, TCVN538-2005, TCVN 5939-2005 and TCVN 5940-2005) and safety and occupational environmental standards based on Decision QD3733/2002/QĐ-BYT dated 10 October, 2002 of the MoH.
Water and waste water:
QCVN12-2008: National technical requirement of domestic waste water discharges.
QCVN 08-2008/BTNMT – National regulation of surface waste water quality
QCVN 09-2009/BTNMT – National regulation of underground waste water quality
Vietnam standard TCVN 7382:2004: Water quality – Hospital waste water – Discharge standards. Medical waste water after treatment has to reach the first level of the standard.
TCVN 5945-2005 output standard of industrial waste water.
1.1.4. TCVN7380-2004 and TCVN7381-2004 on medical solid waste incinerator
The main content of TCVN7380-2004 on medical incinerator is the regulation on having dual chambers: primary and secondary chambers. The temperature of primary has to reach over 800oC and the temperature at the secondary has to reach 1050oC, the retention time in the secondary has to over 1.5s. The temperature of discharged air from the chimney has to less than 2500C. The height of chimney should be higher than 8m and waste water from the incinerator should followed TCVN5945-1999; Detail methods of appraisal and evaluation regulated in TCVN7381-2004.
The said above standard has been issued in order to limit the hazardous air emission to environment when the specific regulation QCVN02-2008 has not yet stipulated. At the provincial level, DONDRE has responsible to carry to environmental monitoring of the discharged air from medical incinerator. TCVN7380-2004 and TCVN7381-2004 have been considered as the technical requirement for selecting of incinerator, supplying to the hospitals. With the QCVN02-2008, the heavy metals, the toxic gas as well as the concentration of NOx have been paid more attention. Table 1.2
1.1.5 Review of requirement on HCWM practices in Vietnam and in the world
The HCWM practices in Vietnam steps by step integrate with the international one.
The identification of hazardous healthcare waste has been suited with practices and based on the practices of healthcare curative treatment so that the medical staff easy to practice.
The method of hazardous healthcare waste treatment has diversified. The new method based on microwave, autoclaving or chemical neutralization have introduced and should have consistent technical standards to be chosen.
- Non-combustible hazardous healthcare solid waste (explosive containers, waste with mercury...) should be awarded to practice.
- Finding suitable solution for hazardous healthcare waste management and treatment in small scale of the district hospital and district preventive medical centers of the project areas.
1.2 Comparison with international standards
HCWM regulation has introduced several manuals of specific type of waste as well as specific technical treatment and destruction methods. This is the basic regulation on collection technology and infrastructure investment in order to treat liquid and solid and air discharges from medical establishments.
a) Priority on HCSW treatment:
Designate major concerning categories of waste that require special handling and disposal precaution based on the most suitable to the existing facilities and pointed out the considered types of waste 1) infectious and microbiology laboratory waste 2) sharp and pointed items 3) bulk blood, blood products, blood, bloody body fluid specimen and items as well as pathology and anatomy waste, 4) drugs 5) Hazardous chemicals 6) Radio active waste 7) Heavy metal and non hazardous/recyclable waste and hazardous/non recyclable waste consistent with WHO regulation.
b) The attention should be given to developing guideline: on how each waste category should be managed. It is needed to harmonize the new regulations on hospital waste treatment solution in to the revised HCWM Regulation.
Treatment of Hz HCSW is now based on incineration technology and is associated with high capital investment and high operation costs. The destruction of infectious waste by incineration will be paid more attention on the types of waste that may have been disinfected with chlorine bearing chemicals and PVC plastic bags and materials in uncontrolled; small scale incinerators would results in emission of toxic gases such as dioxin and furan which are very hazardous pollutants.
The technologies such as autoclaving and micro waving effectively treat waste as lower costs and safe manual has been introduced to apply according to Decision 43/2007/Qd-BYT. The new technological treatments and options should be introduced at the project areas especially at the poor medical establishments in Hue, Ha Tinh or Thanh Hoa and Nghe An of the North Central Provinces (NCPs). The field trip survey has revealed that many medical establishments have not updated yet.
c. Pay more attention on the environmental friendly technology and sustainable operation.
Reviewing technological selection of the methods as well as the facilities, integrated with the Vietnamese regulation and WHO guidelines for developing countries on HCWM towards most environmental friendly and sustainable manners.
d. Technology standards for Regulated medical waste treatment based on disinfection, neutralization or chemical treatment as well as the cost effective solution for liquid waste treatment in order to facilitate the use of disinfection equipment or new model of waste water treatment to put in use and evaluate.
e. Preparation of the standards design, technologies and operation in order to introduce to the HCWM legislation. Their permitting, monitoring, reporting requirements will be involved fully. The options of using incineration, autoclaving, microwaving, deep burial waste pit, landfills are will based on its characteristics compliance with the technology standards. The standards will be referred from the available one of the developed countries, developing countries and suitable with Vietnamese condition.
f. Encourage the hospitals using the environmental company services or existing facilities if recognized the condition for Hz HCSW treatment is sufficient.
g. Introducing of low cost model of HCW treatment with standard design, assessment and recommending appropriate technology for the poor provinces.
h. Development of a guideline on occupational health and safety in health-care centers.
1.3 Air emission from Healthcare waste incinerators
The bellowed table presents a comparison of Vietnam and European standards on air emission from healthcare solid waste incinerators. The results show that Vietnamese standards meet international standards. However, Vietnam has not got quick test or quick measuring equipment for detecting toxic gases as such dioxin and furans.
Table 1.2: Comparison of environment standards of medical waste incinerators
| |TCVN7381-2004 |QCVN 02:2008 |E.U. |USA |
| | |On forced |2000 |1997 |
|Temperature |120-250°C | |- |- |
|Dust (mg/m3) |100 |115 |10 |115 |
|CO (mg/m3) |100 |100 | | |
|NOx(mg/m3) |350 |250 | | |
|SO2 (mg/m3) |300 |300 | | |
|Total heavy metal (mg/m3) |2 | |0.5 |- |
|Cd(mg/m3) |- |0.16 |0.5 |- |
|Hg (mg/m3) |0,5 |0.55 |0.005 |0.55 |
|Pb (mg/m3) | |1.2 | | |
|HF (mg/m3) |2 |2 |1 |- |
|HCl (mg/m3) |100 |100 |- |100 |
|Dioxin-furan (ng/m3) |1 |2.3 |0.1 |2.3 |
In USA and EU regulations, threshold limit value for air emission from incinerators depends on type and capacity of incinerators.
1.4. Recommendations for strengthening the legislative framework
- National guidelines on occupational health and safety in healthcare establishments should be developed.
- Enhance the inspection mission as well as monitor the healthcare waste management from Central and local level.
-Supplement the compulsory environment protection fee for enhancing the supervising, operating the management system, healthcare solid and liquid waste management.
The contents need to be added to the HCWM regulation in Viet Nam
Healthcare waste management in community and home individually
Healthcare waste management in private health stations
The technical standards and pilot’s demonstration for new method of safe healthcare waste destruction (autoclave, microware, chemical neutralization...)
The responsibilities of private health stations (waste producer) and environmental agencies in waste collecting and transporting and treatment 1.5 Safeguard policies of WB on Environmental assessment
Based on the Safeguard policies of WB for developing projects form loans or grants, the project has followed the Environmental assessment (OP4.01) and has been classified as project B.
1.6 Environmental assessments and building HCWM plan team
The environmental assessment team and HCWM Plan consist of 1) Environmental specialist and colleagues (based on environmental assessment TOR) 2) Members of PMB at Central and provincial level 3) Medical establishments’ leaders 4) Chief of infectious control departments or Chief of waste management team
1.7 Methodology
Methodology for environmental study and survey at DGH include some main methods. The firstly, information is collected, secondly, the measurement and analysis of HCW composition, thirdly, the observation HSW management.
Deep interviews between consultants and people in charge of HCWM (Board management of DGHs, DPCs, Department of Health, Medical workers, sanitation staff, waste collectors, and other related people).
Investment and assessment HCWM for received survey paper.
Listing environmental date and components needed.
Method of environmental description based on the collected data and dates.
Method of environmental catalogues report writing, grouping of coordinated, the simple catalogues, listed environmental factors. The catalogue showed impact level to each environmental factor and the question formed catalogues (applied to assess the economy and social condition of the project area).
Environmental impact assessment EIA matrix: Use the simple matrix and matrix method within direction followings all expert’s opinion.
Comparison method: applied to assess the impact level from activities.
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT SITES AND STATUS OF HCWM
2.1 Description of project sites and HCWM status
1) Project sites:
Northern Central Provinces (NCPs) consist of 6 provinces: Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Bình, Quang Tri and Thua Thiên – Hue. Being one of 8 ecological zones of Vietnam, NMPs are popular with the characteristics of coastal provinces. The wide of provinces narrow, complicated topological figures and arid climate condition: high sunny hours, rains, floods, typhoons. The surface areas of NMP is accounting for 15.6% of the national wide, the population accounting for 12,6% of the total national population and just follows the Red Delta River and Mekong Delta River population. Many minorities such as Thai, Hmong, Muong, Kho mú, Tho, Chut, Du đu, Bru- Vân Kieu live in NMP.
The socio-economical conditions: the projected areas are not well developed in term of economics, infrastructures and the ratio of poor families is high compared to the national wide.
Table 2.1: Information of socio-economical condition of 6 projected provinces
|Information |Thanh Hoa |NgheAn |Ha Tinh |Quang Binh |Quang Tri |TT Hue |Total |
|Area (Km2) |11.136 |16.488 |6.055 |8.065 |4.760 |5.065 |51.569 |
|Population (1.000 people) |3.702 |3.122 |1.290 |854 |639 |1.144 |10.751 |
|Districts/town |27 |20 |12 |7 |10 |9 |85 |
|Communities/wards |634 |481 |262 |159 |139 |152 |1.827 |
|Poor village 135 |94 |166 |30 |73 |27 |15 |405 |
|Poor district/total 62 districts |7 |3 |0 |1 |1 |0 |12 |
|Ratio DTTS (%) |14,4 |13,4 |1% | |10,5% | | |
|Ratio of the poor 139 (%) |31% |29% |17% |28% |40% |12% | |
| | | | | | | |26,16% |
(Source: Social assessment report)
The North Central Provinces possesses high ratio of the poor people compared to others provinces. The average income lowers the national level, especially high number of poor villages and sub poor villages. The Ha Tinh, Nghe An và Thanh Hoa have average income lower than the remote and mountainous provinces like Lai Châu (96.000đ/người/tháng), Điện Biên (114.000đ/người/tháng). Main sources of income are come from the food processing and agricultural production, cultivations, sea products captures. Therefore, the project on “Healthcare support for North Central Provinces” with the targets of i) providing medical equipment, increasing healthcare services at district general hospitals, at the district preventive medical centers at the poor district areas. Beside that the Project has been designed to supply the equipment and training courses for regional healthcare training center likes one in Danang city. The list of 30 district general hospitals and others is presented in table 2.1. The list of 33 district preventive medical centers is presented in Table 2.2 and Table 2.3.
2) Description of healthcare services in project sites
There are 81 medical centers or healthcare establishments with 7484 beds are under the management of 6 Provincial Departments of Health (DoHs). The number of bed in policlinics is 1481 beds in 141 sites. Total number of nurseries and health communes are 1813 sites with above 8988 beds and the numbers of preventive medical centers equal to the number of district administration units belonging to the 6 NMPs.
Table 2.2: List of 30 District general hospitals and one Quang Tri provincial GH having the equipment investment.
|NCPs |DGH |NCPs |DGH |
| |Như Xuân | |Nghi Xuân |
| | |Hà Tĩnh | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|Thanh Hóa | | | |
| |Hoàng Hóa | |Đức Thọ |
| |Ngọc Lạc | |Cẩm Xuyên |
| |Tĩnh Gia | |Kỳ Anh |
| |Lang Chánh | |Minh Hóa |
| | |Quảng Bình | |
| |Thường Xuân | |Tuyên Hóa |
| |Mường Lát | |Bố Trạch |
| |Quế Phong | |Đă Krong |
| | |Quảng Trị | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|Nghệ An | | | |
| |Tương Dương | |Gio Linh |
| |Kỳ Sơn | |Hải Lăng |
| | | |BVĐK Tỉnh QTrị |
| |Nghi Lộc | |Phong Điền |
| | | | |
| | |Thừa thiên Huế | |
| |Yên Thành | |Phú Vang |
| |Thanh Chương | |Hương Trà |
| |Nam Đàn | |Phú Lộc |
| |KV Tây Nam | |Huế City |
(Source: Project design document, September, 2009)
The total projected beds is 3820 beds accounting for 51% of the total bed in the 6 NCPs (refer to Annex 2)
As for infrastructure capital investment: Muong Lat and Ba Thuoc districts in Thanh Hoa Province and Minh Hoa – Quang Binh province are getting funded by local government’s state budget, and have requested the project investment to be targeted at 3 other district preventive centers, namely Cam Thuy and Hau Loc and Le Thuy who are mountainous districts with high poverty rates and high occurance of floods and diseases. The province’s objective is to ensure sufficient equipment for these 3 district preventive health centers after completion of administrative and technical buildings funded by the project.
Table 2.3: List of 30 District preventive medical centers
|NCPs |DPCs |NCP |DPCs |
| |Lang Chánh | |Quế Phong |
|Thanh Hoá | |Nghệ An | |
| |Thường Xuân | |Tương Dương |
| |Quan Hóa | |Kỳ Sơn |
| |Quan Sơn | |Nghĩa Đàn |
| |Mường Lát (equipment) | |Quỳnh Lưu |
| |Hậu Lộc (Construction) | | |
| |Như Xuân | |Thanh Chương |
| |Bá Thước (equipment) | |Nam Đàn |
| |Cẩm Thuỷ (Construction) | | |
| |Nghi Xuân | |Minh Hóa (equipment) |
|Hà Tĩnh | |Quảng Bình |Lệ Thuỷ (Construction) |
| |Kỳ Anh | |Tuyên Hóa |
| |Hương Sơn | |Bố Trạch |
| |Hương Khê | |Quảng Trạch |
|Quảng Trị |ĐaKrông |Thừa Thiên-Huế |Phong Điền |
| |Gio Linh | |Phú Vang |
| |Hải Lăng | |Hương Trà |
| |Vĩnh Linh | |Phú Lộc |
(Source: Project design document, September, 2009)
The description on the project provinces as well as project districts is presented in Annex 1 and Annex 2 of this report.
The most of the project medical establishments are located in the main towns of the districts where the access to the main roads, good electricity and water supply systems. Particularly, there are several medical establishments such as Tuyen Hoa, Que Phong, Ky Son are still using the dig well water. The project sites also located in the quiet zones, less population and traffic vehicle density, where have been planned for the medical services in the master plan of the district and district’s town approved by the Chairman of provincial people committee.
There are several DPCs such as Tuyen Hoa, Bo Trac, Quang Trach, Le Thuy belonging to Quang Binh and Vinh Linh, Gio Linh, Hai Lang – Quang Tri province and Nghi Xuân, Kỳ Anh, Hương Sơn (Hà Tĩnh) where the district towns still have lot of land for the developments, the District People Committee have approved the new land sites for construction of DPCs under the project of “Healthcare support for NCPs”. The new land sites of DPCs are located next or nearby to the existing DGHs.
The location of new DPCs that are preparing the construction are presented in Annex 2.
2) Description of the project healthcare services.
The total district and provincial general hospitals in NPCs are 81 sites with 7484 beds in which the policlinic beds are 1481 beds in 141, nurseries and commune healthcare sites are 1813 sites with 8988 beds and the DPCs as much as the district administration units.
Table 2.4: Healthcare indicators at the project provinces.
| |People/bed | | |Population growth rate| |
| | |CBR (%o) |CDR (%o) |(%o) |IMR (%o) |
|Nation |596,3 |17,4 |5,3 |11,62 |16,00 |
|NMP |476,6 |17,6 |6,2 |11,51 |20,00 |
|Thanh Hoa |401,6 |15,3 |6,9 |7,96 |23,0 |
|Nghe An |636,8 |18,4 |6,6 |12,81 |23,8 |
|Ha Tinh |470,2 |14,9 |7,0 |8,86 |18,1 |
|Quang Binh |561,2 |17,2 |5,5 |11,22 |18,0 |
|Quang Tri |501,5 |18,7 |8,0 |10,48 |35,5 |
|TT Hue |288,1 |20,0 |5,6 |13,71 |14,8 |
(Source: Annual healthcare statistics year book, MoH 2007)
The basic health indicators of 6 North central Provinces with children under 1 year old mortality and raw rate of infant mortality in 6 NCP are higher than the average rate of the nation wide show that the poor medical services in the region. Lacking of necessary consultation and curative equipment, old and out of date equipment is often meet in the 6 NCP. Several provinces do not have enough equipment to provide to the district hospitals.
The average number of bed per on district general hospital in NCP, typically in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh are 110-120beds/per units in the moderate populated districts. The average number of bed of the Hue and Quang Tri provinces is about 70 beds/unit.
Table 2.5: Medical units, district, and commune sickbeds by region and in NCP
| |Total |Hospital |Policlinics |Nurseries |Commune |
|Region | | | | | |
| |units |Sickbed |units |Sickbed |units |Sickbed |units |
|National |100 |78,1 |14,0 |5,0 |1,6 |0,3 |0,9 |
|Red Delta River |100 |84,2 |11 |2,9 |0,5 |0,4 |1,0 |
|North East |100 |74,3 |17,3 |6,6 |0,4 |0,3 |1,1 |
|North West |100 |64,1 |23,8 |9,9 |0,5 |0,2 |1,5 |
|North Central |100 |71,2 |21,5 |3,6 |1,7 |0,9 |1,2 |
|South-central |100 |80,6 |12,3 |3,7 |2,6 |0,1 |0,8 |
|Tay Nguyen |100 |75,3 |12,6 |6,1 |4,4 |0,3 |1,3 |
|South East |100 |85,8 |5,4 |5,0 |2,6 |0,2 |1,0 |
|Mekong Delta |100 |76,0 |15,1 |6,4 |1,8 |0,2 |0,5 |
(Source: GSO household living standard survey 2006)
Although lacking of main medical equipment and human resources, the medical establishments of 6 NCP are trying their best to apply the HCMW regulation as stipulated in QD43/2007/QD-BYT. However, the results are far comparing to the requirement on HCWM and sanitation of the hospitals.
Table 2.7. Use of public hospitals in 6 project provinces
| |Average days in hospital |Times of using Out-patient care |Number of in-patients admission/ |
|Province | |/ 1000 people |1.000 people |
|Thanh Hoa |6.9 |416 |120 |
|Nghe An |6.6 |380 |114 |
|Ha Tinh |6.9 |611 |143 |
|Quang Binh |6.2 |330 |132 |
|Quang Tri |5.4 |26 |133 |
|Hue |6.8 |217 |53 |
|Nation wide |6.72 |284 |108.7 |
(Source: Health Year Book of statistics 2007; Reports provided by Provincial Health Departments, 2008).
The surveys on existing situation of HCWM in 6 NCP is presented in following.
3) Healthcare services at the project district general hospitals
The district general hospitals of project areas and the policlinics have typical average beds of less than 150beds/hospital and accounting for 53% (17/32) and expand in the large areas of the North Central Land of the country. Main departments of the district general hospital are: Administration Department, Financial and planning Department, Nurse ring Department, Ultraviolet Consultations Department, Surgical Department, Maternity Department, R-H-M Department, Emergency Department, Recovering Department, Pediatric Department, Infectious Control, Traditional Medicine, Pharmaceutical Department, Pharmaceutical Department and Laboratories.
In which, there are DGH such as Ky Anh, Cam Xuyen will be increased double up to the year 2020 to meet the industrialization process and development of the industrial – economical zone of the Province as well as to meet the high increasing requirement of the public health.
Comparing to other areas of the country, the projected districts having medical centers (DGH and DPC) with small scale but have to serve the high population density areas in the country.
In 6 NCPs, there were over 85% of the medical consultation for poor of the region. Annually, about 385 tons of infectious HCSW (HzHCSW) generated and need to be properly treated, in addition over 1.05 tons of HzHCSW generated from DPC, raising to over 386tons/day of HzHCSW that needs special treatment and management.
The total HzHCSW have been generated in medical establishments of project areas is accounting for over 51% of the total waste generated in the whole NCP. The high HzHCSW generation province is Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh and lowers in generation are Hue, Quang Tri, Quang Binh province.
Solid waste in DGH:
The major parts of HzHCSW are waste of group A and B. In the DGH that have more than 150bed with the Laboratory, the waste of group C and radio-active waste are declared with significant amount.
4) Healthcare service at project district preventive medical centers (DPC)
The project DPCs have responsible on carrying the initial healthcare and preventive medicine programs such as anti malaria, anti tuberculosis, mums, melees, , HIV/AIDS control), food safety and productive healthcare. There are 6 or 7 departments in DPC: 1) HIV/AID prevention and control 2) Public health 3) Food safety 4) Laboratory 5) Public awareness raising 6) Initial healthcare 7) Productive healthcare. The medical staff in DPC is about 28-35 depends on the population of the district. Average annual medical consultation at DPC is about 12000 cases/year. Some DPCs have several inpatient beds mainly for the productive healthcare consultation.
Solid waste in project DPC: The sharps and pointed items and cotton used in injection are main part of the solid waste generated from DPC. The infectious solid waste generate daily in small amount. Despite the fact that the total amount of HCSW is less than 5kg/day, but the pointed items such as needles, glasses having patient bloods are listed as the high risk and medical workers and waste officers could directly be infected by scratching and tearing and this type of waste should be managed strictly and properly.
2.2. Survey and field trips to investigate the existing HCWM at the project healthcare establishments.
2.2.1 Questionnaires on HCWM
The generation rate of HCSW depends on the scale of the DGH and its services. The higher rate is found in the DGH that have more than 120 beds with high quality medical doctors, specific department and modern medical equipment, comfortable services. The rate is smaller in the mountainous and remotes areas.
One survey carried out by questionnaires has been designed to estimate and assess the generation rate of HzHCSW, Table 2.8, together with the field trip observation and assess this rate and situation of HCWM in the project healthcare establishments.
Table: 2.8: The questionnaire information
|General information about DGH |Type of the DH or Polyclinic, basic key factors (number of bed, inpatients, outpatients, |
| |number of medical consultation, surgery, number of medical staffs) |
|Estimation of HCSW generation rate |Clinical waste, specific waste (chemical, radioactive, pressurized containers,) domestic |
| |waste. |
|The practice of segregation, collection, storage, |Separation of the waste as well as the methods for segregation of sharp and pointed |
|transportation, treatment and destruction of HCSW |items. Use of color codes for waste collection and transportation means. Facilities for |
| |waste storage and the recycling or reuse of waste |
|The perception of the Regulation on HCWM |Availability of document/guideline on Regulation on HCWM and elaborating themselves the |
| |guidelines for separation and treatment of waste. |
|Trained medical staff on HCSWM |Is there any HCSWM team in DH |
|Facilities for disposal/treatment of hazardous HCSW |Final disposal (burying, open burning), existing incinerators, technical information |
| |about incinerators |
|Expenses related to HCSWM |All expenses from the generation point of waste to the final disposal |
2.2.2 Assessment of waste generation rate at project healthcare establishments
The questionnaire has been designed to collect information on the healthcare services and HCWM for both solid waste and water supply and discharged water management. Based on data analysis, the generation rate of HzHCSW is about 0.19kg/bed/day in which the waste of group A: pointed items is 0.048kg/bed/day, Table 2.9, 2.10.
Table 2.9: Generation rate of HzHCSW in project DGHs
|No |Type of waste |Investigated beds |Total amount |Average rate |Standard |Min |Max |
| | |(n.DGH=21) |(kg/day) |kg/Bed/day |deviation | | |
|1 |Infectious |2035 |393.44 |0.19 |0.24 |0.01 |0.45 |
| |healthcare waste | | | | | | |
(Ngo Kim Chi, Survey on HCWM in project DGHs in NCPs, 2009)
2.2.3. Assessment of the type of waste/group of waste in practices
The HCSW has been separated in almost DGHs. However the level of waste separation at source is different from one to others. The percentage 40.6% (13/32) of DGHs being asked give the reply that they follow QD43/2007/QD-BYT by separating waste into clinical waste with 4 types of waste A-D, Hazardous chemical wastes, radio active waste, pressured containers and have the receipt of generated waste in detail.
HzHCSW generates from DGH is mainly waste of group A, infectious waste of group B. Few DGHs have been separated waste from laboratories. This type of waste is often small amount. Almost of DGH answered that they carried out the waste disinfection before discharging waste. The tissues and body organs wastes are often smaller than the waste of group B.
The chemicals, out of dated drugs have been identified. However, the discharging of this type of waste is not daily routine. The reported amount of waste is the waste discharged randomly. At the pharmaceutical departments, these wastes have been discharged periodically. The same to the pressured containers, this type of waste is not common daily waste, but discharged several times a year.
Based on the questionnaires, the radio active waste generates from project DGH is small amount. However, the monitoring this type of waste is not given in priority list and the data on the total amount of waste is often lacking and missing.
Some recycling waste such as transfusion bottles, glucose plastic bottles, nitrogen solution bottles are recycling materials and have been disinfection before discharging for recycling purposes.
Table 2.10: Generation rate of infectious waste (group B) at project DGH
|No |Type of waste |Investigated beds |Total amount |Average rate |Standard |Min |Max |
| | |(n.DGH=21) |(kg/day) |kg/Bed/day |deviation | | |
|1 |Waste of group A |2035 |97.6 |0.048 |0.007 |0.003 |0.125 |
(Ngo Kim Chi, Survey on HCWM in project DGHs in NCPs, 2009)
Table 2.11: Generation rate of waste of group C, D of project DGH
|No |Type of waste(kg/GB) |Group B |
| | |Min |Average |Max |
|pH |6.5-8.5 |6.4 |7.45 |8.15 |
|Suspendes substance, mg/l |50 |150 |160 |220 |
|BOD5, mg/l |20 |120 |160 |220 |
|COD, mg/l |100 |150 |200 |250 |
|NH4+, mg/l |10 |15 |22 |54 |
|NO-3 mg/l |30 |35 |72 |96 |
|PO43-, mg/l |4 |- |- | |
|Total coliform, MPN/100ml |1000 |106 |109 |106-107 |
(Date from the Environmental Impact Assessment for upgrading 3Ha Tinh DGHs)
Recognizing that, if hospital has got its waste water treatment (WWT) station/facility, waste water after storing at the septic tank is discharged the ditch system then goes to the concentrated central treatment tank or central WWT or gathering point. The water is stored at the regulated tank then running outside also reduces pollutant volume. (Although that, the waste water treatment system does not run). However, to complete the treatment of hospital waste water to meet the requirement of Vietnamese standards TCVN 5783-2004, TCVN 1945-2005, especially to increase or make the quality of disinfection more effectively, then it is needed that the waste water should be treated by biological process to reduce or limit the pollutants and to eliminate almost the organic substances as well as the nutrients to the minimum level in order to create a good condition for the disinfection process. Therefore, the BOD concentration after treatment is encouraged to reach at least 20mg/l. And in order to meet the above requirement as well as QCVN 14: 2008, waste water treatment system needs to continuous and sustainable operation.
If the DGH has got the waste waster treatment system, it should be checked the electricity and operation condition in order the WWT can have good condition to operate daily as much as possible for one sustainable treatment and then the disinfection will get high result and effectively. One thing should consider is that if waste water is well pretreated at the septic tank, the sedimentation tank, oxygen ditch, or ditch system, it will make the waste water treatment more effective and contribute to reduce the pollutants.
3.2 Raising hospital waste is one environmental impact.
3.2.1 The discharge of medical solid waste from DGH/DPC in the project sites
The hazardous medical waste arising from the DGH, district general hospital is about 0.19-0.2kg/bed/day. It is very different depending on the hospital scale and their services. In which, there is a high ratio of medical waste volume doesn’t treat properly following the regulation.
Hospital waste has got the diversity components, low calorie, and low density from 0.13 to 1.15kg/m3, with the high moisture. The HCSW components is referenced and displayed as followings.
Table 3.2: Solid medical waste components from hospital
|STT |Hazardous medical waste |Ratio (%) |
|1 |Needles injection |14,6 |
|2. |Drip lines |17,54 |
|3. |Swabs and containers stained with swabs. |33,87 |
|4. |Medical waste products |5,53 |
|5. |Others |28,46 |
|6. |Total |100 |
(Source: master plan of medical waste management, 2002)
Table 3.3: Chemical characteristic of medical waste
|No |Standard |Unit |Average |
| |Density |Ton/m3 |0,13 |
| |Moisture |% |50 |
| |Ash volume |% |10,3 |
| |Calorie |Kcal/kg |2153 |
(Source: master plan of medical waste management, 2002)
With the low caloric medical waste, cost for burning waste on the location is always more than 0.6kg petrol/kg waste without calculating the other costs.
3.2.2 Objective, impacted scale of medical solid waste
1 1) Impact to public health
The HCSW can bear the dangerous disease like HIV/AIDS, B or C infected hepatitis, harpoon to medical workers, especially nurses, orderlies that are people who have the most highly infection potential because they contact to sharp materials or pointed ends of tubers. Hospital’s staff or waste officers who are in charge of medical waste management also have the significant potential in contacting with high risk waste (person in charge of waste cleaning, digging waste up). The potential of contamination from infected disease is higher if they contact directly and contact daily to medical waste without any safety protection tools. Some contagious diseases through fly, mouse…have created dangerous risks for public community and patients in the district general hospitals. HCSW and waste waster treatment containing contamination germs are the reason of increasing the water born diseases like diarrhea, enteritis, encephalitis, cholera, dysentery and the new diseases.
Table 3.4: Contamination disease by touching with medical waste, and germ
|Contamination |Germ |Infecting way |
|Digestion contamination |Groups of Enter bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella spp.; | |
| |Vibrio cholera; worm, taenia |Manure or vomit |
|Respiration contamination |Tuberculosis virus, rubella virus, Streptococcus |Phlegm, fluid |
| |neumonia | |
|Eye contamination |Virus herpes |Eye fluid |
|Genital contamination |Neisseria gonorrhea, Virus herpes |Genital fluid |
|Skinned contamination |Streptococcus spp. |Pus |
|Anthrax |Bacillus anthraces |Substance from skin ( sweat, excreta) |
|Meningitis |Neisseria meningitis |cerebrospinal fluid |
|AIDS |HIV |Blood, genital excrete |
|Hemorrhagic fever |virus: Junin, Lassa, Ebola, Marburg |All blood’s products and excrete |
|Blood contained staphylococcus |Staphylococcus spp. |Blood |
|Blood bacterium contamination (by |Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus arueus; |Blood |
|different bacterium) |Nitrobacteria; Enterococcus; Klebssiella; Steptococcus| |
| |spp. | |
|Candida fungi |Candida albican |Blood |
|A hepatitis |Virus carrying hepatitis A |Manure |
| B and C hepatitis |Virus carrying hepatitis B, C |Blood, |
2. Spreading ways from medical waste
Table 3.5: Risk, disease spreading ways from medical waste at district general hospitals without proper management
|Risk |Spreading way |Hazardous substance |
|Cutting disease |Direct/ Indirect touching through the |Medical waste product, waste contained germ, contagious waste |
|Contagiousness, |middle organism |causing disease by disease vector, especially at the dumping |
| | |site. |
| |Direct touching |Sharp and pointed material like injection needles, broken glass|
|Being skinned | |pieces create the condition for disease penetrating the body, |
| | |examples: carelessly use the injection needles |
|Non effective treatment |Direct effect |Use the expired medicine, pharmaceutical products without |
| | |doctor’s prescription |
|Cancer |Direct/ Indirect touching, working |Radioactive waste, waste from X-ray room (most of the district |
| |closely to it |general hospitals don’t manage waste properly) |
|Scald, itch |Direct/ Indirect touching, working |Hazardous waste, radioactive waste |
| |closely to it | |
|To be injured |Explosion gas |Pressure container |
|Underground/surface water, air |Direct/Indirect touching to polluted |Virus, microorganism, hazardous waste, expired pharmaceutical |
|pollution |water/ air. |Waste high concentration of metal. |
2 3) Air environment impact from improper incineration (outdoor burning, handicraft incinerator)
Burning medical waste outdoor will create air pollution because of smoke, fly ash, coal ash and other pollutants. Because there are some other materials like plastic materials, rubbers and hazardous metals in the solid waste and when it is burned it will create the uncomfortable smell and hazardous un desirable pollutants, wastes such as dioxin, furan and some persistent substances if they are burned with the temperature under 8500C. The hazardous pollutants are also spreading to the wind then impact medical workers, patients and others. The people contact daily to fly ash, smokes from burning wastes can be exposed to respiratory disease.
3.3 Environmental impact when building the technical house for preventive medical center.
3.3.1 Impacts in the preparing and the implementing phase.
Pollution source: -Clearing the ground: dust, gases
-Dust from windy in the implementation process
-Rainfall is mixed by sand, petroleum.
-Constructive solid waste, domestic waste of worker,
-Noise from implemented transports
Dust pollution: In the construction process, air pollution mainly is dust from process of soil digging, clearing surface, transporting material, and mixing concrete. The dust from above activities doesn’t have the large size then it reduce the impact to the recent areas. The use of excavators, machines in the construction work will create dust, hazardous gases like CO, SO2, SOx, NOx… with the light impact to air quality and air environment because the very large spreading areas and the machine also works and creates lightly impacts to the air quality. However, the construction work in the project sites will not include heavy activities and working volumes so the impact will be small. The construction time will not prolong for a long period, so the impact to air quality is not high in the project area.
Air pollution: In the construction phase, air pollution can appear from the domestic waste burning of construction worker or from burning waste in simple brick incinerators or open burning wastes outdoors. But it can be limited by avoiding the outdoor waste burning and improperly incinerated waste in in appropriate medical solid waste incinerators. The increasing of transportation vehicles also can create the local pollution at the construction site but it not worth considering and will stop and the completing of the construction activities.
Noise pollution, vibration pollution: The construction activities will make the noise pollution, vibration pollution in the construction implementation. The impacted scale is mainly in the working area, directly impact to construction worker and can impact to patients living in the hospitals during the construction period.
Solid waste: Solid waste generated in the construction stage is mainly construction materials and domestic waste of the construction workers generated daily. The discharges just are the instant so it need to enhance the solid waste management. The domestic waste needs to be collected by environmental company daily to limit the bad impacts to environment. After the construction is completed, the recovering and rehabilitation activities should be carried out so no one could file the traces of the construction materials or hazardous wastes still remains in the construction sites, all the waste will be collected and cleaned by appropriate solutions.
In general, most of the construction works can impact air environment in the residents’ area. However, these impacts are mainly locally and happen only during the working time. There are different impact levels will impact air quality at different levels but for the project construction work the level of impact will be small due to the small construction building in the small surface area. It can mitigate by applying the appropriate construction methods, use the construction standards and all of the impacts will remove after finishing the building.
3.3.2 Environmental impacts in the operation phase
Like other medical units or healthcare establishments, in the operation phase, the preventive medical center can discharge HCSW and impacts on environment. However, this impact is not worth considering because there are have suitable treatment methods described in mentioned chapters above for waste water treatment and infectious solid waste treatment and destruction. They are described above (3.3 sections), therefore environmental impacts can be control properly.
3.4. Integrated assessment of environmental impacts of the project
To make the integrated assessment of the development of environmental impacts during three phases of the project, it can apply environmental impact matrix. This method is following: Listing environmental impacts in the column, and listing the project activities in the rows, marking environmental impacts to the appropriated cells and scoring the impacts comparing to others.
Environmental and social factors include:
- Natural environment: (climate, temperature, moisture, rainfall, wind velocity... water resource (underground water, surface water), and soil resource will be impacted.
- Organism resource and ecosystem: include vegetation cover, aquatic system, and terrestrial animal will be impacted by the project activities.
- Social environment: Life quality, public health, job, resident distribution, social economy, landscape, tourism and relaxation, land’s value. …land acquisition and compensation.
Activities in implementing phase (planting trees, clearing the surface, preparing the platform of construction site, land acquisition, activities of worker, and equipments, machine installation…).
Activities in the operating phase: Bring the medical equipment to operated, increase medical service and treatment quality.
In order to evaluate the EIA matrix, an application is designed to make the marking to show the quality and role of the impact. The detail level of marking scale depends on the document use for identifying and analysis the impact. The positive impact displayed by (+), the negative impact displayed by (-). The natural numbers show the importance of one impact to other impacts. In this report, we use scale 10, and 0 point to show that there is not any impact. The marking is implemented by team working, within the expert’s consultation and expert’s assistances.
From the EIA matrix, we can see that when project goes to the operation, the project have a good impact to socio economy and environmental components. The bad impacts caused by the project will be minors and will be foreseeable and being treated or mitigated by properly mitigation solutions.
Table 3.6. Environmental impact matrix of the project
|Activity |Cleaning the surface |Building | | Medical service|Waste water discharge |
| | | |Installing machine, |activity | |
| | | |equipment | | |
|Environmental | | | | | |
|impact | | | | | |
|HCWM practicing |staff in charge of MW, |64 units in the |Health Ministry |1 day |Knowledge to good implementation: |
| |director of |project areas |(Treatment | |medical waste identity in regulation, |
| |anti-disinfected group, | |department) | |correct separation, preliminary |
| |head nurse | |expert | |treatment, disposal. Attain the |
| | | | | |requirement of HCWM plan. |
|Monitoring- assessing |Hospital director + |64 medical units |Health Ministry, |1 day |Clearly understanding regulation of |
|HCWM |provincial staff in |and provincial |(Treatment | |HCWM, making plan and monitoring the |
| |charge of medical waste |officer. |department) | |implementation |
| |(Medical Service) | |expert | | |
4.1.3 Building up one specific HCWM Plan for projected district general hospitals
It is important to develop one specific HCWM Plan for project district general hospitals/preventive medical center. The HCWM plan includes methods for separation, collection, transportation, and disposal of medical waste; and running cost, function, duties for all related officers. Selecting pollution mitigation methods as well as to have the EMP. The EMP has to be designed well in order to invest and to improve equipment for medical waste treatment. This plan needs to be approved by each medical establishment’s director and then will put under the control and monitoring of Provincial Department of Health.
- Objective: Before implementing the Project, district general hospitals and preventive medical centers will develop and complete their own HCWM plan to reduce waste, to prevent pollution and to improve environment quality at district general hospitals and DPCs of 6 project provinces, where generates more than 51% of hazardous medical waste of the total medical waste from North Central area.
- Principles:
1) Source separation- reduces and recycles waste under the regulation
2) Safe disposal – select the friendly environmental methods for waste disposal
3) Policy discussion and finding fun for HCWM witch is now very limited
4.2 HCWM plan and environment impacts mitigation for district general hospitals in the project area.
4.2.1 Waste separation at source by group of waste based on HCWM Regulation of HCWM- QĐ43/2007/QD-BYT.
Communication, training for collection and isolating hazardous waste at source: 1. contagious waste, 2. hazardous chemicals, 3. radioactive waste, 4. pressure container, 5. general waste
Contagious waste is paid attention on the most high risk group of waste from A to D group of infectious waste. The leader of each department has to stipulate the place of department waste collection and have the waste bin at the waste generation sources and have to have the guideline for waste separation at source.
A) Sharp and pointed waste (Waste of group A or Type A): injection needles, sharp and pointed ends of transfusion tubes, scalpesl, nail and saws, injection ampoules, broken glass pieces and other sharp and pointed instruments used in medical activities.
B) Non-sharp and non- pointed contagious waste (Waste of group or Type B) are those stained with blood or biological fluids and wastes from isolation wards.
C) Highly contagious waste (Waste of group C or Type C) are those generated at laboratories such as swabs and containers stained with swabs.
D) Surgery waste (Waste of group B or Type D), which include human tissues, organs, body parts, placentas, fetuses and tested animal carcasses.
Hazardous chemical wastes: a) expired or poor-quality pharmaceuticals which are no longer usable. b ) Hazardous chemical used in medical activities, tissue toxicant including drug bottles and pots, instruments stained, c) tissue intoxicants or substances secreted from patients treated with chemical. d) Waste containing heavy metals: mercury (from thermometers, blood pressure meters, wastes from dental treatment), cadmium (Cd (from batteries, accumulated batteries), lead (from lead-coated boards or materials used to prevent X-rays from image diagnosis or X-ray treatment rooms)
Radioactive waste: include solid, liquid and gaseous ones, which are generated from diagnostic, therapeutic, research and production activities.
Pressure containers: include oxygen, CO2 or gas cylinders, prone to cause fires and explosion when put on the fire.
General domestic waste are those which do not contain contagious elements, hazardous chemicals, radioactive substances, inflammable or explosive elements, including garbage from patient’s room (excluding isolation wards); b) wastes generated from medical activities such as glass bottles and pots, serum bottles, plastic materials, assorted plasters for broken bone cast, which are not stained with blood, biological fluids and hazardous chemicals) papers, newspapers, documents, packing materials, cardboard boxes, plastic bags and film bags.
4.2.2 Color coding for waste bag, stored bin, waste bin.
1. Yellow PP or PE bag for storing contagious waste (A-D); 2. Black bag for storing hazardous chemicals and radioactive waste; 3. Blue bag storing normal domestic waste and pressure container of small capacity; 4. White bag storing recycles waste. Medical establishments have to support enough PP plastic bags for all departments.
Stored equipment storing sharp and pointed waste: Sharp and pointed Waste containers must suit the final destructive methods, satisfy the following standards: Their wall and bottoms are hard enough so as not to be punctured. They can resist infiltration. They have proper sizes. They have lids which are easy to open and close. Their mouths are big enough for putting sharp and pointed objects without push. They are printed with the phrase “ CHI DUNG CHAT THAI SAC NHON” (FOR SHARP AND POINTED WASTES ONLY) and a line at the ¾ height and the phrase “ KHONG DUOC DUNG QUA VACH NAY” (NOT CONTAINED ABOVE THIS LINE). The re-used box has to be clean, disinfected. Waste bins: Use the waste bin with lids, and easy to open within the carrying rope. Following the color coding. The bin’s outside must be printed with a signal line at the ¾ height and with the phrase “ KHONG DUOC DUNG QUA VACH NAY” (NOT CONTAINED ABOVE THIS LINE). To be clean the waste bin everyday.
Encouraged use trolley, specific vehicles to transport waste in the hospitals.
4.2.3 Responsibility of waste collection, transportation in the medical units.
Waste collection: Nurse’s aide/ sanitation staff collect waste at all departments (before 16h) from the source to the concentrated waste station of the department then bring to the waste gathering place regulated in the DGH/DPC.
Waste transportation: The transport of waste through patients’ area, and other clean zones should be avoided. When transporting in side DGH/DPC, it is avoided waste falling to the floors.
Waste store: Hazardous waste, re-use waste, recycle water are separately stored. (The stored house depends on the hospital’s regulation, it should be far from their restaurant, working room, public area; and have the rope, protected wall, clock door, suitable area, hand-cleaning area, protected equipment, disinfected chemical, water drainage, good air ventilation.
The stored time of medical waste is lower than 48 hours in the general condition. Waste should be treated at the moment. If the medical center with the waste volume lowers than 5kg per day, its collection, treatment is two times per week.
Transport to the treatment: Person in charge of MW management transported surgery waste to dump every day.
To district medical center/ preventive medical center propose that they bring their waste to the next hospital which has got the equipment to treat medical waste properly.
Medical waste of district hospital or medical center, before being transported to destruction places, must be packed in bins to avoid cracks or breaks on route, must label first, and take note of waste transportation and respective disposal
4.2.4 HCW treatment plan of medical units in the project area.
1) Temporary disinfection for all high contagious waste (C, A, B group)
1. Highly contagious waste can be initially treated at the source by one of the following methods a). Chemical disinfection: soaking medical waste in 1-2% Chloramines B, 1-2% Javen, for at least 30 minutes (or other disinfected chemicals under the use instructions of producers and regulation of the Health Ministry). b ). Hot- steam disinfection: Highly infectious waste is put into disinfection steamers which are operated under producer’s instructions. C) Non- stop boiling for at least 15 minutes. 2) Highly contagious waste after being preliminary treated, can be buried or wrapped in yellow plastic bags for mixture with contagious wastes. If these waste are initially treated by autoclave or microwave methods or other modern technology up to prescribed standards, they can be later treated like general waste and be recycled. 3) If the hospital is equipped incinerator, sanitation dumping is just applied like a temporary method and it can discover the difficult condition at the mountainous areas. 4. Hygienic burial: being surrounded by fences, at least 100m away from water wells and residential houses; their bottoms are at least 1.5m below the surface water level, their mouth are above the ground and temporarily roofs against rain water, each waste layer must be covered by an earth layer of 10-25cm thick and the final earth layer must be 0.5mthick. Contagious waste must not be buried together with general wastes. Contagious wastes must be disinfected before being buried.
2) Final treatment for all kinds of waste
1) Treatment of sharp and pointed waste: a) Incineration in special furnaces together with other contagious waste b) Direct burial in cement hole exclusively used for burial of sharp and pointed objects: The holes are built with concrete bottoms, walls and lids.
2) Treatment of surgery waste: a) the contagious waste treatment and destruction methods like treatment of contagious waste at incinerator. b) They are wrapped in two yellow bags, packed in cases and buried in cemeteries. c) Burial in concrete pits with tight bottoms and lids.
3) Chemical waste treatment and destruction methods: a) Returning them to supplier under contracts b) Incinerating them in high blast furnaces c) Destroying them by method of alkali neutralization or hydrolysis. d) Pre-burial winterization: mixing waste with cement and number of other materials in order to fasten hazardous substance in waste. The mixture ratios will be as follow: 65% pharmaceutical, chemical waste, 15% lime, 15% cement, 5% water. After an unique block is created, it is transported for burial.
Pharmaceutical waste: a) returning them to the supplier under the contracts. b) Incinerating them in high blast furnaces. C) Inert able - then burying them at hazardous waste burial sites.
Treatment and destruction of waste Contain heavy metal: a) returning them to producer for recovery of heavy metals. b) Destroying them at places for safe destruction of industrial waste. C) If these two methods cannot be applied, the method of packing wastes tight in metal or high density polyethylene cans or boxes, then adding fastening substances (cement, lime, sand), letting them dry and packing them tight, then discharging them to waste duping site.
5) Treatment and destruction of tissue-intoxicating waste: a) incinerating them in high-temperature furnaces. b) Initially, the infectious waste has been disinfected and then burial at concentrated waste burial sites. c) Using a number of oxides such as KMnO2, H2SO4, etc. degrading tissue intoxicants into non hazardous compounds.
6) Radioactive waste treatment and destruction: Medical establishments using radioactive substances and radioactive substance- related instruments or equipment must comply with current legal provisions on radiation safety.
7) Treatment and destruction of pressure cylinder: a) Returning them to the producer under the contracts; b) Re-using them. c) Burying them like pressure cylinder of small capacity.
8) General solid waste treatment and destruction: 1) Recycling, reuse general waste must no contain contagious elements and hazardous chemicals. Waster allowed for recycling and reuse are only supplied to organization or individuals licensed for such operation and having function of recycling waste. Medical establishment assign one unit to organize, inspect and strictly supervise the treatment of general wastes according to regulation for recycling and re-use.
2) Treatment and destruction: Burial at local waste burial sites.
9) Treatment of waste water: Each hospital must have a synchronous waste water collection and treatment system. That hospital, which does not have waste water treatment system, must build complex waste water treatment system. Separating medical waste water, domestic waste water and rainfall. Applying the disinfection methods at the source of infected waster, water containing blood or cell sap or saline…; This is good if the waste water is locally treated before running to the collection waster water treatment system. Output domestic waste water has to follow QCVN 14:2008. Output medical waste water has to follow TCVN 7382-2004 (standard for hospital waste water) and TCVN 5945-2005 (applied to the left components not under TCVN 7382-2004). Monitoring output water quality every year, at least 2 times per year)
10) Treatment of gaseous waste: 1) Laboratories, chemicals or pharmaceutical storehouses must be constructed with air ventilation systems and toxic gas-gathering cabinets up to the prescribed standards. 2) Gas discharged from solid medical waste incinerators must be treated up to Vietnam’s environmental standards with frequency of two times per year. Regular maintain of incinerators.
4.2.5. Impact mitigation from radioactive waste
The construction, arrangement of radioactive able equipment caused human impact has to follow strictly the designed standard base on decision number 32/2005/ QD-BYT in October, 31 of 2005 on designed stand on image prediction diagnosis.
Use X- ray equipment, CT- Scanner, MRI with the clear origin (machine code, where and when make it). This equipment is checked regularly one time per year, checking process bases on the DVVN 41:1999
To X-ray room, its design has to followed construction standard of number 365/2007 (minimum room area is 12m2, window and main door of X- ray room has to preventive effect of X-ray
Fully equip of laboratory equipment for machine operation, suitable prevention equipment such as prevention for thyroid gland. Person in charge of A-ray machine has to be equipped with personal safety and has to exam personal health regularly.
4.2.6 Mitigation method of epidemic diseases
It is necessary to ban food products, materials, foods, drinking can be contaminated with epidemic diseases.
Limiting patients are being treated at epidemic diseases departments living outside the hospital to eliminate the disease contamination to the community.
Disinfection based on doing sanitation activities at the DGH/DPC.
Limiting to bring people and equipment living in the restrict areas of the DGH/DPC place to place aiming at reduction of disease spreading; in a special situation it needs to equip fully protection instruments and tools and to obey and follow the instruction of the Ministry of Health on epidemic control and prevention.
Proposals to cut the pathway of contamination: Eliminate direct contact between people and hazardous HCSW by: providing personal protective equipment e.g. heavy duty gloves, safety glasses, thick clothes; Restricting access to healthcare waste dumping site; Improving awareness of dangers of contamination from HCW.
Eliminate indirect contact between people and hazardous healthcare waste by Applying vector control methods e.g. covering waste; Protecting water supplies from contamination; Implementing good hygiene practices when dealing with waste by hand washing;
Hazard reduction: Encouraging the use alternative solution for safe disposal of clinical such as autoclave/chemicals to initial disinfection of clinical waste before safe disposal of waste in separate sanitary burial pit/cell at disposal site. In case use the incineration method, the good designed and qualified incinerator should be used.
4.2.7 Other mitigation methods
Public awareness rising:
It needs to build guideline of waste management apply for whole project life. The guideline can be printed by A4 paper, divided into 4 parts (fourfold), includes contents: I- Definition of medical waste and how to recognize it; II- Impacts of medical waste within expert reflection and other assessment on impacts of bad situation of HCWM or the disease contamination when contact with high risk infectious waste; III-Guideline of medical solid waste separation, description by color picture of waste bin all kind, nylon bag all kind; IV- Commitment of strictly follow HCWM regulation of MoH.
Implementing of medical waste separation at source by following the Regulation of MoH is committed.
It needs to improve human capacity on HCWM, open the professional training course as well as the technique of HCW treatments for medical staff. Onsite trains and awareness are given to everyone from sanitation officer to the medical manager.
Prevailing mitigation methods and other related solution to concerned people aiming at increasing awareness in the project area
Encourage and communicate to the private medical units to strictly follow the regulation of medical solid waste separation. Besides, environmental policeman needs to strictly keep a close watch of medical waste treatment situation. Strictly punishing will be delivered to organizations due to illegally dumping infectious medical waste.
Green belt should be created in the hospitals by planting trees and creating the beautiful landscape, against dust, noise, gas.
Protection of waste workers, medical staff that have to contact daily with HzHCW and organizing the healthcare checking periodically to check the infection respiration systems, skin diseases…
4.2.8 Preventive and deal with environmental breakdown
To build the water container, fire-fighting equipment followed TCVN 3254-1989 of fire fighting regulation
Safety internal rule is issued as regulated.
Having anti –fire foaming bottle to protect from fire as regulated.
To train for medical staff of method and equipment in case of incident
To prevent lightning problem, medical centers have to equip of lightning-prevention, follow the regulation of 76/VT on March 2, 1983, by Ministry of Construction.
Training the methods and activities in emergency cases to control accidents based on the safety laboring principles.
Medical workers are protected by safety toolkits.
Anti thunderstruck by installing appropriate tools as regulated
Make sure that the pits of waste as mentioned Were prepared in cases of emergency and having accidents with medical incinerators. In most of cases, the infectious has to initially disinfect by mentioned above safe solutions (autoclave, boiling, microware, disinfection using chemicals).
4.2.9 Increasingly monitoring the information of hazardous medical waste
HCWM plan needs to be approved and monitored its implementation from the waste’s arising to the disposal
Taking the note of waste volume
Checking regular disposal standard and condition.
4.2.10. Increasing individual responsibility of HCWM
Dean/chief of department: in charge of HCWM from waste generation source, initial disinfection, collection of waste to proper place, assigning tasks for checking, monitoring and writing the discharged waste within the department. 2. Medical staff/ sanitation staff: transportation, treatment and applying final way of medical waste disposal. 3. Board management of hospital: approving the HCWM plan and building investment project, improving infrastructure for HCWM of the units. Enough supply of specific equipment for HCWM. To coordinate to specific institute who will monitor the disposal, to check environmental quality at least two times per year.
4.2.11. Preparing specific financial source for HCWM
Being priority to chose the low cost technology for HCSW treatment. The minimum cost for medical waste incineration is about 10,000 d per kg of infected waste. The expenses for treatment of medical waste water are about 1800d/m3. These expenses should be available and paid by the DGH/DPCs.
4.2.12 Preparing to build treat HCWM based on the assessment and selection of suitable technology for project DGH/DPC.
If the DGH has got its financial source and has planned to build HCW treatment system by financial budget of other donors (buying the incinerator, building the waste water treatment system/station), it needs to assess existing waste water treatment systems operate in the whole country in tern of technical design and operation and maintain) to have the basic conduction for choosing suitable technology that will be used for 6 project provinces.
It is needed that the selection of two DGHs to demonstrate and to perform the suitable medical waste treatment models (WWT and HCS treatment facility). The two DGH are looking for is DGH Que Phong- Thanh Hoa and DGH Phu Loc – Hue to introduce the cost effective treatment solution and environment friendly operate and maintain of medical waste (liquid and solid).
If DH or preventive medical center doesn’t have their expense and any waste treatment facilities or has not have planed incinerator, they should be supplied disinfected equipments like autoclave, disinfected chemical for safe disposal of waste and the initiation disinfection of infectious waste should be priority to apply.
The infected waste is safe after separating and be disinfected in autoclave at least 15 minutes, or soaking and boil in hot water 1000C about 30 minutes before dumping it at specific/separate pit of waste or in waste concrete tank onsite the hospital.
Sharp material (within or without the point of needle) is soaked disinfected chemical or consolidation/solidification, and then dumped in the concrete tank or in safe pit of waste.
Low cost of HCW treatment technology/facility that can treat the waste at national environmental standard should be introduced. The mentioned technology based on the following principles:
+ Collecting waste water at the regular tank for primary bio treatment, there is solid waste screening to remove the raw or coarse solid waste with big sizes to avoid from damaging pump and obstacle of the drainage system. In addition, the primary treatment will make the biological process and treatment easier and quicker). The biological treatment will implement in concrete tank that designed as septic tank or intensive septic tank with bastab (partition wall with the up flow direction wall). After that, waste water is then pumped or flowed gravity to bio-treatment tank to implement further treatment there.
+ Bio-treatment (aeration or SBR Sequence Batch Reactor treatment): Medical waste water can be biologically treat at 1) Aeration tank with sedimentation partition and sludge and sediment gathering cell. There are two operation section in the tank with the appropriate partition wall, the treatment includes several process: fully pumping waste water to the treatment tank, oxygen/air flowering for nitrification, de nitrification, purification to remove pollutant substances, checking input parameters DO, BOD, COD, N,P, oxygen scouring intensity to create favorite condition (temperature, pH, DO...) to effectively remove suspended substances and pollutants in the next sedimentation phase.
2) Trickling filter system: Waste water is sprayed regularly in the bio-filter by water-distribution pipes or canals. When waste water down flows through biomaterials (make up gravel, coarse sand, plastic buffers…), the liquid membranes is created along the materials and the pollutants contact directly with air from one to two side when getting in touch with bio membrane in the other. Then substances, oxygen will diffuse to bio-layers and be decomposed by microbiological process. There is integrate treatments: aerobic, anaerobic, anoxic in the bio-membrane at filter materials, oxygen is naturally provided continuously through the pores of filter materials, then waste water is purified and cleaned. Under the filter material is the water collection drainage which enough for air circulation. Treated water can be circulated and mix with raw water to reduce its concentration before spraying it to filter-material, it also help controlling the water power. When surface layer is thick enough, substance is difficult to inter then the microorganisms will die, the die membrane follow the water running to make the sediment. Dry sludge appears normally very small. Bio-system can treat organic pollutant, nitrogen, bio-phosphor by the transformation among aerobic, anaerobic ... in the tank through changing the oxygen supply demand at filter-membrane structure; arrangement of water running order. Trickling filter is now the popular technology with the trend that it increases the filtering times, and uses plastic filter material instead of biomaterial.
2) Trickling filter system structure: 1) the bottom. It collect filtered water and sediment in the bottom, air goes into filter by the main door. It is made by block, hole-bored concrete, glass-reinforced composite place in the concrete layer to support the filter material. The bottom’s slope is from 1 to 5 percent toward the water collected door. minimum velocity of running water in the water collected ditch is 0.6m/s to ensure that sludge is not be stagnated and water does not block the air interring. 2) Filter material: requirement of the big surface (m2/m3), big empty volume, light, strong, low cost. However, the plastic material is popular day by day because it satisfies the above requirement and high treatment effectiveness. In the other hand, it is light so that filters tower can be higher then reduce the surface area. 3) The secondary sediment uses just for heavy sludge collection, it not need to press sludge therefore the requirement is not complicated.
+ Sediment deposit: After bio-treatment, waste water is deposited, maximum deposited time is 2hours.
+ Decontamination: After bio-treatment, most of the organic pollutant reaches the permitted standard, effective treatment of organism, bacterium and coli form. Waste water is run to decontamination tank, and decontamination chemical should be ozone or hypochlorite...
Sludge let out: Sludge is transported to the sludge stored tank
It needs to priority select the waste treatment system of sustainable working, to train and remain well. Waste water treatment station can primarily treats at the latrine or sediment tank then applies trickling filter and final decontamination, will reach the environmental standard of nitrogen, organic compound, coli form, decreasing output sludge, and output water reaches the TCVN 7382:2004.
4.2.13 Implementing, building and treating medical waste for medical units with different source of capital
Cost for medical waste treatment bases on the additional supply for the units which have never invested following the medical scale.
Mixing finance plan (from provincial source, governmental debenture) to ensure that medical waste of the project units are controlled and monitored following environmental standard in the implemented time.
4.2.14 Making and creating appropriate budget and encouraging medical waste treatment
Following the HCWM Decision 43/2007/QD-BYT of MoH, medical waste treatment cost is self-paid by hospitals. However, the most of the project districts are very poor district, which serve the poor, its finance is limited then it needs to have the specific policy and support from province in term of financial assistance for HCWM.
4.3 Mitigation of environmental pollution in the construction phase of the preventive medical center.
4.3.1 Mitigation method when preparing construction
Ensure to design works follow the technical design requirement for district general hospital or preventive medical center.
The diagnosing and treatment rooms, test labor, medical storage area have to use the window system, air ventilation system and are designed to ensure the input of natural fresh air and air exchange according to specific design standard.
Monitoring and requiring the construction designer to make the separation of waste water stream so that the waste water can be managed separately.
The scheme of waste water stream for preventive medical center will be organized and be checked with the following principles:
a. System 1: Rainfall. This system includes ditches; closed drainage ditches with the coarse waste screening .
It is built by concretes and steel rods. It will collect rainfall from the house roof and direct to inlet system along to the local collection inlet pipes of the hospital or preventive medical center. The rainfall at the yard will run to rainy collection pit hole and then running to general inlet of rainfall and going to the commune’s system.
b. System 2: Domestic waste water
This is from medical workers’ rooms and patient, member of the patient’s family use. The domestic waste water is divided into two small orders.
The first stream: The waste water from washing clothes, having washes, cleaning the medical rooms... of medical staff, patient. Normally, the pollutant concentration is not high then it can discharge after decontamination.
The second stream: The waste water from septic tank with high concentration of pollutants, inspections pollutants, therefore, it should to be treated effectively. Nowadays, there are many methods of treating gray waste water, depending on the waste water volume, characteristic, and terrain of WWT to choose it as better as possible. One of them is three-partition septic tank. The well designed and functioned septic tank includes sedimentation tank and decomposing sedimentation tank. The organic maters and the sediments in the septic tank will be decomposed, partly created gas and other dissolvent inorganic. After running through the first deposition section, the waste water will continue run to the second and the third section then go out to the environment after disinfecting treated waste water at the gathering point. The detail diagram is follows:
The sedimentation or sludge are keep in the tank from 6 to 8 months, under the impact of anaerobic organism, organics are decomposed, partly create gas, partly transferred to dissolvent inorganic. The waste water is deposited in the deposit tank then going to the total waste water processing system then discharging to received environment
Septic tank volume depends on characteristic of each department, building, being suitable to number of direct and indirect medical staff, patient and medical service. Calculation for building latrine
Septic tank includes two parts: water stored and deposit sediment stored
+ Volume of the deposit sediment tank W1 = a*N*T1/1000;W2 = b*N*T2/1000
+ a: Waste water standard per person per day, select a = 20 l/day night
+ N: Number of people
+ T1: Detention time of waste water in the latrine (20 days)
+b Sediment standard in the latrine per person per day, select b =0.08 l/day
+ T2: Minimum interval of 365 day between each removal of the solid waste accumulated in the latrine. Total volume of the septic tank: W = W1 + W2
c. The system 3: Waste water from testing process, is divided into 2 different waste water stream. Steam 1: Waste water from treatment process (example: reproductive health care, putting in a coil, gynecology treatment), waste water in the toilet. This waste water should collect to latrine before going to the water inlet and waste water treatment area. Steam 2: Water from labs. It has to collect and locally treat before running into the latrine. Before discharging to the outside, waste water need to be treated at slowly bio-filter system to kill microorganism, reduce organic pollution level, prevent unsolved matter and get rid of bacterium to ensure environment standard.
The final is the tank to make the purifying waste water.
Picture 4.2: Local waste water treatment system
Local treatment: Waste water from testing lab is decontaminated initially, collect to the store, then run to the general latrine. Waste water is pumped through the inlet to the chemical mixing tank. Sludge in the latrine and the sludge from the bio-treatment tank are removed regularly then bring to landfill.
d. The preventive medical center places in the hospital area
According to the legislation, district hospitals of 50 patient beds have to make the environmental impact assessment when build the new one, make environment protection project when improve itself and have to clearly explanation of hospital waste water treatment system and medical solid waste management. Waste water from septic tank flows to the regulatory tank or waste water collection tank of the preventive medical center have to connect to the general treatment system of the district hospital. And medical waste water has to reach level I, TCVN 7382-2004.
Some destructive hospitals, general waste water treatment systems are being designed simply. It needs to note that medical waste water has the same characteristic with domestic waste water because organic pollutants is in average level, is not difficult to treat, but if the bio-treatment is not effective then organic pollution level is still high therefore the last decontamination phase will be not effective and lost of decontaminate chemical. So, it needs to encourage technology for medical waste water treatment at a district hospital should be followings:
Bio-technology treatment of Aeration coordinates with deposit in batch or slow bio-filter and decontamination by friendly environment chemical, the treatment technology is described following:
Picture 4.3: waste water treatment for hospital or preventive medical center
4.3.2 Mitigation impacts when preparing the building platform
Preparing the building area includes: clearance of the ground, removing the old building, cutting trees, cleaning the bramble bush, digging the house foundation, mixing the constructive material and constructive progress. These activities are implemented next to district hospital then impact the diagnosing and treating diseases; therefore constructive activities impact not only worker but also medical staff and patient of the district general hospital.
Besides, there are some impacts to residents and their property. These impacts will be calculated based on the comparative prices in the market. The same to the land acquisition for the construction of the DPC building or the land surrounds the DPC. So, it is needed to have the surveys to make the prediction of the impacts to the residents and people next to the project sites. To make sure that if the impacts are un significant or having appropriate solutions/compensations, complains and worries come from the residents are small and negligible.
4.3.3. Air pollution mitigation in the construction phase
It needs to fully protect the vehicles for transporting sandy and stone, packing and locking the door to the DGH. All constructors must have appropriate solution to ensure the constructive legislation.
Construction material transportation does not permit in the rest time, in the treatment area. If the land use is available it should to have a private path to transport material
It needs to ensure mechanical and constructive standard of TCVN 4087-1985. Do not use the old car or machine to transport material and implement works, equipments also need to check regularly for safe work and environmental standards such as air, noise, and shaking level. In other hand, petrol, lubricant also leak in the implementation process then impact air environment as well as worker health.
In other hand, petrol, lubricant also leak in the implementation process then impact air environment as well as worker health.
Spraying water to make the moisture air, reducing dust distribution in works especially in the hot weather
The new construction will be built first and separate with the diagnosing and treating disease by wall and canvas sheet in the area which is much more dust. Taking full advantage of the old building to treat and diagnose patient. After the new construction finishes totally, gradually moves the present medical rooms to the new ones then repairing and altering the left.
It need to strictly ordinate between project owner and constructor to properly build and mitigate of dust, hazardous gas, noise, shaking level and the impacts to surrounded environment.
4.3.4 Mitigation of water pollution in the construction phase
Project owner orders contractor do not place the construction material near the water source or water reservoir, and manage the petrol, lubricant and hazardous material from transportation and construction activities.
It needs to have the concentrative cistern to collect all the water of workers, to avoid the freely running of waste water in the area.
After leveling a road surface, the soil and stone ...are collected and transported to the regulative area, to avoid the flood situation and impact the construction activities as well as diagnosing and treating diseases.
It needs to collect regularly construction waste to limit the solid waste falling into the drinking water source.
With the special terrain area like the project sites in the North Central Provinces, the weather is usually irregular, a great amount of rainfall each year, therefore the constructors should build the temporary sewerage and septic tank to primary treat the over running rainfall
4.3.5 Mitigation of solid waste in the construction phase
Limit the solid waste arising from implementing process by suitable using materials, training and reminding worker of material saving to reduce the solid waste.
Good implementation of solid separation, regularly cleaning the construction areas. Then, there are the suitable treatment methods.
+ Construction waste, which is inert and not harmful for environment, can be reused for leveling the road surface such as soil, concrete, stone.
+ Recycle material, like steel, wrapping, bottle can bring to recycle
+ Domestic solid waste is collected at proper area for treatment. Training worker collect waste at the construction work and transport waste to the collection points.
Construction owners have to plan for worker cleaning the construction work everyday.
Besides, waste of patients and medical staff are still collected and treat by their own way by the present equipment.
The non hazardous and infective waste are collected and transported to the treatment location.
4.3.6 Safety in construction implementation and protection
Most of the preventive medical center located or be built located and built next to the district general hospital so that the construction owner needs to build the internal principle and regulation and at the construction site for workers and related people to be implemented:
+ The construction and working time follows the regulation to avoid impact on rest and relax time of patients in the DGH.
+ Checking regularly and require constructors of preventing from dusting by way spraying to limit the dust and suspended substances. Preventing from flying objects comes from higher stores. Preventing from noise and vibration to ensure the environmental quality is in the acceptable level.
+ In the construction work, impacted implementation areas are protected by road-block, pitch the notice board. In the implemented areas, street traffic alarms should have to provide with night - lighting system at the nigh time when digging in the road.
+ Board managements have to require and regularly check the implementation of said above solutions and work safety, fire fighting in the construction works during the implementation phase.
4.4. Air pollution mitigation in the operation of newly built DPC
4.4.1. Air pollution mitigation
Regularly clean the preventive medical center/DGH, spray the antiseptics in the rooms that operate with patients’ bloods, surgery units, infectious departments .., WC.
Alter the damaged or broken manhole cover or lids, regularly clean and dig and evacuate the drainage ditches, and limit the sludge and bad smell generation.
Arrange and design enough window system, air system and ventilation in the diagnosing and treatment rooms, testing labs, medical stores to ensure fresh air exchange according to technical design requirement of DPC building.
Use the biological products to treat and limit the strange and annoying smell. The biological products such as Enchoice, EM... are easy found in the market. These biological directly spray to the polluted sources, to waste collection points to keep general sanitation of the areas.
Regularly check and repair and maintain cars, properly use the petrol according to machine design.
4.4.2 Water pollution mitigation
Collect general domestic waste water to the regular tank designed as advanced and intensive septic tank for primary treatment.
Creating good condition for bio-treatment with oxygen blower (at aerobic tank or SBR tank) or facilitating bio- trickling filter process in the construction tank (without blower) as described in said above mentioned technical description of biological process in waste water treatment.
4.4.3. Mitigaiton method for healthcare solid waste (HCSW)
Good implementation of waste separation at source, it allows good implementation of the Decision QD 43-2007-BYT of the Ministry of Health, to ensure good separation at source. Not only medical doctors, but also nurseries, orderlies, waste workers have to be trained of healthcare waste separation, they should know how to distinguish HzHCSW, which kind of bag color for each type of waste, what is the right waste bin for clinical wastes, knowing the safety of provided protective equipment and tools. Workers also need to have knowledge of medical separation to meet the requirement.
Approval and implementation of HCWM plan at DGH and preventive medical center. HCWM plan for preventive medical center is likely to district general hospital but the waste volume generated in DPC is not high as in DGH and not diversified. The maximum amount of HzHCSW comes from DPC is ranged from 2kg to 5kg per day. The waste of A, B, C groups and hazardous substances are the main daily waste.
HCW Treatment plan: 1) Implementing well the initial disinfection process for the highly infected wastes. 2) Discharge whole injection needles, discharging to the “box and boxes for sharp and pointed items”, pour to waste pits or concrete tank and dumping, or separate the pointed needles, put in “box for sharp and pointed items”, then making the pointed items in solidification form, or landfill in separate concrete tank. The remained plastic cylinders are then disinfected by disinfection chemicals or soaked in the boiling water and boil in 30 minute. The disinfected plastic cylinders then could be disposed or recycled. The other hazardous wastes could be solid or concreted by cements and dumped in the concrete tank or at specific pit of waste.
The prior treatment is the incineration in the available medical solid incinerators or the planned district or provincial incinerator at the DGH or in the project area. Absolutely, the transportation of HzHCSW outside of the DPC is followed the strict rule on labeling and packaging as well as storing in the proper container and use the specific vehicle just for carrying the HzHCSW.
The mitigation of HzHCSW discharging, step by step makes the alternatives for hazardous wastes. Using less hazardous or none hazardous materials (example: do not use PVC plastic materials or bags, limitation of using mercury thermometers…)
4.4.4 Sum up the method of MW treatment of preventive medical center
Table 4: Summaries of HCW treatment method in preventive medical center
| | District |MSW treatment |WW treatment | | |WW treatment |MSW treatment |
| |Lang Chanh |C |XDCB | |Que Phong | |C |
|Thanh Hoa |Thuong Xuan |C |XDCB |Nghe An |Tuong Duong | |C* |
| |Quan Hoa |C |XDCB | |Ky Son | |C |
| |Quan Son |C |XDCB | |Nghia Dan | |C* |
| |Muong Lat (TB) |C |XDCB | |Quynh Luu | |C |
| |Hau Loc (XD) |C |XDCB | | | | |
| |Nhu Xuan |C |XDCB | |Thanh Chuong | |C |
| | Ba Thuoc (TB) |C |XDCB | |Nam Dan | |C |
| | Cam Thuy (XD) |C |XDCB | | | | |
| |Nghi Xuan |KK or C* |XDCB | |Minh Hoa(TB) | |C |
|Ha Tinh | | |XDCB |QBinh |Le Thuy XD | |C |
| |Ky Anh |KK or C* |XDCB | |Tuyen Hoa | |C |
| |Hương Sơn |KK or C* |XDCB | |Bo Trach | |C |
| |Huong Khe |KK or C* |XDCB | |Quang Trach | |C |
|Quang Tri |ĐaKrông |C |XDCB | Hue |Phong Dien | |KK+C* |
| |Gio Linh |C* |XDCB | |Phu Vang | |KK+C* |
| |Hai Lang |C* |XDCB | |Huong Tra | |KK+C* |
| |Vinh Linh |C* |XDCB | |Phu Loc | |KK +C* |
C: Burning solid waste in DGH by incinerator; KK+C*: priority for disinfection and central treatment at incinerators to be invested at DGH, XDCB: building septic tank and intensive biotreatment tank (such as trickling filter tank).
CHAPTER V: INVIRONMENTAL MANGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM
5.1. Environmental management and monitoring program
Environmental management and monitoring ensure environmental methods in environmental impacted assessment to be implemented
5.1.1 Environnemental management plan (EMP)
When the project is implemented, project owner will implement the environmental management program includes
To build the environmental management plan and program in the project area
To point out the environmental monitoring programs
To build the progress to ensure urgently of environmental accidents
To have the deployment and the appropriate environmental management plans for all project phases: implementation and operation
Management of solid waste, waste water and poisonous gas in the implementation phase as well as operational phase.
The HCWM has been designed to implement when the project is carrying, at least there is one staff working full time or part time at the Central PMB. The project management officers will have to trained on environemental law, requirements and the regulations to put in to practice on environmental monitoring and finding the imitation sollutions as well as inspection and reporting so that the project will run by the most environmental friendly manuals.
Most of projected provinces have been strongly committed to the Central PMB and the Provincial and District Department of Natural Resource and Environment on carrying the environmental protection solutions, they will cooperarte with the environmental consultant and World Bank Team in the project preparation, project appraisal and participating in the building up the HCWM plan as well as the EMP of the project.
The Environmental management scheme and the responsible of the stalkeholders presented as following:
Environmental management units/engineers
|Environmental managers |Responsibility |Note |
|Environmental expert or monitoring station |Designing of EMP, supervising, environmental |Environmental expert and PMB has to |
| |management during construction |implement the inspection of EMP |
|Staff of Central PMB and Provincial PMB |Directly involve in applying solutions mentioned |Hiring environmental to assist |
| |in EMP in the construction phase and operation | |
| |phase | |
|Constructor/environmental engineer |Directly involve in environmental protection at |Constructor has to hire engineer for that|
| |the site during construction. |kind of purposes. |
| |Implementing requirements of the project owners | |
| |on EMP | |
Inspection of the Provincial Department of Health and Natural Resource and Environment and others related
| |Responsible |
|DoNDRE |1. Inspection of the implementation of LoE and EMP |
| |2. Coordinate in EMP implementation |
| |3. Checking, guidance, and appraisal of mitigation solutions |
|PMB |1.Inspection |
|Project owners in provinces |2. Checking the DGH/DPC on implemetation of HCWM of MoH |
| |Checking the building up EMP for HCWM at hospitals, using and refer to this report to develop |
| |detail HCWM at the hospital and put in to practices. |
Environmental monitoring program
Purposes, contents and methods of the environmental monitoring programs
Purpose: Environmental monitoring plan/program has been designed for monitoring environmental quality of DGH and DPC aiming at controlling the environmental quality exchange in the operation phase, therefore explore in time the bad impacts and remedy methods, mitigation methods, to ensure environmental standards at the project sites
Contents: Air environmental monitoring.
Monitoring domestic waste water, general water.
Monitoring of collection, management of solid waste, mostly for hazardous solid waste
Method:
Monitoring program has to design to reach the representative data and focus on specific pictures, comprehensive data.
-Air monitoring management plans includes the monitors of air quality from the pollution source and air quality of surrounding environment. The waste water monitoring includes sampling domestic water supply in the project site and discharged water from the project sites to the water body, to the river system.
- Solid waste monitoring: DGH and DPC have to always implement the environmental monitoring plans and make regular report with the period of 2 times per year to their district environment and natural resource authority at their project site. The regulation of Decision No 05/2008/TT-BTNMT with the minimum frequency of 6 months is applied. More details as following:
5.2 Air environment monitoring
Table 5.1 . The air components to be monitored
|No |Location |Dust |CO |SO2 |
| |Location |mg/m3 |mg/m3 |mg/m3 |
|1 |Center area |x |x |x |
| |Head wind |x |x |x |
| | |x |x |x |
| |Surrounding are |
| |Head wind |x |x |x |
| |End of wind |x |x |x |
| |District general hospital or preventive medical center area |
| |Center area in the hospital |x |x |x |
| |Incinerator area |x |x |x |
5.3 Waste water monitoring
Water in general: pH, SS, BOD5, S2-, NH4-, NO3, animal oil, PO43-, total coli forms, intestine-diseased bacterium, and total radioactive activity(.
Location: In the output of the hospital waste water treatment system (WWTS), output at each department....
Number of sample: depending on location and requirement.
Frequency: 2 times per year
Equipment and analysis method: Standard methods and condition
Comparison standard: TCVN 5945-2005 (column) and TCVN 7382:2004 level I
Waste water: pH, NO3-, Cl-, N total, P total, SS, BOD5, COD, Coliform
Location: In the output of hospital WWTS, at drains of medical waste water, output at each department....
Number of sample: depending on location and requirement.
Frequency: 2 times per year
Comparison standard: QCVN 08-2008/BTNMT – National technical regulation on surface water threshold and QCVN 09-2009/BTNMT- National technical regulation on underground water threshold and QCVN 14-2008/BTNMT- National technical regulation on domestic waste water threshold.
5.4 Solid waste monitoring
In the operational phase, project owners have to monitor solid with the followed conditions
Solid waste separation
+ Infected medical solid waste
+ Hazardous chemical waste
+ Radioactive waste
+ Gas or container
+ Domestic solid waste
2. Solid waste collection
3. Solid waste store
4. Monitoring frequency: 2 time per year
Separation, collection and store of medical waste has to followed regulations of ministry of publish health on regulation of 43/2007—QĐBYT on November, 30, 2007
Hazardous solid waste monitoring has to follow the regulation number 12/2006/QĐ-BTNMT on December, 26, 2006 and decide number 23/2006/QD-BTNMT of Ministry of natural and resource
Monitoring cost: at least two time per year, in charge of the owner medical unit
Analysis price of all components for environmental monitoring is following the price of Ministry of Finance in the regulation number 83/2002/TT-BTC on 25/9/2002
5.5 Monitoring the sanitation condition of working environment
The working environmental and sanitation condition will be monitored at the places, which are most impacted by disadvantage factors to human health include temperature, humanity, noise, light density, radioactive dose, poisonous gas. The monitoring places are some where in the departments, rooms, surgery area, and x-ray room.
Yearly, DGH and district preventive medical center will work with professional institute/organization to take samples, analysis samples, measure the pollution factors, and assess the necessary factors to be mitigated. All the data and environmental analysis results will be stored as the basical data to know environmental status of the medical establishment.
Otherwise, medical establishment needs to have the periodical health checking for medical workers. It is an important way to discover occupational diseases on time then to treat and recover health of their medical staff.
CHAPTER 6: ACTION PLANS AND COST OF MWM IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCES
6.1 Cost estimation
Table 6.1: Estimated cost for MW treatment plan in north central coast base on the low cost methods
| |Cost discription |Note |Price $ |
|1 | Making a guideline of MWM |Co-ordinate to other | |
| | |project | |
| |Making the guideline of MWM for north central coast | |5.000 |
| |The guideline will be the document for the training courses. The | | |
| |guideline must be clear and understandable for all medical staffs know | | |
| |clearly separation methods; and discriminate and use correctly the | | |
| |collection materials, disinfection methods; and follow safety work to | | |
| |avoid the carrier disease | | |
| | | |30.000 |
| |Ability and Institutional development by training activities | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|2 | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |2.1 Organizing 02 training causes for 6 provinces: | | |
| |+ The first training for person in charge of MWM | | |
| |+ The second training for Board Management of Medical Service and General| | |
| |Hospital, Preventive Medical Center to assess their MWM. | | |
| |Total cost: 60$/person (accommodation, transportation, document) x 150 | | |
| |persons | | |
| |Cost to rent the training places, prepare the tea break... 2 day * | | |
| |60$/day | | |
| |+ Additional cost and other reserved ones | | |
| |2.2 Material and communication cost for 6 provinces |Cost from the |12.000 |
| |_ Communicating the waste separation and waste treatment |communication program | |
| |_ Communicating to increase public awareness | | |
| |Total cost | |50.000 |
6.2 Co-ordinate cost estimation for the supplying of MW treating equipment
Table 6.2. Co-ordinate cost estimation for MW treating plans in north central coast MWM, medical waste treatment (solid waste and waste water)
| |Plan discription |Implemented methods |Cost ($) |
|1 |Preparation and approval the detail plan for MWM at medical units |Implemented units | |
|2 |Assessment the suitably treating equipment for the project provinces (under the|Boad management, consultants|5000 |
| |detail MW treating plans for each province) | | |
|3 |3.1 Buying of the waste collection and transportation materials of district | Implemented by hospitals | |
| |hospitals | | |
| |(cost for nylon, collection material…$15/kg medical waste) | | |
| |3.2 Buying MW treating equipments (incinerator/ alternative equipment) for two |Project board management | |
| |performing location Hue + Thanh Hoa (Que Phong + Phu Loc) | | |
|4 |Designing the sample, experiment model, and deploying of the medical waste | | |
| |water (MWW)treatment | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |4.1 Designing the two experiment models of medical waste water treatment with |Project board management |200,000 |
| |capacity of 150m3/day | |5000 |
| |4.2 Building two experiment models of medical waste water treatment at two | | |
| |project provinces. | | |
| |4.3.Workshop: Assessment the operation, management cost. | | |
| |4.4.Deploying and expending the MWW treatment |Local budget | |
| | | |Local budget |
|5 |Building the MWM fun includes | |provincial budget, |
| |1).Cost for solid waste treatment(3820 sickbed x 0.19 kg MW/day x 0.6 kg DO/kg | |base on the number |
| |MW x vnd 15000d/ l DO) is 2,384 vnd billion/year/ for the general hospitals and| |of sickbed and waste|
| |(33 x 3kg MW/day x 0.6kg DO/kg MW x vnd 15000/l DO) 0,33 vnd billion/year for | |volume per hospital |
| |the preventive medical centers | |or preventive |
| |2).Cost for waste water treatment: (3820 sickbed x 0.5m3/sickbed/day x 1800 | |medical center |
| |d/m3) 1,05 vnd billion/ year for general hospitals and (33 preventive medical | | |
| |center x 10m3/day x 1800 d/m3) 0,216 vnd billion/year | | |
|6 |Total |PBM |210.000 |
Table 6.3: Estimated cost for environmental monitoring
| |Environmental monitoring for one district |Implemented way |DGH |PMC |Total Cost ($)|
|1 |Monitoring of the air, waste water, solid |Self implemented |31000 |32000 |63000 |
| |waste, and working environment | | | | |
|2 |Reserved cost (10%) |Self implemented |3100 |3200 |6300 |
| |Total monitoring cost/ year |Self implemented | | |69300 |
6.3 Implementation Schedule
In the first stage, project has to support training courses for person in charge of MWM and complete MWM plan.
The main job of this stage is to develop guidelines for the implementation of MWM, open training courses of HCWM, and start doing the HCWM plan at the project hospitals
The next stage, project will consider the supporting of MW treating equipments, they are the more friendly technologies with the low running cost. After the testing period, this equipment will be expended for all project units. The project will be in charge of the testing cost. Provincial budget will be in charge of the expansion cost, it will ensure all medical units in the project areas have got the methods for MW treatment. Timetable of HCWM plan is displayed in the following diagram
Table 6.4: Planed timetable for action plans of MWM at project area.
| |Action plans |Giải pháp | 1st | 2nd |3th |4th |5th |
|2 |Development, guideline, and |To train, develop the plan of | | | | | |
| |training |MWM | | | | | |
|3 |Select the disinfected |To select the design and the | | | | | |
| |equipment and the experiment |model equipment | | | | | |
| |designs for waste water | | | | | | |
| |treatment | | | | | | |
|4 |Performing |Performing, taking experiment | | | | | |
| |Expending |and expansion that models | | | | | |
|5 |Building fun for MW treatment|Petition of fee recover and | | | | | |
| | |subsidy to MW treatment | | | | | |
Chapter 7: Recommendations to strengthen HCWM at North Central Provinces.
The project impacts are foreseeable during the construction and operation phase and the impacts of HCW still prolong in long term with the problems with the increasing the amount of HCS and hospital waste water. However, with the EMP and mitigation solutions if they are well implemented as mentioned in Section 4 of this reports the project impacts is minimum and controllable. Some of the key points of the successful implementation of the project EMP on HCWM are the following:
7.1 Increase training, wide spreading, practicing HCWM based on QD43/2007 of MoH and other legal regulations.
To develop the guidelines of HCWM at North Central Provinces and organize training course, updating newer document of waste separation, collection and disposal. Updating environmental standards, documents, guideline on HCWM at NCP are included, popularizing the legal documents and policies at the HCWM training course.
To carry out the training course of HCWM and practicing the discharging medical waste and safety working for each Infectious Control Team/Department, to choice the key factor of district general hospital to increase the practicing skill and local self-monitoring.
7.2 Building HCWM plan and environmental impact mitigation
(Detail information in plan for medical waste management and pollution mitigation)
7.3 Increase the proper monitoring at the province, increase human ability of HCWM assessment for Medical Service.
Increase the assessment capacity on HCWM for Provincial Department of Health and related authorities as well as to open training course on HCWM to , the directors or the leaders of district general hospital, specific officers in charge of medical waste management.
These training courses are belonging to the responsibility of Department of disease treatment- Health Ministry. They have to ensure to implement it.
7.4 Increase equipment and tools for medical waste collection and disposal
The separation tools, collection tools and suitable equipment for personal safety protection are planed to provide to district general hospital by hospital budgets or support from project based on the optimum selection equipment/tools to district general hospitals
7.5 Increase testing suitable equipment for medical waste treatment; operating, collecting experiment from operation and management.
Increasing testing, evaluating the existing and new design equipment, increasing assessment of suitable technologies for medical waste treatment based on the monitoring, the investment cost, reparation cost, operation cost as well as environmental standard are important works in the project’s timetable. It will create the information and data to all medical units when they has to make the decision on which kind of waste treatment facilities to be selected for the DGH or DPC in the project areas.
7.6 Step by step creating specific financial source for HCWM (solid waste and waste water treatment and management)
In the project area and scale, the hospitals need to coordinate with related district or provincial authorities concerning to environmental inspection such as the provincial Department of Health, Department of Natural Resource and Environment to get the guidance and proposals to have the appropriate budget from the provincial level as well as to unity the method for management, operation of Healthcare waste treatment based on environmental standards and the regulations.
References
1. Project document, 2004
2. Statistics Healthcare Year Book 2001
3. Hospital Waste Management in the Philippines - Two Case studies in Metro Manila' UWEP Case Study Report.
4. Lessons from India in Solid Waste Management' WEDC, Loughborough, UK
5. Regulation on HCSW management, Ministry of Health, 1999
6. Guideline on HCSW Management Practices, Ministry of Health, 2000
7. Thai N., T .,K., Proposed measures to treat medical waste in Hanoi. Hospital Waste Management – Workshop Proceeding, 6/1998
8. Chi N., K., Evaluation of implementation of Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management of Ministry of Health. Report of the Nation Project on Master Plan on Health care solid waste management. 5/2002
9. State of Environmental Status 2002, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
10. Thuy Tran Thu et all (1998), Result the survey on Healthcare solid waste in 24 hospitals, Ministry of Health, Joint project between Ministry of Health & World Health Organization, 5/1998
11. Thuy Tran Thu et all (1998), Result of the survey on Healthcare solid waste in 80 hospitals, Ministry of Health - Joint project between Ministry of Health & World Health Organization, 5/1998
12. Chi N., K., Healthcare Waste Management survey in Phu Tho Province, May-2003
13. Chi N.,K., Healthcare Waste Management for HIV/AIDS prevention control in Vietnam, World bank project, 2005.
14 Project document, 2009.
15. Statistics Healthcare Year Book 2001
16 Hospital Waste Management in the Philippines - Two Case studies in Metro Manila' UWEP Case Study Report.
17. Lessons from India in Solid Waste Management' WEDC, Loughborough, UK
18. Chi N., K., Evaluation of implementation of Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management of Ministry of Health. Report of the Nation Project on Master Plan on Health care solid waste management. 5/2002
19. State of Environmental Status 2002, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
20. Chi N., K., Healthcare Waste Management survey in Phu Tho Province, May-2003
21. Chi N.,K., Healthcare Waste Management for HIV/AIDS prevention control in Vietnam, World bank project, 2005.
APPENDIX 1. SOCIAL- ECONOMY INFORMATION OF 6 NCP
THANH HOA PROVINCE
Thanh Hoa has got area of 11.136 km2, population of 3,7 million people, there are 27 districts and 634 communes; from Thanh Hoa centrel area to Muong Lat district is 300km, there are 12 mountainous districts, 7 districts in the list of 62 poorest districts.
Appendix 1. Table 1. Social-economy status of project districts in Thanh Hoa province.
|District |Area (km2) |Populate |Density (per/m2)|Total communes |Medical units |Sickbeds |Medical staff |
| | |(person) | | | | | |
|Muong Lat |808,7 |30.784 |38 |8 |10 |83 |44 |
|Quan Hoa |996,5 |43549 |44 |18 |21 |220 |76 |
|Ba Thuoc |777,2 |103.189 |133 |23 |26 |225 |128 |
|Quan Son |931,1 |34.311 |37 |12 |15 |165 |44 |
|Lang Chanh |586,3 |45.702 |78 |11 |13 |180 |78 |
|Cam Thuy |424,1 |112.484 |265 |20 |23 |205 |130 |
| Thuong Xuan |1105,1 |88.369 |80 |20 |24 |203 |116 |
|Hau Loc |143,6 |187.766 |1.308 |27 |65 |288 |130 |
|Nhu Xuan |717,4 |60.648 |85 |18 |21 |191 |96 |
(Source: Static general directorate, social economy date of 671 districts/urban district, tows, city, 2006)
NGHE AN PROVINCE
Nghe An province is one has got the biggest area of central north area, with natural area of 16448,45km2 , population of 3122405 people. There are 20 administrative units of district, city and tows, 481 units of communes. In which, there are 10 mountainous districts (244 mountainous communes). From Vinh city to the fairest district like Ky Son is 300km, Que Phong is 250km.
Table 2. Social- economy status of project districts
|District |Area km2 |Population, |people/km2 |Communes |Medical units |Beds |Medical staff |
| | |persons | | | | |(people) |
|Que Phong |1.895,4 |60.398 |32 |13 |16 |135 |301 |
|Ky Son |2.094,8 |63.895 |31 |21 |25 |180 |118 |
|Tuong Duong |2.806,4 |74.313 |26 |21 |26 |190 |257 |
|Nghia Đan |737,7 |190.580 |258 |32 |35 |365 |338 |
|Quynh Luu |607,1 |358.906 |591 |43 |48 |375 |276 |
|Yen Thanh |546,9 |269.129 |492 |37 |41 |387 |322 |
|Thanh Chuong |1.127,6 |232.812 |206 |38 |45 |365 |260 |
|Nghi Loc |379,1 |216.881 |572 |34 |39 |330 |255 |
|Nam Đan |293,9 |158.872 |541 |24 |28 |226 |208 |
(Source: Statistical general directorate, social economy date of 671 districts/urban district, tows, city, 2006)
HA TINH PROVINCE
There is natural area of 6.055,7 km2 , population of 1.227.554 people(population survey on April, 1, 2009), and account for 1.7% of national population. Population density is 203 persons/km2. The main ethnic groups are Kinh and Chut people, there are about some thousands of people living in the mountainous area. Ha Tinh province has got one small city, one town and 10 districts, 262 communes, and small town with 4 districts and 1 town locate in the mountainous area. Ha Tinh province has got the complicated terrain, difficult transportation, mostly mountainous area. The low economy, and Ha Tĩnh is one of the poorest province of Vietnam. Main economy structure is agriculture- forestry and seafood (42.5%), industrial and constructive sectors just gain 21.5%. Infrastructure does not develop, total output revenue just support enough for 25% of input revenue. People living is still difficult, the average earning is the lowest in the central –north provinces.
Appendix1. Table 3. Social- economy status of project districts
|District |Area km2 |
|Tell |(052) 3684002 |
|Fax: |(052) 3684276 |
|Email: |tuyenhoa@.vn |
Tuyen Hoa district is a mountainous one in the northwest of Quang Binh province; it is next to Huong Khe and Ky Anh district in the north, next to Minh Hoa district and Lao in the west, next to Bo Trach in the south and next to Quang Trach district in the East.
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The district has the population of 80.653 people, area total of 1.149km2, includes 20 town and communes.
The producing value of agriculture sector is Vietnam dong million 127.902
The producing value of forestry sector is Vietnam dong million 14.954
3. BO TRACH DISTRICT
Bo Trach district has got 24 km of coastal areaa and 40km of borderline between Vietnam and Lao. The district has got the 1A national road, two branh of Ho Chi Minh road, national railway, 15A national road, 2, 2B, 3 and 20 provincial roads, Ka Roong- Noong Ma border gate. Especially, there is national park here: Phong Nha- Ke Bang and tourism seaside resort of Da Nhay.
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The district has the population of 174.984 people, area total of 2.123km2, includes 9 mountainous communes and 2 highland communes. There are 85.755 people working in economy sector.
The producing value of agriculture sector are Vietnam dong million 416.104
The producing value of forestry sector are Vietnam dong million 56.637
The producing value of industrial sector are vienamdong million 211.490
There are more than 4.950 business unit of commerce, tourism and hotel.
4. QUANG TRACH DISTRICT
|Address | Street 1- Ba Đon town - Quang Trach district |
|Tell: | (052) 3512406 |
|Fax: | (052) 3515895 |
|Email: | quangtrach@.vn |
Quang Trach district is a big district in the north of Quang Binh province; it is next to Ha Tinh province in the north, next to Bo Trach in the south, next to Tuyen Hoa district in the West, and next to Asia China Sea in the East. Although, Quang Trach is a lowland district but they also have got both forest and sea. The lowland is small but the traffic, river systems are ensured to develop economy. The district has got two main rivers are Giang River and Song Roon river.
The district has the area total of 612km2, population of 203.320 people, and includes 34 communes and town.
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The producing value of agriculture sector are Vietnam dong 324.183
The producing value of forestry sector are Vietnam dong 21.231
The industrial produce value in the area are Vietnam dong 624.177
There are more than 3.990 business units in the district.
V. QUANG TRI PROVINCE
1. DAKRÔNG DISTRICT
Dakrong is highland mountainous district in the southwest of Quang Tri province, are total of 123.332 ha, population of 25.917 people. There are now 34.160 people include Van Kieu people, Pa Ko and Kinh people; and 14 administrative units. It is next to Gio Linh district in the north, next to Thua Thien Hue and Lao in the south, next to Trieu Phong and Hai Lang district in the East and next to Huong Hoa district in the West. Dakrong terrain is higher in the East- Southeast and lower in the West- Northwest. The highest is Kovaladut Mountain with the high of 1251m; the lowest is Ba Long alluvial ground with the high of 25m. The mountain concentrates in the Southeast of the district.
2. GIO LINH DISTRICT
Gio Linh is a small district of Quang Tri province; it is next to Vinh Linh district in the north, next to China Asia Sea in the East, next to Dong Ha town, Trieu Phong and Can Lo district in the south and next to Huong Hoa and Dakrong district in the West. This is the south side of 17 parallel which separated Vietnam.
The district has the population of 72.100 people and the area total of 473km2.
It has got two towns are Gio Linh and Cua Viet town, the others are communes include Gio Chau, Trung Hai, Trung Giang, Trung Son, Gio My, Gio Phong, Gio An, Gio Binh, Gio Hai, Gio Son, Gio Hoa, Linh Hai, Gio Viet, Vinh Truong, Hai Thai, Gio Mai, Gio Quang, Linh Thuong, Gio Thanh, both of them are Kinh people. 1A national road runs along the district. Quang Tri airpot project will be built in Gio Quang commune, in the south of district.
3. HAI LANG DISTRICT
Hai Lang district is belonged to Quang Tri province; it is next to China Asia Sea in the East, next to Dakarong district in the West, next to Thua Thien Hue province in the south, next to Quang Tri town and Trieu Phong district in the North. It is 20km far from Dong Ha town in the north, 40km far from Thua Thien Hue.
Hai Lang district has got area total of 42. 36,8,12 ha, population of 99.429 people, includes 20 administrative units: Hai Lam, Hai An, Hai Ba, Hai Xuan, Hai Quy, Hai Que, Hai Vinh, Hai Phu, Hai Thuong, Hai Duong, Hai Thien, Hai Thanh, Hai Hoa, Hai Tan, Hai Truong, Hai Tho, Hai Son, Hai Chanh, Hai Khe and Hai Lang town.
There is My Thuy seaport of USD million 150, make the economy corridor from My Thuy seaport and Lao Bao border gate.
4. VINH LINH DISTRICT
The district has the natural area of 620km2, with 91.000 people includes Kinh people and 1000 people of Bru- Van Kieu people.
Vinh Linh is an agricultural district; economy sector includes 51% of agriculture, 28% of industrial- small scale industry, and 21% of commercial- tourism.
VI. THUA THIEN –HUE PROVINCE
1. PHONG ĐIEN DISTRICT
Phong Dien is in the north of Hue city, is surrounded by Bo river and O Lau river. Phong Dien includes 3 kinds of terrain of mountain, hill and lowland with the plentiful natural source. Phong Dien is developing weekly by opened policies and regulation.
Phong Dien has got 16 administrative units, includes 1 town and 15 communes: Dien Huong, Dien Mon, Phong Binh, Dien Hoa, Phong Chuong, Phong Hai, Dien Hai, Phong Hoa, Phong Thu, Phong Hien, Phong My, Phong An, Phong Xuan, Phong Son, and Phong Dien town.
2. PHU VANG DISTRICT
Phu Vang is coastal lowland district of Thua Thien Hue. It is next to China Asia Sea in the North, next to Huong Tra district in the West, next to Huong Thuy district in the South, and next to Phu Loc district in the East. The district has natural area total of 280,83km2, includes 1 town and 19 communes: Phu Thuan, Phu Duong, Phu Mau, Phu An, Phu Hai, Phu Xuan, Phu Dien, Phu Thanh, Phu Thuong, Phu Ho, Vinh Xuan, Phu Luong, Phu Da, Vinh THanh, Vinh An, Vinh Phu, Vinh Thai, Vinh Ha and Thuan An town.
Phu Vang has the potentiality of fishery with the sealine of 35km, Thuan An seaport, beautiful Thuan An seaside resort.
There are 49 national road, 10B, 10C, 10A provincial road running along district area. It is very good for transportation and economy development.
3. HUONG TRA DISTRICT
Huong Tra is a lowland district of Thua Thien Hue province, it locates in1A national road, is a north gateway of Hue city.
In the district area, there are a sea line of 7km, 1A national road of 12km in long is parallel to the North- South railway, and 49A national road of 25km in long connect to coastal communes, 8A, 8B, 4 provincial road, army-economy road. There are also two big rivers: Bo river of 25km in long, Huong river of 20km in long, Tam Giang area of 700ha in width.
The district has got 16 administrative units includes 1 town and 15 communes: Hải Dương, Hương Phong, Hương Toàn, Hương Vân, Hương Văn, Hương Vinh, Hương Xuân, Hương Chữ, Hương An, Hương Hồ, Hương Thọ, Bình Điền, Hồng Tiến, Bình Thành and Tu Ha.
4. PHU LOC DISTRICT
Phu Loc is a south district of Thua Thien Hue province, it is next to Huong Thuy in the north, next to Da Nang in the south, next to sea in the East, and next to Nam Dong district in the West. It runs along to 1A national road, national railway. There are 18 administrative units in the district include: Vinh My, Vinh Hung, Vinh Hai, Vinh Giang, Vinh Hien, Loc Bon, Loc Son, Loc Binh, Loc Vinh, Loc An, Loc Dien, Loc Thuy, Loc Tri, Loc Tien, Loc Hoa, Xuan Loc, Phu Loc town and Lang Co town.
APENDIX 2. STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AT DGH/DPC
Survey result at the district hospital
Report on medical waste management in the project units.
Quang Binh province
District general hospital and preventive medical center of Minh Hoa, Tuyen Hoa, Bo Trach, Quang Trach and Le Thủy district are on the project areas.
Le Thuy, Bo Trach, Quang Trach, Tuyen Hoa district general hospital has got 170, 200 and 70 sickbeds respectfully. Most of the district general hospitals have just equipped waste water treatment station and new incinerators.
Waste separation is implemented in most of the district general hospitals and preventive medial centers. Especially, district general hospitals are equipped dustbin, waste collection hand-put at each department followed regulation and color code for medical waste, white dustbin for recycle waste, green-black dustbin for domestic waste and yellow dustbin for infected medical waste. However, most of the hospitals don’t have the medical waste stored area. This waste is stored at the door of the incinerator house.
In the project area, district general hospitals will facilitate preventive medical center to treat generally medical waste, as well as they will help to treat the medical waste and sharp material like injection needle weekly. Although, the medical waste at each preventive medical center is just 2-3 kg per week, but the board management of each district should lead and direct the preventive medical center about its treatment.
Quang Tri province
Quang Tri has got one policlinic of the province and four others in Dakrong, Vinh Linh, Gio Linh and Hai Lang district
Land of 600m2 for building preventive medical center is available in Dakrong district. Three other preventive medical centers haven’t got the stable head office, working house is temporally rent or lives with hospitals. Three preventive medical predict will build the new head office next to hospital or 600m to 700m far from the hospital.
In the standard schedule for preventive medical center, Gio Linh, Vinh Linh, Hai Lang preventive medical center has got 2000m2, 2500m2 and 5790m2 and most of them is placed in the town center or in the main road or in the master plan of the district
Most of the preventive medical center has got its technical design, total area draw, methods for water supply and waste water treatment. When investment project improvement is implemented, preventive medical centers need to do the commitment to protect environment, to treat waste water and solid waste. At the provincial policlinic, there are 500 sickbeds has got waste water treatment system and Hoval incinerator of 400kg/batch. The incinerator also received waste from other private medical units, waste separation is good, there is the regular check of water quality and gases from the incinerator with the frequency of 2 times per year.
8 district hospitals has incinerator basically, only Vinh Linh district has got the handicraft. Hospital scale for the district of Quang Tri is from 50 to 80 sickbeds. There are 25 office staffs in Vinh Linh preventive medical center, regular cost is about 1.5 billion per year and about 500 million from national objective program. Medical waste mainly is injection needles, cotton, and the amount is small so that they incinerate 2 times per month.
Thanh Hoa province
Most of the hospitals in the project area are equipped the incinerator of 25kg/h.
Hospital discharges averagely about 30-35kg of clinical waste (200kg to 300kg of domestic waste), incinerators are operated each time for 2 days, minimum cost of 25l petrol per one incineration. (After good separation of medical waste, have to incinerate to reduce the waste volume)
Waste separation has to well implement at the source. However, the first decontamination methods have not applied for medical waste disposal at every department except test department.
District hospitals discharge averagely 35 to 45 m3 of medical waste water per day. Now, there are not medical waste water treatment systems following the bio-technology- an environmental friendly technology. The waste water treatment now is just applied to ditch or drain after latrine. In the hospital improvement diagram, they propose the treatment method is very simple: just addition of 1 sediment tank and connect drains. Treatment cost is a quite important matter and should discuss among managers of hospitals and manager of medical service. Leader of medical service want hospitals self pay for there waste water treatment or incinerators but most of the hospitals are limited in economy while the income is limited and most of the project units place in the poor are of the province.
Nghe An province
There are 7 district hospitals and one polyclinic and 7 preventive medical centers belong to Nghe An medical service, in the project area.
Medical waste separation is implemented in most of the district hospitals. .All incinerators are implemented in about 3 year nearby, District general hospital of Tay Nam doesn’t has the incinerator but infected waste is transported to provincial district general hospital to treat in the Hoval incinerator.
In the room of injection or changing the dressing, there is a hard box to store the sharp injection needle, and infected material is separately stored. Infected medical waste is stored nearby the incinerator. Incinerator work 2 to 3 times per day. Cost per working time is from 17 to 25 l of petrol. In Nam Dan hospital, we recognize that incinerator was equipped but not entered working; instead that hospital is still use the handcraft incinerator building by block.
Hospitals do not monitor the environment yearly. Cost date for incinerator operation is just repot to medical service in the report of medical waste test and cross test yearly (in the content of medical waste assessment)
In other hospitals (Que Phong, Tuong Duong, Nghi Loc), infected medical waste is separated and handcraft incinerated in the landfill site in the hospital area. Waste-dumped pit is uncovered and without the fence.
In the regulation, hospital with more than 50 sickbeds have to make environmental assessment report, includes the chapter of environment protection commitment but only hospitals, which are prepared to improve have already got the approved environmental assessment report. The hospitals are Thanh Chuong, Nam Dan, Yen Thanh hospitals but mitigation methods of medical waste are very simple and limited.
Other hospitals don’t have the incinerators, they are designing incinerator investment project with the price of Vietnam dong million 300 per incinerator. Most of 9 district hospitals don’t have the medical waste water treatment system. Money for medical waste treatment is from government debenture. Medical waste water treatment system is being invested from Vietnam dong billion 1.4 to 3 depending on the capacity scale and number of sickbed.
Medical waste at preventive medical center of Nam Dan and Thanh Chuong district is normally limited and mainly from the injection needle rooms. Presently, preventive medical centers have got the comprehensive plan of building surface for preventive medical centers. Present environmental protection commitment of Nam Dan preventive medical center do not show clearly the methods of isolation and final treatment of medical waste or present clearly the first disinfection methods from the test department and the new requirement after waste water treatment in latrine. Other preventive medical centers like Thanh Chuong are guided to make the environmental commitment.
Most of the district general hospitals and preventive medical center have demands of medical solid waste management and infection prevention in the hospital.
Ha Tinh province
There are 120, 130, 130, 151 sickbeds in Cam Xuyen, Duc Tho, Ky Anh and Nghi Xuan hospital, Ky Anh hospital will increase the number of sickbed to 250 ones. Preventive medical center of Ky Anh, Huong Son, Huong Khe and Nghi Xuan district receive the support from the project.
Most of the medical units implemented source separation and primary disinfection. Infection waste is dumped and incinerated in the hospital area, domestic waste is urban environmental company collected and transported to the dumping site. There is the contract to dump the medical waste tissue with the landfill town. Small tissue like afterbirth is incinerated in the hospital area. Hazardous waste like out of date chemical is also dumped in the hospital area.
Most of waste is stored in the nylon bag but they do not follow strictly the legislation of color code. Two popular colors are applied is yellow and green color.
Early disinfection of highly infected waste from test department with disinfection chemical is applied popularly in the hospitals and preventive medical center.
Medical waste water of DGH is about 50m3 per day and predicted double when district hospital is improved and increases the number of sickbeds.
There are 4 districts general hospitals have got the environmental assessment reports and improved investment project for hospital in which medical waste is separated like an investment item. District hospitals are equipped one incinerator of 25kg/h and waste water treatment system. Investment scale for all items of all hospitals in Ha Tinh province is 5 billion vnd but it is about Vietnam dong billion 1 in other province. Most of the waste treatment technologies confirm to satisfy the environmental standard. District medical centers are designed 1.5km far from the hospital and placed in the master plan zone of the district. However, they have not built the general ditches of the town
HCWM Hue
Hue Medical Service manages 4 provincial general hospitals, 9 district general hospitals, and 4 private units. In the master plan, district preventive medical centers are built next to the district general hospitals, the medical solid waste will be treated to gather at the incinerators, which will be equipped for hospitals.
Most of the medical waste and waste water of the hospitals are treated at the location with thee simplest method. There is only Hue center general hospital has got the waste water treatment system and is equipped HOVAL incinerators with capacity of 400kg per batch. Now, this hospital received medical solid waste from two nearby preventive medical centers for waste incinerating.
Waste separation at source is reported that it was not completed. Besides, preliminarily disinfection work has not been reminded and strictly implemented following Decision QD43/2007.
At district general hospital, medical solid waste is generated in the brick and handicraft incinerator, worker pouring petrol then burning and smoldering for some hours later. Therefore nearby people complain about the black ash.
Domestic waste is collected daily by urban environmental company
Most of the district hospitals don’t have the waste water treatment system, the present ditch systems are damageable, toilet were built temporally and over used then be downgraded
And there are not treatment methods following the normal methods for latrine.
In the hospital improved project, Huong Tra, Phong Dien, Phu Vang and Phu Loc also propose and be accepted to construct the small scale incinerator with the investment cost of Vietnam dong million 300. However, because of capital lack, then there are only two hospitals are equipped incinerators in the next time.
Waste water treatment systems for all hospital districts were proposed but it is just designed like the simple sediment tank to save money for other building items. There is not general plan for drainage in hospital as well as in preventive medical center and the entire town doesn’t have the general plan for drainage.
Appendix 3: Results of HCWM evaluated based on questionnaires
Appendix 3. Table 1. General information of district general hospital and medical waste generation
| Hue |Code |Nghe An |Code |
|PHONG DIEN DGH |A1 | | |
|PHU LOC DGH-HUE |A2 |QUE PHONG DGH |A18 |
|HUONG TRA |A3 |TUONG DUONG |A19 |
|PHU VANG |A4 |KY SON |A20 |
|HUE DGH- HUE |A5 |NGHI LOC DGH |A21 |
|Quang Tri | |THANH CHUONG DGH |A22 |
|DAKRONG |A6 |NAM DAN DGH |A23 |
|HAI LANG DGH |A7 |YEN THANH DGH |A24 |
|GIO LINH |A8 |POLICLINIC SOUTH WEST |A25 |
|PGH QUANG TRI |A9 |Thanh Hoa | |
|Quang Binh |A10 |LANG CHANH DGH |A26 |
|TUYEN HOA DGH |A11 |THUONG XUAN DGH |A27 |
|BO TRACH DGH |A12 |NGOC LAC |A28 |
|MINH HOA |A13 |TINH GIA |A29 |
| | |MUONG LAT |A30 |
|Ha Tinh | |NHU XUAN |A31 |
|CAM XUYEN |A14 |HOANG HOA |A32 |
|DUC THO |A15 | |A33 |
|KY ANH |A16 |QUAN SON |A34 |
|NGHI XUAN |A17 |Ba thuoc |A35 |
PL3, Table 3: Healthcare services and HCWM
|No |Full Name of Hospital |No of actual |No of inpatients |
| | |beds | |
|C1 |Hazardous medical waste is separated from source domestic waste |C9 |Waster stored area |
|C2 |Sharp material is collected and separated |C9,1 |Waste stored area within roof |
|C2,1 |Color box following regulation |C9,2 |Waste stored area within surrounded wall |
|C2,2 |Plastic bottle |C9,3 |Waste stored area within lock and door |
|C2,3 |Container, beer can |C9,4 |Separate hazardous medical waste from domestic waste |
|C2,4 |Carton |C9,5 |There is material to clean hand such as soap |
|C2,5 |Others |C10,1 |Bring waste to the general dumping site |
|C3 |Use nylon to collect waste |C10,2 |Dumping waste in the hospital area |
|C4,1 |Clinical waste stored in the yellow nylon |C10,3 |General incinerating waste in the incinerator for hospital groups |
|C4,2 |Radioactive waste stored in the black nylon |C10,4 |Burning waste at the hospitals |
|C4,3 |Chemical waste stored in the black nylon |C10,5 |Burning waste at the handicraft |
|C4,4 |Gas container or pressure container stored in the blue nylon |C10,6 |Burning waste outdoor |
|C4,5 |Domestic waste stored in the blue nylon |C10,7 |Others |
|C5,1 |Plastic dustbin |C11 |Plastic and glass sell for recycler |
|C5,2 |Wastebasket |C11,1 |Drip feed bottle , kg/month |
|C5,3 |Carton box |C11,2 |Drip feed line, kg/month |
|C5,4 |Others |C11,3 |Old injection needle , kg/month |
|C6 |Use color code for waste stored dustbin following MoH |C11,4 |Glass bottle, kg/month |
|C7,1 |Trolley |C11,5 |Others, kg/month |
|C7,2 |Plastic bucket within wheel |C11,6 |Decontamination or not |
|C7,3 |Others |D1 |D1, guideline, management regulation |
|C8 |Treating infected waste |D2 |D2, Building detail process: separation, collection, transportation from source |
|E1,1 |E1,1 Discarding solid waste at the dumping site |D3 |D3, Creating the collection, transportation and treatment groups |
|E1,2 |E,1,2 Discarding solid waste at the hospital land |D4 |D4, Number of staff in charge of solid waste treatment |
|E1,3 |E,1,3 Discarding solid waste in the incinerator of other hospital |D5 |D5. Staffs are trained regulation, solid waste process |
|E1,4 |E,1,4 Disarding solid waste at the waste incinerating enterprise |D6 |D6, Hiring other company to transport/ disposal of solid waste. |
|E1,5 |E,1,5 Discarding SW in incinerator places at the hospital |E2,6 |Secondary gas jet |
|E1,6 |E,1,6 Waste outside burning |E2,7 |Temperature of the incinerator |
|E1,7 |E,1,7 Others |E2,8 |Hospital burning waste for other hospital too, or not |
|E2 |Incinerator places in the hospital land |E2,9 |It work well now or not |
|E2,1 |Two combustion chamber incinerator |E2,10 |Installed time |
|E2,2 |One combustion chamber incinerator |E2,11 |Working Frequency per week |
|E2,3 |Reverted furnace |E3 |E3, fuel consuming |
|E2,4 |Trade mark, E2,5: Capacity |F |F Cost for waste management per month |
Apendix 2, Table 4, survey result on solid waste management status at the hospital
| |C1 |C2 |C2,1 |C2,2 |C2,3 |
|A6 |100kg/day |0 |
|A1 |30l diezel/ month, 20kg coal ash/ month |
|A6 |15l petroleum/month, 10kg lime/ month, 150 kg coal ash/ |Vnd 500,000 of consuming equipment, transportation, vnd 200,000 of gas/ petroleum; vnd100,000 of sanitation cost for environmental company |
| |month to the duping site | |
|A8 |5 l petroleum/month |Vnd 10,000,000 of salary , vnd 1000,000 of transportation and consuming equipment; vnd 1,500,000 of electricity; vnd 100,000 of petroleum ;vnd |
| | |vnd 150,000 for hiring environmental company |
|A10 |60 kg coal ash/ month |Vnd 2,331,000 of salary; vnd 3,600,000 of transportation and consuming equipment; vnd 50,000 of electricity money; vnd 16,000,000 gas/ |
| | |petroleum;vnd 4,995,000 of sanitation cost for environmental companying, total money of vnd 26,976,000 |
|A18 |150 l petroleum/ month |100kg of coal ash/ month, white smoke, vnd 1500000 of labor cost ,vnd 1800,000 of transportation and consuming equipment; vnd 1,950,000 of |
| | |consuming gas or petroleum; total money of vnd 5,250,000 |
|A26 |130 l petroleum/month |Vnd 12,000,000 of salary ,vnd900,000 of labor cost, vnd 1000,000 of electricity cost; vnd 2000,000 of petroleum; total cost of vnd 15,900,000 |
|A33 |10 l petroleum / month |Vnd 600,000 of salary / month |
|A35 |96l petroleum/ month, use three-phase current |12,5kg generated waste/month, disposal at the waste treatment area of the hospital, there is white smoke |
WASTE WATER OF THE HOSPITAL
Appendix 3, table 10 code for contents
|Code |Contents |
|1 |source, m3/day |
|2 |There is the rainy drainages, surface water and underground water or not. |
|3 |Waste water is treated or not |
|4 |What is the applied technology |
|5 | Hypochlorite decontamination or not |
|6 | Chloramines decontamination or not |
|7 | Decontamination by lime or not |
|8 |Decontamination by ozone or not |
|9 |Other decontamination |
|10 |Testing the waste water quality |
|electricity, KW/day |Treatment cost of medical waste water system |
|salary/month | |
|Chemical/month | |
Appendix 3, Table 11, Survey result on waste water management at the hospitals
| |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |
|A1 |5 |0 |0 |0 |X |x |x |
|A6 |10 |1 |1 |Bio-treatment |0 |1 |0 |
|A8 |9 |1 |x |Bio-treatment |0 |1 |0 |
|A10 |200 |1 |1 |Waste water station built by concrete and |0 |1 |1 |
| | | | |steel rod, between sink and float (pressure | | | |
| | | | |pump + self-running) | | | |
|A14 |30 |1 |1 |Decontamination |0 |1 |1 |
|A16 |30 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |
|A17 | |1 |1 |Collect to the latrine |0 |1 |0 |
|A18 |15 |0 |x |Discharge to the hospital’s pond |0 |1 |1 |
|A22 |35 | | |0 | | | |
|A23 |20 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |
|A26 |15 |1 |0 |0 |x |x |x |
|A33 |5 |1 |x |decontamination, deposition |0 |0 |0 |
|A35 |x | | |0 | | | |
|1 |TB |
|Như Xuân |Invest medical incinerator, training for staff who manages medical waste |
|Cẩm Thủy |The preventive medical center do not relate to the DPC, no land acquisition. Having WWT and incinerator at DGH |
|Quan Sơn |To be built the waste water system |
|Quan Hóa |Supported the suitable waste treatment, built the incinerator |
|Huong Khe |Need financial support for training staff in charge of HCSM |
|Ky Anh |HCWM to be trained |
|Nghi Xuan |HCWM to be trained |
|Huong Son |To be trained |
|Nam Dan |To be trained |
|Thanh Chuong |To be trained |
|Tuong Duong |Supported cost for management and treating waste of center. |
|Bá Thước |Project board management should support technical assistance for project preparation. To be trained. To be |
| |supported incinerator. |
|Phu Loc |HCWM to be trained |
Appendix 4. Information of new buiding area and improved areas of preventive medical centers.
Appendix 4: Table 1. Information on preventive medical center and medical waste treatment
| |DPC | Building scale and location |SW treatment |WW treatment |
|Thanh Hoá |Như xuân |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Quan Hoa |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Quan Son |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Cam Thuy |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Ba Thuoc |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Thuong Xuan |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Muong Lat |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Hậu Lộc |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
|Nghe An |Que Phong |Building in area of 1000m2 of DGH |Decontaminaztion+safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Tuong Duong |Building in area of 2000m2 of DGH |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Ky Son |Building in area of 1000m2 of DGH, next to DH | DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Nghia Dan |Building in area of 1200m2 of DGH |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Quynh Luu |Building in area of 1500m2 of DGH |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Thanh Chuong |Building in area of 4500m2 of DGH |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Nam Dan |Next to the district hospital |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| | | | |Basically building |
|Ha Tinh |Nghi Xuan |3000m2 of new land , 2km far from DGH. |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Huong Son |3000m2 of new land in district’s master plan, 1km far from DGH. |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Huong Khe |There is area in the town’s master plan |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Ky Anh |3700m2 in the master plan of DH |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
|Quang Binh |Minh Hoa (TBB) |It doen’t need to built |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |- Lệ Thuỷ (XDCB) | |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Tuyen Hoa (TB) |3000m2 in the town’ master plan, 0.8km far from the DH |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Bo Trach |They have already had the suitable land |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Quang Trach | |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
|Quang Tri |ĐăKrông |They have already had the suitable land | | |
| |Gio Linh |2000m2 of new land in the district’s master plan, 1.5km far from the |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| | |district hospital. | | |
| |Hai Lang |5790m2 of new land in the district’s master plan, 1.5km far from DGH.|Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Vinh Linh |3500m2 of new land in the district’s master plan, 1.5km far from DGH.|Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| Hue |Phong Dien | |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Phu Vang | |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
| |Huong Tra | |DH’s incinerator |Basically building |
| |Phu Loc | |Decontamization + safe dumping |Basically building |
|Note: Disinfection testing waste C, B and sanitation dumping. Sharp material, injection needles: separate the sharp part or not then concretion, the plastic material after separating out the sharp part can |
|disinfect by broiling water, chemical disinfection then bring to the recycle. Basically building: Temparary disinfection of blood solution, solution. Treatment in the latrine, or biotreatment: trickling filter. |
Appendix 4. Table 2. Information of DH in the project districts.
| |DH |WW treatment |SW treatment |
|Thanh Hoá |Như Xuân |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Hoàng Hóa |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Ngọc Lạc |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Tĩnh Gia |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Lang Chánh |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Thuong Xuan |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| |Muong Lat |Had got project treated MWW |District’s incinerator |
| | | | |
|Nghe An |Que Phong | |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Tuong Duong | |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Ky Son | |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Nghi Loc | | |
| |Yen Thanh |WW treatment station |DH’s incinerator |
| |Thanh Chuong |WW treatment station |DH’s incinerator |
| |Nam Dan |WW treatment station |DH’s incinerator |
| |PKDK Tây Nam |XDCB |DH’s incinerator |
|Ha Tinh |Nghi Xuan |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| | Duc Tho |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Cam Xuyen |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Ky Anh |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
|Quang Binh |Minh Hoa |WW treatment station |DGH incinerator |
| |Tuyen Hoa |WW treatment station |DH’s incinerator |
| | | | |
| |Bo Trach |WW treatment station |DH’s incinerator |
|Quang Tri |Đă Krong |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamization + safe dumping |
| |Gio Linh |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamization + safe dumping |
| |Hai Lang |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamization + safe dumping |
| |Quang Tri provincipal general hospital |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamization + safe dumping |
| Hue |Phong Dien |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Phu Vang |Had got project treated MWW |Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |Huong Tra |Had got project treated MWW |DH’s incinerator |
| |Phu Loc |Had got project treated MWW | Decontamination + safe dumping |
| |TP, Hue |Had got project treated MWW |DH’s incinerator |
Appendix 5: Picture of Guiding of separation and treatment of needs and syringes
Guiding of separation and treatment of needs and syringes
Appendix 6: List of organization and Individuals participated in HCWM Plan
|STT |Name |Organisation |Time |
| |¤. Nguyễn văn Đức |General Department of Environment |T9/2009 |
| |TS. Hoàng Minh Đạo | | |
| |ThS Vũ Khắc Hiếu |Center for Technological Transfer- GDE |T9/2009 |
| |ThS Nguyễn Lê Nam | | |
| |T.S. Lª Hoµng Lan |Hanoi Urenco |T9/2009 |
| |Th.S. Lương Mai Hương | | |
| |¤. Hoµng §¹i TuÊn |Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology |8/2009 |
| |T.S. Ph¹m Hång H¶i | | |
| |T.S. Lª V¨n C¸t |Institute of Chemistry, VAST |8/2009 |
| |T.S. NguyÔn Mai Ph¬ng | | |
| |TS. Trịnh Văn Tuyên |Institute of Environmental Technology, VAST |T8/2009 |
| |TS. Phan Đỗ Hùng | | |
| |TS. Nguyễn Thị Huệ | | |
| |T.S, NguyÔn Anh TuÊn |National of Hygiene and Epidemic |T8/2009 |
| |BQL dự án 6tỉnh BTB |6 Vice Director of Department of Health |T8/2009 |
| |T.S. §Æng Kim Chi |Institute of Polytechnique |8/2009 |
Appendix 7: Picture report at from the practical observation
1. QUANG BINH PROVINCE
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Incinerator- Bo Trach district polyclinic. |Waste water container- Bo Trach district polyclinic |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Waste water treatment station - Bo Trach district polyclinic |Preventive medical center of Tuyen Hoa district |
| | |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Incinerator (5kg/h), Tuyen Hoa district polyclinic |Waste water treatment station (100m3/day and night)- Tuyen Hoa DGH |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|All kinds of dustbin followed the color code legislation |Medical separation at source of Tuyen Hoa district polyclinic |
2. QUANG TRI PROVINCE
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Quang Tri provincial polyclinic |Preventive medical center of Vinh Linh district |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Visiting the area, where will build the new preventive medical | There are many perennial trees in the area, where will build the new |
|center of Gio Linh district |preventive medical center of Vinh Linh district, is provided by Vinh Linh |
| |district polyclinic because the polyclinic landuse is now overcrowded. |
3. THANH HOA PROVINCE
4. NGHỆ AN PROVINCE
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Working with director of Yen Thanh hospital |Working with polyclinic and preventive medical center of Nam Dan |
| |district |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Injection room of Nam Dan district polyclinic. The source separation |Waste dumped site of Nam Dan district polyclinic |
|is not very good but can be accepted. | |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Dumped site of afterbirth- Nam Dan district polyclinic |Bathroom- Nam Dan district polyclinic |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Black ash at handicraft incinerator Nam Dan DGH. They normally used |VHI-18B incinerator- Nam Dan district polyclinic. |
|this incinerator instead of VHI-18B | |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Water supply system- Nam Dan district polyclinic |Incinerator of polycinic and preventive medical center of Thanh |
| |Chuong district. It located very very far from the hospital are. |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Medical equippment-stored room of Thanh Chuong district polyclinic. |Working with polyclinic and preventive medical center of Thanh |
| |Chuong district |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Incinerator of Yen Thanh district polyclinic. New works are building |Old and damageable water supply system- Yen Thanh, be improved to |
|surrounding the incinerator. |have enough water |
5. HA TINH PROVINCE
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Preventive medical center of Cam Xuyen district. |Path to the area of new preventive medical center of Ky Anh district|
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Preventive medical center of Duc Tho district. They are going to |Preventive medical center of Huong Son district. The new preventive |
|build the new waste water treatment station |medical center will build in the planed area of the district |
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Working at Ha Tinh medical service |Working in with the boad management of Nghi Xuan preventive medical |
| |center |
Annex 8: Environmental standards and related documents
-----------------------
E2264
Survey result at the district general hospitals (to be continue)
76.92% of DGHs using the yellow-box to store sharp material or pointed end of transfusion tubes under the regulation of Ministry of Health, the left of 30.77% uses plastic bottles, of 15.38% use beer cans and of 15.38% use the carton boxes to store sharp materials. There are 92.13% of hospitals use color code for each kind of wastebin as regulated by MoH, the left of 7.69% of DGHs do not answer the survey question.. Transportation: There are 69.23% of hospitals use trolley carts to transport waste through the hospital, there are 23.08% of hospital use plastic-bin without wheel. Pretreatment of highly contagious waste are implemented by 84.62% of DGHs in order to treat infected waste before disposal, they use Chloramines B1: 1-2% or Raven 1-2% or CLDEX 28.1; 285, 145. Solid waste storage rooms: There are 69.23% of hospitals have the area to store solid waste, the others don’t have in which there are 53.85% of hospitals have the stored area without the roof, 61.54% of hospitals have the stored area without any fences, 46.15% of hospitals have both roof, main door and lock. There are 76.92% of hospitals separating hazardous waste from domestic waste and 61.54% of hospitals has got the hand-cleaning materials.
Disposal methods of medical hazardous waste 46.15% of DGHs dumping waste at their hospital area, there are no cluster incinerator to burn hazardous waste for manay DGHs in the area, 38.46% use the onsite incinerators, the local brick handicraft incinerator is 23.08 percent, therefore, there is about 15.38% (38.46-23.08%) of hospitals have got the model incinerator and 30.77% of hospital burning waste outdoor. Selling recyclble plastic/glass material to recycler: There are 69.23% of hospitals answered that they did not sell medical plastic material and glasses to recycler or crap iron dealer but they still have got the separation of drip feed, drip feed bottle, drip feed string, glass bottle like Que Phong DGH, Quang Tri PGH and Quan Hoa DGH. Quang Tri GH and Hai Lang DGH sell medical recycle material from hospital but without decontamination.
Guideline document, regulation of solid waste management. In the answered questionnaires, there are 76.92 percent of hospitals have internal rule or guidelines or internal regulation for solid waste management. 76.92% hospitals have got the detail guideline for process of waste separation, collection, and transportation. 61.54% hospitals have got the specific group for waste collection, transportation and treatment, at least 4 to 35 people per group. More than 50% medical staff of hospitals is trained the waste management regulation
Picture 4.1. Model of three-compartment septic tank
Output
[pic]
Output, level I TCVN 7382-2004
Lanfill
Sludge collection
Decontaminate substance
Oxigen blower
Disinfection
Aerobic tank+ SBR/ or bio-filter (without oxygen scouring)
Regularory tank
Screening
Waste water from treating, washing, eating room
Waste water from WC
Septic tank
Sludge
Waste water order
Survey result at the district general hospitals (DGH).
76.92% of DGHs using the yellow-box to store sharp material or pointed end of transfusion tubes under the regulation of Ministry of Health, the left of 30.77% uses plastic bottles, of 15.38% use beer cans and of 15.38% use the carton boxes to store sharp materials. There are 92.13% of hospitals use color code for each kind of waste bin as regulated by MoH, the left of 7.69% of DGHs do not answer the survey question.. Transportation: There are 69.23% of hospitals use trolley carts to transport waste through the hospital, there are 23.08% of hospital use plastic-bin without wheel. Pretreatment of highly contagious waste are implemented by 84.62% of DGHs in order to treat infected waste before disposal, they use Chloramines B1: 1-2% or Raven 1-2% or CLDEX 28.1; 285, 145. Solid waste storage rooms: There are 69.23% of hospitals have the area to store solid waste, the others don’t have in which there are 53.85% of hospitals have the stored area without the roof, 61.54% of hospitals have the stored area without any fences, 46.15% of hospitals have both roof, main door and lock. There are 76.92% of hospitals separating hazardous waste from domestic waste and 61.54% of hospitals has got the hand-cleaning materials. Disposal methods of medical hazardous waste 46.15% of DGHs dumping waste at their hospital area, there are no cluster incinerator to burn hazardous waste for many DGHs in the area, 38.46% use the onsite incinerators, the local brick handicraft incinerator is 23.08 percent, therefore, there is about 15.38% (38.46-23.08%) of hospitals have got the model incinerator and 30.77% of hospital burning waste outdoor. Selling recyclable plastic/glass material to recycler: There are 69.23% of hospitals answered that they did not sell medical plastic material and glasses to recycler or crap iron dealer but they still have got the separation of drip feed, drip feed bottle, drip feed string, glass bottle like Que Phong DGH, Quang Tri PGH and Quan Hoa DGH. Quang Tri GH and Hai Lang DGH sell medical recycle material from hospital but without decontamination.
Guideline document, regulation of solid waste management. In the answered questionnaires, there are 76.92 percent of hospitals have internal rule or guidelines or internal regulation for solid waste management. 76.92% hospitals have got the detail guideline for process of waste separation, collection, and transportation. 61.54% hospitals have got the specific group for waste collection, transportation and treatment, at least 4 to 35 people per group. More than 50% medical staff of hospitals is trained the waste management regulation
Domestic waste water
Regulate
Deposit sediment
Biodecompose
Survey result of HCWM at preventive medical center.
Through the survey, third of centers has got specific staff in charge of medical waste collection. It shows the happy sign although their material condition is not very high. However, it should to open more training class of medical solid waste management and increase communication as well as supporting more material, equipment for waste collection and store then they can satisfy and implement well the regulation of ministry of public health.
Petition from preventive medical center : Although the Decision 32/BYT comes into force from the last year, 2007 but
Most of the center hope Bac Trung Bo project support more the incinerator, train for medical waste manager staff ( Nhu Xuan, Huong Khe, Quan Hoa, Cam Thuy…). Some centers hope to have the waste water treatment at their centers. They mostly fell satisfy if their water treatment system is invested like the system for other polyclinics. When asking some centers which will be built next to polyclinic of the ability to co-use the incinerator and water treatment system with the polyclinic, their answers are depended on the leading of Medical service, and cause they have to pay money for polyclinic to co-run the equipment. Most of them said that infected waste water from preventive medical centers are treated following the regulation for medical waste water like polyclinic
Survey result on HCWM at the district preventive medical center (DPC)
Waste separation at source has been implemented in 91.67% of the total DPCs. Although they participated well into the waste separation, but the ration of mixing clinical waste with other waste are still high and 20.83% of the DPCs do not discharge clinical into the proper medical dustbin. Many DPCs use the QD47/2007 as their own internal rule/regulation and use it as the guideline. 66.67% of DPCs implemented HCWM, only 8.33% of which do not implement the regulation and carry out source separation. However, their implementation is not so strict, there is 29.17 percent answering that they do not use the collection plastic bag or box for sharp and pointed items or right dustbin in regulative. With 23 fulfilled questionnaires from DPCs there is only Que Phong and Vinh Linh DPCs don’t have the local rule of HCWM. The others have built their internal rules or use DQ43/2007 for guiding waste collection and source separation; it shows the good knowledge and awareness of the DPCs’ board management. There is 29.17 percent of DPCs said that they have their medical workers exposed with occupational diseases; Only 33.3% of DPCs have sent their staff to HCWM training course. Nhu Xuan, Que Phong and Quan Hoa have high number of trained staff (30 to 40 people)/year in the field of HCWM and disease control.
100 percent of DPCs separate sharp-pointed material out of other medical solid waste; it shows their good awareness of implicit danger from medical solid waste, especially from those stained with blood or body biological fluids, blood samples.
Waste store and disposal: at small DPCs limited human source and patient (only 3 checking in/out per day), the generation of hazardous solid waste is almost none. It also the reason for the treating cost of solid waste is very small, with only more than 30.000 vnd per month. With the questions on hazardous waste store and disposal, there is 37.50 percent strictly implemented, and 54.17% percent do not separately and separated stored hazardous waste, the same ratio disposed mixed hazardous waste and general waste and discharged to public dumping site. It shows that if the DPCs carried out the waste separation and stored they can return waste to manufacturers or safe storage to treat in the good quality incinerator. 50% of DPCs bring their clinical waste to co-burn in DGH’s incinerator. It is also a good sign of strict implementation of HCWM. In general, the separation of HCSW is quite high of 87.5 percent. Through the survey, third of centers has got specific staff in charge of medical waste collection. It shows the happy sign although their material condition is not very high.
Survey result at the district general hospitals (DGH)
There are 61.54% of DGHs have got the incinerators placed at their location, in which 20,83% have got two-combustion chambers, 46,15% have one-combustion chamber incinerator and none of them has the turning incinerator. Quan Hoa DGH has the local made incinerator of BDF-LDR 10i, 15i, with capacity of 5kg/day, installed in 2008, it still works well with frequency
#
(
9
m____
$¤of 2times/week, petroleum consuming of 96l/month for 40 kg waste equal to 2.4 l petroleum per kg waste. The amount of 40kg of burning waste creates 12kg of ash coal. Salary cost for worker is vnd 600.000 per month. Lang Chanh district general hospital has installed the incinerator BDF LDR 10i at their location, with capacity of 10kg/burning time from 2007, includes two-combustion chamber, petroleum consuming of 130l/month, 4times/week, consuming petrol of about 0.8l/kg waste or 2 million vnd/month. Nam Dan, Thanh Chuong DGHs have dual chamber incinerator VHI-18B. Dakrong has got one combustion incinerator istalled in 1999, consuming petrol of 15l/month. Quang Tri general hospital has onsite MZ40 incinerator with the capacity of 400kg/batch, its temperature is from 850oC to 1100oC burned with frequency of 3times/week, installed in 2008. the created coal ash is about 60kg per month. Most of simple brick handicraft incinerators is burn waste in the temperature from 5000C to less than 1000oC. Of cause, the condition of incinerating not ensured for complete destruction of waste.
Note
Landfill
Remove of sludge
Waste water from all department
Collect
Septic tank
Biological treatment
Output
Disinfection
Initial disinfection waste water at Labs
- Deposit sediment
Deposit sediment
Biodecompose
Partition 3
Partition 2
Partition1
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