I
Lessons Learned from Aviation Occurrence: Integrated Pilots’ Visual Parameters into Cockpit Recorders for Accident Investigation and Prevention*Thomas Wang1 Wen-Chin Li2 and John J. H. Lin3Authors’ Biographies1 Thomas Wang is currently the Managing Director of Aviation Safety Council, Taiwan. He has been a group chairman, investigator-in-charge, or accredited representative in over 30 occurrence investigations in Taiwan and abroad. He is the investigator-in-charge of the February 4, 2015 ATR72 accident. Thomas is a former airline pilot on the Airbus A300.Contact E-mail: wang@.tw2 Dr. Wen-Chin Li is a Senior Lecturer in the Safety and Accident Investigation Centre, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. He is a Chartered Ergonomist and Human Factors Specialist of the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, and an Aviation Human Factors Specialist of European Association of Aviation Psychology (EAAP). His expertise includes Accident Investigation, Visual Attention and Situation Awareness, and Flight Deck Design. Contact E-mail: wenchin.li@cranfield.ac.uk3 Dr. Jr-Hung Lin is a postdoctoral researcher at the office of institutional research at National Central University, Taiwan. His research interests focus on developing eye-movement application, integrated eye tracking technology with other devices, and eye-tracking programming. Contact E-mail: john.jrhunglin@AbstractOn 4th February 2015 an ATR 72-600 (GE-235) was on a scheduled domestic flight from Taipei to Kinmen Island, Taiwan. The aircraft experienced a loss of control during initial climb and crashed into the Keelung River after take-off from Taipei Songshan Airport. Four of the five crew members and 39 of 53 passengers were killed. As the investigation into the accident progressed, it was found that the flight crew had shut down the wrong engine. This became a crucially important factor for the investigators who were attempting to understand why the pilot flying misidentified the problem and shut down the wrong engine, and why the error was not detected and corrected by the other crewmembers. The limited information and parameters recorded in the FDR and CVR make it impossible to recreate or demonstrate pilots’ attention distributions and situation awareness and, most importantly, what led the pilots select this action. This significantly increased the challenge of forming a reasonable hypothesis to conduct further scientific trials for the final sector of the flight. The purposes of this research are to address the limitations of current accident investigation, due in part to the disparity between the recorded parameters of FDR and the lack of a recording of the pilot’s visual parameters to reflect to the associated flight parameters. The authors propose developing a cockpit visual tracking technology that is integrated with cockpit recorders, as a solution that will not only assist accident investigations, but also benefit pilot training, facilitate human-centered flight deck design and, crucially, prevent accidents through a more effective analysis of near miss and accident events.Keywords: Accident Investigation, Attention Distribution, Human-Computer Interaction, Situation Awareness, Visual Scan PatternIntroductionOn 4th February 2015 an ATR 72-600 (GE235) was on a scheduled domestic flight from Taipei to Kinmen Island, Taiwan. The aircraft experienced a loss of control during initial climb and crashed into the Keelung River after take-off from Taipei Songshan Airport. Shortly after take-off, the aircraft's number 2 (right-hand) engine propeller experienced an uncommanded auto-feather - an action not initiated by the flight crew. Within approximately 5 seconds, the pilot flying (PF) started to retard power of the operative engine number 1 (left-hand) shutting it down completely in the moments before the aircraft's wing impacted a bridge and the aircraft came to rest in the Keelung River. Four of the five crew members, including both pilots and 39 of 53 passengers were killed (figure 1). A key challenge to the accident investigators was to understand why the pilot flying misidentified the problem and shut down the wrong engine, and why the error was not detected and corrected by the other crewmembers. Due to the limited information and parameters recorded on the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), it was not possible analyze the pilots’ attention distributions and situation awareness that is inextricably linked with the aircraft and flight parameters. Recreating the actions of the crew - based on how their attention distribution was influenced by the airplane's parameters and other cues and feedback - would have enabled the investigators to gain an understanding of the impact of these factors on the crew's situational awareness. In accidents such as this, the availability of a tool to record pilots’ visual scan patterns, would provide a powerful evidence base to facilitate scientific analysis of accident investigation. Since pilots’ visual behavior plays a central role in cognitive processing, understanding when and where pilots distribute their attentions is critical to both situation awareness and safe operations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>606</RecNum><DisplayText>(Li, Yu, Braithwaite, & Greaves, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>606</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1494815029">606</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Serial">57</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li, W. C.</author><author>Yu, C. S.</author><author>Braithwaite, G.</author><author>Greaves, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Interface design and pilot attention distribution whilst pursuing a dynamic target</title><secondary-title>Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)</secondary-title></titles><pages>408-415</pages><volume>9174</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Li, Yu, Braithwaite, & Greaves, 2015). Visual tracking technology has been proven, through empirical research, to have a significant contribution to advanced flight deck design and training in aviation for decades ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>605</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ellis & Liston, 2016; Wu, Wanyan, & Zhuang, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>605</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1494815029">605</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X.</author><author>Wanyan, X.</author><author>Zhuang, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pilot's visual attention allocation modeling under fatigue</title><secondary-title>Technology and Health Care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Technology and Health Care</full-title></periodical><pages>S373-S381</pages><volume>23</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><work-type>Conference Paper</work-type><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1489602132">479</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ellis, S. R.</author><author>Liston, D. B.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Furstenau, N.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Visual features used by airport tower controllers: Some implications for the design of remote or virtual towers</title><secondary-title>Virtual and Remote Control Tower: Research, Design, Development and Validation</secondary-title></titles><pages>21-51</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Springer Nature, Switzerland</pub-location><publisher>Furstenau, N.</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ellis & Liston, 2016; Wu, Wanyan, & Zhuang, 2015). A number of visual parameters can be precisely recorded and analyzed by eye-tracking devices. Parameters that can be recorded include: a pilots’ percentage of fixation in specific areas of instruments, which are defined as area of interest (AOIs), is closely associated with attention distribution; pilots’ fixation duration measuring how long they sustain attention on an AOI to diagnose an abnormal situation; saccade amplitude can be used to evaluate the extent to which pilots shifted attention among instruments for gaining situation awareness; and pupil size is used to assess pilots’ workload. Identifying scan pattern of eye movement is crucial for accident investigation in assessing the cognitive processes related to Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LZWFybmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LZWFybmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Honn, Satterfield, McCauley, Caldwell, & Dongen, 2016; Kearney, Li, & Lin, 2016; Yu, Wang, Li, & Braithwaite, 2014).Figure 1. GE235 injury and fatality distributionsBackground of the Flight GE235The occurrence flight GE235 was on a regular public transport service from Songshan to Kinmen. Captain A, who was the pilot-in-command (PIC), occupied the left seat and was the pilot flying (PF) for the take-off, while Captain B occupied the right seat and was the pilot monitoring (PM). One first officer occupied the cockpit jump seat as an observer pilot (OBS). According to the FDR and CVR data, GE235 took off from Songshan runway 10 at 1051 -the take-off roll commenced at 1051:39. Four seconds later (1051:43), the PM mentioned that the automatic take-off power control system (ATPCS) was not armed. The PF decided to continue the take-off roll. Seven seconds later, the PM stated “oh there it is ATPCS armed”, and the aircraft became airborne at 1052:01. The crew selected an altitude of 5,000 feet and airspeed of 115 knots on the autopilot. At 1052:34 the Songshan tower controller instructed the GE235 flight crew to contact Taipei Approach while the aircraft was commencing a right turn and climbing through an altitude of 1,000 feet.As the aircraft was continuing the right turn and climbing through 1,200 feet, the FDR indicated that engine number 1 (ENG 1) was operating in an uptrim condition with its bleed valve closed. That corresponded with the beginning of an ATPCS sequence, which included the auto-feathering of the engine number 2 (ENG 2) propellers. The Master Warning (MW) annunciated in the cockpit and the ENG 2 propeller pitch angles started to advance to the feather position accompanied by the indication of the “ENG 2 FLAME OUT AT TAKE OFF” procedure on the Engine Warning Display (EWD). At 1052:41, the autopilot was disconnected as the aircraft climbed through an altitude of 1,300 feet. Three seconds later, the ATPCS sequence ended and the ENG 2 propeller was fully feathered. At 1052:43 the PF stated “I will pull back engine one throttle”. The PM responded “wait a second cross check”, but the ENG 1 Power Lever Angle (PLA) had already been retarded from 75 degrees to 66 degrees. At 1053:00, the PM stated “okay engine flame out check”. The PF responded “check” and the PM stated “check up trim yes, auto feather yes”. At 1053:05 the PF responded “okay”. At almost the same time, the PM was recorded as saying “watch the speed” because the indicated airspeed had reduced to 101 knots. The PF then announced ”pull back number one”, and the ENG 1 PLA was retarded to 49 degrees. While the ENG 1 power lever was retarded, the PM said “okay now number two engine flameout confirmed”, and the PF responded “okay” but the ENG 1 PLA still remained at 49 degrees.At 1053:09, the aircraft had climbed to 1,630 feet, which was the highest altitude recorded for the occurrence flight. The indicated airspeed was 102 knots. The automatic flight control system Indicated Air Speed (IAS) mode then reverted into PITCH HOLD mode and one second later the stall warning annunciated in the cockpit for one second. The PF then stated “terrain ahead” and the PM replied “okay lower…”. At 1053:13 the stall warning sounded again for four seconds and the stick shakers activated. The PM stated “okay push, push back”, to which the PF stated “shut”. The PM responded “wait a second…throttle throttle”. Between 1053:13 and 1053:15, the ENG 2 PLA was advanced to 86 degrees and the ENG 1 PLA was retarded to around 34.5 degrees (idle position). At 1053:18, the aircraft was heading 087 degrees but in a continuous left turn with a 10 to 20 degree angle of bank, descending through 1,526 feet at airspeed of 101 knots. At 1053:19 the PF said “number one” followed by “feather shut off”. The PM called “number feather”, and then the stick shakers and stick pushers activated several times until 1053:27. At 1053:24, the FDR indicated that the ENG 1 condition lever was in the fuel shut off position, and six seconds later the ENG 1 propeller had attained the feathered position. The aircraft’s indicated airspeed was 110 knots at an altitude of 1,165 feet and descending.At 1053:35, the PM declared an emergency (Mayday) to Air Traffic Control (ATC). The aircraft was heading 050 degrees and had commenced a bank to the right. From 1053:46 to 1054:04, the flight crew tried to engage the autopilot twice, but did not succeed. At 1053:53, the OBS said “how come it becomes like this”. At 1054:05, the PM stated “both sides…lost” and two seconds later the PM realized and stated “no, engine flameout, we lost both sides”. At 1054:09, the PF stated “restart the engine”, when the altitude was 545 feet and 105 knots. At 1054:20, the ENG 1 condition lever was moved out of the shut off position and at 1054:25, the ENG 1 high pressure speed (NH1) increased to 30%. The aircraft’s altitude and IAS at that time were 400 feet and 106 knots respectively. The aircraft also started to bank to the left. At 1054:27, the PF said “wow pulled back the wrong side throttle”. From that time on, the aircraft entered an aerodynamic stall from which it did not recover.At 1054:34, the enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS) “pull-up” warning was annunciated in the cockpit. At 1054:35 the aircraft’s left bank angle increased from 10 to 80 degrees. The aircraft’s left wing then collided with a taxi driving on the overpass. The wing then impacted the fence and a light pole at the edge of the overpass located southwest of the Keelung River occurrence site. The aircraft continued to bank to the left after those collisions and then entered the river inverted (see Figure 2).-13652536830Figure 2. GE235 key events rendered on a fused satellite image and digital surface modelChallenges to the InvestigationThe occurrence was the result of many contributing factors which culminated in a stall-induced loss of control. During the initial climb after takeoff, an automatic takeoff power control system (ATPCS) sequence was triggered which resulted in the uncommanded auto-feather of ENG 2 propellers. Following the uncommanded auto-feather, the flight crew did not perform the documented abnormal and emergency procedures to identify the failure and implement the required corrective actions. This led the PF to retard power of the operative ENG 1 and ultimately shut it down. The loss of thrust during the initial climb and inappropriate flight control inputs by the PF generated a series of stall warnings, including activation of the stick shaker and pusher. The crew did not respond to the stall warnings in a timely and effective manner. The aircraft stalled and continued descent during the attempted engine restart. The remaining altitude and time to impact were not enough to successfully restart the engine and recover the aircraft.After 16 months of investigation, the final report was published in June 2016. There are a total of 25 findings and 16 safety recommendations issued to the related organizations. Despite the completion of the investigation, there were still some questions/challenges that been raised during the investigation that the investigation team could not answer or explain. Based on the available evidences, the occurrence investigation report identified WHAT had happened – the pilot flying shut down the operative ENG 1.causing a total loss of power and the aircraft subsequently crashed. However, the investigation team was unable to conclude why the pilot flying insisted on retarding the power of ENG 1 and ultimately shut it down, while the pilot monitoring had already identified the engine problem as being with ENG 2. Nor the investigation team was able to conclude why the pilot monitoring did not discover the pilot flying’s actions of retarding ENG 1 and moving the lever to the fuel shut off position.In this instance, the pilots of GE235 not only had to distribute their visual attention among displays for cross-check to maintain safe flight operations, but also had to resolve unexpected malfunctions - such as ATPCS not armed and feathering of ENG 2 - under time pressure. To effectively analyze this event, it is essential to understand the effects of the additional workload on both pilots during the critical phase of take-off. The crew's ability to scan the instrument panels - monitoring tasks - and manage other flight operations tasks during the take-off and climb was impacted by the numerous Crew Resource Management (CRM) issues related to communication, attention distribution and situation awareness. Based on the FDR and CVR, the PM noted ENG 2 feathering and pointed this out on the Engine Warning Display (EWD) a number of times throughout the event. The PF, however, continued to retard and shut down ENG 1. Though the PF and PM had numerous interactions during flight, the lack of effective communication was a considered a key factor in this event. The FDR provided evidence of what actions the pilots performed within the scope and limitations of the recorded parameters, while the CVR enabled the investigators to analyze the call-outs, commands and other voice communications. This evidence was limited however and could not provide an insight that could help to explain what exactly they did and why they did it? To gain a better understanding of this and other such events, it would be helpful to understand: what elements acted the triggers to an accident? How the pilots processed the information present on the EWD? What information the PF and PM saw during their cross-check and scans? The investigation team considered a number of scenarios during the accident investigation in order to understand and explain the pilot's behavior and its impact on the final outcome. Had the team been able to apply methods that included human information processing theory (HIP), attention allocation, workload distribution, and working memory, it may have been possible to understand and explain the pilot’s actions/reactions and the rationale for these actions. The investigation cannot however make conclusions solely based on theories and hypothesis. Without evidence of the link between the crews’ actions and the aircraft's flight parameters, the occurrence investigation report was published without the explanation of WHY. Lessons Learned from Investigating Human Information ProcessingThe draft final report of the occurrence investigation was sent to relevant organizations and authorities for comments following its completion, in accordance with the regulations. Several comments from the Taiwan Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) were related to the analysis of the occurrence flight crew performance. The CAA suggested that the investigation team conduct further analysis to “increase the possibility to clarify what the flight crew can see and perceive in the cockpit” during the final moments of the occurrence flight. The CAA also suggested several revisions to the conclusions of the draft final report, and requested explanations to speculate why the occurrence flight crew had made those mistakes. The Council, after reviewing these comments, in the absence of supporting evidence, did not accept the comments (though the comments were appended for inclusion in the final report). There is growing recognition of the need to collect eye movement data which can help to explain pilots’ cognitive processes related to attention, situation awareness and decision-making in response to what pilots saw and perceived in the flight deck. The importance and utility of this data mode for accident investigation and prevention PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kowler, 2011; Wu et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2014) is becoming increasingly obvious. Eye Movement Patterns Reflecting Cognitive ProcessAnalysis of accident investigations indicates that 75% of aviation accidents involved poor perceptual encoding on the flight deck ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jones</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jones & Endsley, 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1485177886">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jones, Debra G</author><author>Endsley, Mica R</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT IND ENGN,LUBBOCK,TX 79409.</auth-address><titles><title>Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation</title><secondary-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</secondary-title><alt-title>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</full-title><abbr-1>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</full-title><abbr-1>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>507-512</pages><volume>67</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</keyword><keyword>General & Internal</keyword><keyword>Medicine</keyword><keyword>Sport Sciences</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0095-6562</isbn><accession-num>WOS:A1996UP13000001</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996UP13000001</url></related-urls></urls><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jones & Endsley, 1996). Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the ability of pilots to monitor the status of the automation (flight mode) using the flight mode annunciator (FMA) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bj?rklund</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>644</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bj?rklund, Alfredson, & Dekker, 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>644</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496816557">644</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bj?rklund, Caroline M</author><author>Alfredson, Jens</author><author>Dekker, Sidney WA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mode monitoring and call-outs: An eye-tracking study of two-crew automated flight deck operations</title><secondary-title>The International journal of aviation psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The International Journal of Aviation Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>263-275</pages><volume>16</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1050-8414</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bj?rklund, Alfredson, & Dekker, 2006). One such experiment by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bj?rklund</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>644</RecNum><DisplayText>Bj?rklund et al. (2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>644</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496816557">644</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bj?rklund, Caroline M</author><author>Alfredson, Jens</author><author>Dekker, Sidney WA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mode monitoring and call-outs: An eye-tracking study of two-crew automated flight deck operations</title><secondary-title>The International journal of aviation psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The International Journal of Aviation Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>263-275</pages><volume>16</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1050-8414</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Bj?rklund et al. (2006) revealed that with 40% of pilots not able to verify the mode changes for monitoring task in the flight deck, that pilots were, in fact, quite poor at monitoring flight modes (figure 3). The movements of a person's eyes offer the prospect to explore the relationship between attention distributions and task performance. Understanding the function of selective attention - which includes attention for perception, conscious awareness and action - is the key to understanding how and why pilots act and interact with the aircraft systems and with each other. Pilot’s visual attention is necessary for perception (an important part of the cycle for gaining and retaining situational awareness), which in turn helps to prevent information overload, and enables the crew to focus on the appropriate action based on incoming information ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mumaw</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>635</RecNum><DisplayText>(R. J. Mumaw, N. B. Sarter, & C. D. Wickens, 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496813402">635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mumaw, R. J.</author><author>Sarter, N. B.</author><author>Wickens, C. D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysis of pilots’ monitoring and performance on an automated flight deck</title><secondary-title>11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(R. J. Mumaw, N. B. Sarter, & C. D. Wickens, 2001). Eye scan pattern is one of the most powerful methods for assessing human beings’ cognitive processes in Human–Computer Interaction PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+
PFJlY051bT4xNzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oQWhsc3Ryb20gJmFtcDsgRnJpZWRtYW4t
QmVyZywgMjAwNik8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTc8L3JlYy1udW1i
ZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJyOWVmcmF2YTl3MHhwdGV3Mnpw
NXh3dDl2MDB6cDV3c2FkMjUiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ4NTE3NTIzOSI+MTc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp
Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNv
bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkFobHN0cm9tLCBVLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+
RnJpZWRtYW4tQmVyZywgRi4gSi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1
dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5GQUEgVGVjaCBDdHIsIEZBQSBIdW1hbiBGYWN0b3JzIEdycCwgQXRsYW50aWMg
Q2l0eSwgTkogMDg0MDUgVVNBLiBIaSBUZWMgU3lzdCwgRWdnIEhhcmJvciBUd3AsIE5KIDA4MjM0
IFVTQS4mI3hEO0FobHN0cm9tLCBVIChyZXByaW50IGF1dGhvciksIEZBQSBUZWNoIEN0ciwgRkFB
IEh1bWFuIEZhY3RvcnMgR3JwLCBCbGRnIDI4LCBBdGxhbnRpYyBDaXR5LCBOSiAwODQwNSBVU0Eu
JiN4RDtVbGYuQWhsc3Ryb21AZmFhLmdvdjsgRmVybmUuRnJpZWRtYW4tQmVyZ0BoaXRlY3N5c3Rl
bXMuY29tPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VXNpbmcgZXllIG1vdmVtZW50IGFj
dGl2aXR5IGFzIGEgY29ycmVsYXRlIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u
ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgSW5kdXN0cmlhbCBFcmdvbm9taWNz
PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5JbnQuIEouIEluZC4gRXJnb24uPC9hbHQtdGl0
bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBKb3VybmFs
IG9mIEluZHVzdHJpYWwgRXJnb25vbWljczwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludC4gSi4gSW5k
LiBFcmdvbi48L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl
PkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBJbmR1c3RyaWFsIEVyZ29ub21pY3M8L2Z1bGwtdGl0
bGU+PGFiYnItMT5JbnQuIEouIEluZC4gRXJnb24uPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48
cGFnZXM+NjIzLTYzNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zNjwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzwvbnVtYmVy
PjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5haXIgdHJhZmZpYyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk
PmV5ZSBtb3ZlbWVudHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cmVncmVzc2lvbiBtb2RlbGxpbmc8L2tl
eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+d2VhdGhlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5kaXNwbGF5czwva2V5d29y
ZD48a2V5d29yZD53b3JrbG9hZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5haXItdHJhZmZpYy1jb250cm9s
PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnRhc2s8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RW5naW5lZXJpbmc8L2tl
eXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRl
Pkp1bDwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAxNjktODE0MTwvaXNibj48YWNj
ZXNzaW9uLW51bT5XT1M6MDAwMjM4ODc4OTAwMDAyPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx3b3JrLXR5cGU+
QXJ0aWNsZTwvd29yay10eXBlPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD4mbHQ7R28gdG8gSVNJ
Jmd0OzovL1dPUzowMDAyMzg4Nzg5MDAwMDI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVs
ZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwMTYvai5lcmdvbi4yMDA2LjA0LjAwMjwvZWxlY3Ry
b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PHJlc2VhcmNoLW5vdGVzPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZv
bnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlA2MjMmI3hEO1dlIGZvdW5kIG5vIHNpZ25pZmljYW50
IGVmZmVjdHMgb2Ygd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5cyBvbiBzZXZlcmUgd2VhdGhlciBhdm9pZGFuY2Us
IGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgY29tbXVuaWNhdGlvbnMsIGFuZCBzdWJqZWN0aXZlIHdvcmtsb2FkIHJhdGlu
Z3MuIEhvd2V2ZXIsIHVzaW5nIGV5ZSBtb3ZlbWVudCBhY3Rpdml0eSBtZWFzdXJlcyB0aGF0IGNv
cnJlbGF0ZSB3aXRoIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZCwgd2UgZm91bmQgc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBz
aG9ydGVyIGJsaW5rIGR1cmF0aW9ucyB3aGVuIGNvbnRyb2xsZXJzIG9wZXJhdGVkIHRyYWZmaWMg
aW4gY29uZGl0aW9ucyBsYWNraW5nIGEgd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5LCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIGEgaGln
aGVyIHdvcmtsb2FkIGxldmVsIGR1cmluZyB0aGVzZSBjb25kaXRpb25zLiBBbHNvLCB0aGUgbWVh
biBwdXBpbCBkaWFtZXRlciB3YXMgc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBsYXJnZXIgd2hlbiBjb250cm9sbGVy
cyB1c2VkIGEgc3RhdGljIHN0b3JtIGZvcmVjYXN0IHRvb2wgY29tcGFyZWQgdG8gd2hlbiBjb250
cm9sbGVycyB1c2VkIGEgZHluYW1pYyBmb3JlY2FzdCB0b29sLCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIGEgaGlnaGVy
IHdvcmtsb2FkIGxldmVsIGR1cmluZyB0aGUgdXNlIG9mIHN0YXRpYyB0b29scy4gV2UgY29uY2x1
ZGUgdGhhdCBleWUgbW92ZW1lbnQgYWN0aXZpdHkgbWVhc3VyZXMgY2FuIHByb3ZpZGUgYSBtb3Jl
IHNlbnNpdGl2ZSBtZWFzdXJlIG9mIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgd29ya2xvYWQsIGFuZCB0aGF0IHN1Ympl
Y3RpdmUgcmF0aW5ncyBtaWdodCBub3QgY2FwdHVyZSBtb3JlIHRyYW5zaWVudCBmbHVjdHVhdGlv
bnMgaW4gd29ya2xvYWQgbGV2ZWxzIGR1cmluZyBzeXN0ZW0gb3IgZGlzcGxheSBpbnRlcmFjdGlv
bnMuICg8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIGNoYXJzZXQ9
IjEzNiIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+6LyD55+t55qE55yo55y85YGc55WZ5pmC6ZaT5pyJ6LyD5aSa55qE
5bel5L2c6LKg6I2377yM556z5a2U5aSn5bCP55yL6Z2c5oWL5bel5YW35pmC5pyD5pS+5aSn77yM
55y85YuV5ris6YeP5Y+v5Lul5o+Q5L6b5bel5L2c6LKg6I2355qE5pWP5oSf5oyH5qiZKSYjeEQ7
MS5JbnRyb2R1Y3Rpb24mI3hEO0JlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlIGhpZ2ggZGVuc2l0eSBvZiB0cmFm76yB
YyBhbmQgZHluYW1pYyBhaXJjcmFmdCBtYW5ldXZlcnMgaW4gdGhlIHRlcm1pbmFsICBhaXJzcGFj
ZSwgY29udHJvbGxlcnMgZmFjZSBhZGRpdGlvbmFsIGRpZu+sgWN1bHRpZXMgYW5kIGluY3JlYXNl
ZCB3b3JrbG9hZCBkdXJpbmcgYWR2ZXJzZSB3ZWF0aGVyIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMgKEFobHN0cm9tLCAy
MDAzKS5BZHZlcnNlICB3ZWF0aGVyICBjcmVhdGVzICBzYWZldHkgIGhhemFyZHMgIGZvciAgcGls
b3RzLCAgY29uc3RyYWlucyB0aGUgdXNhYmxlIGFpcnNwYWNlIGZvciBhaXIgdHJhZu+sgWMgY29u
dHJvbGxlcnMsIGFuZCByZWR1Y2VzIHRoZSBvdmVyYWxsIGNhcGFjaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBOYXRpb25h
bCAgQWlyc3BhY2UgU3lzdGVtIChOQVMpLijlpJrorornmoTlpKnlgJnni4Dms4HkuIvvvIznlLHm
lrznuYHlv5nnmoTkuqTpgJrni4Dms4Hlkozli5XmhYvnmoTpo5vooYznqIvluo/vvIzpo5vooYzl
k6HpnaLlsI3lpJrnqK7lm7Dpm6Plj4rlt6XkvZzosqDojbcpJiN4RDtQNjI0JiN4RDsxLiYjeDk7
QmVjYXVzZSB3b3JrbG9hZCBjYW4gbmVnYXRpdmVseSBhZmZlY3QgY29udHJvbGxlciBwZXJmb3Jt
YW5jZSBhbmQgaW5jcmVhc2UgdGhlICBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBvcGVyYXRpbmcgaGF6YXJkcywg
cmVzZWFyY2hlcnMgaGF2ZSBzcGVudCBhIGdyZWF0IGRlYWwgb2YgZWZmb3J0IGRldmVsb3Bpbmcg
bWVhc3VyZXMgIGFuZCBwcm9iZXMgb2YgY29udHJvbGxlciB3b3JrbG9hZCAoQXZlcnR5IGV0IGFs
LiwgMjAwMiwgMjAwNDsgQXRoZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVm
YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+wrRuZXMgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAyOyBDb2xsZXQgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAz
KS4oPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBjaGFyc2V0PSIx
MzYiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPueUseaWvOW3peS9nOiyoOiNt+WPr+S7peWwjemjm+ihjOWToeeahOih
qOePvueUoueUn+iyoOmdouW9semfv++8jOiAjOWinuWKoOaTjeS9nOS4iueahOmiqOmaqu+8jOac
ieioseWkmuWtuOiAheS4jeaWt+eZvOWxleWmguS9lea4rOmHj+W3peS9nOiyoOiNtykmI3hEOzIu
JiN4OTtBc2lkZSBmcm9tIHVzaW5nIHNlbGYtcmVwb3J0ZWQgd29ya2xvYWQgcmF0aW5ncyBhcyBh
IGdhdWdlIG9mIG9wZXJhdG9yIHdvcmtsb2FkLCByZXNlYXJjaGVycyBoYXZlIHVzZWQgZXllIG1v
dmVtZW50IHBhcmFtZXRlcnMgdGhhdCBhcmUgZm91bmQgdG8gY29ycmVsYXRlIHdpdGggY29nbml0
aXZlIGRlbWFuZHMuIEZvciBleGFtcGxlLCByZXNlYXJjaGVycyBoYXZlIHVzZWQgcGFyYW1ldGVy
cyBsaWtlIGJsaW5rIHJhdGUgYW5kIGR1cmF0aW9uLCAgcHVwaWwgZGlhbWV0ZXIgKFBEKSwgc2Fj
Y2FkaWMgZXh0ZW50LCDvrIF4YXRpb24gZnJlcXVlbmN5LCBhbmQgZHdlbGwgdGltZSx0byBlc3Rp
bWF0ZSB0aGUgY29nbml0aXZlIHJlcXVpcmVtZW50cyBvZiBkaWZmZXJlbnQgdGFza3MgKEJyb29r
aW5ncyBldCBhbC4sIDE5OTY7IFZhbiBPcmRlbiBldCBhbC4sIDIwMDAsIDIwMDE7VmVsdG1hbiAg
YW5kIEdhaWxsYXJkLCAxOTk4OyBXaWxzb24sIDIwMDE7IFdpbHNvbiBhbmQgQ2FsZHdlbGwsIDIw
MDIpLiBJbiBnZW5lcmFsLCByZXNlYXJjaCBoYXMgZm91bmQgYmxpbmsgcmF0ZSBhbmQgYmxpbmsg
ZHVyYXRpb24gKEJEKSB0byBkZWNsaW5lIGFzIGEgZnVuY3Rpb24gb2YgaW5jcmVhc2VkIHdvcmts
b2FkIChWYW4gT3JkZW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAwOyBWZWx0bWFuIGFuZCBHYWlsbGFyZCwgMTk5ODsg
WmVnaGFsIGV0IGFsLiwgMjAwMikuIFJlc2VhcmNoIGhhcyBhbHNvIGZvdW5kIFBEIHRvIGluY3Jl
YXNlIGFzIGEgZnVuY3Rpb24gb2YgY29nbml0aXZlIHByb2Nlc3NpbmcgZGVtYW5kcyAoSXFiYWwg
ZXQgYWwuLCAyMDA0LCAyMDA1OyBMaW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAzOyBWYW4gT3JkZW4gIGV0ICBhbC4s
ICAyMDAwOyAgWmVnaGFsICBldCAgYWwuLCAgMjAwMikuIEZ1cnRoZXJtb3JlLGluY3JlYXNlcyBp
biB3b3JrbG9hZCBoYXZlIGFsc28gYmVlbiBmb3VuZCB0byBpbmNyZWFzZSB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9m
IHNhY2NhZGVzLCBkZWNyZWFzZSBzYWNjYWRlIGR1cmF0aW9uIChSb2duaW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDA0
OyBaZWdoYWwgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAyKSBhbmQgaW5jcmVhc2UgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiBsb25n
IO+sgXhhdGlvbnMgKDQ1MDAgbXM6ICBzZWUgIFZhbiAgT3JkZW4sICAyMDAwOyAgVmFuIE9yZGVu
IGV0IGFsLiwgMjAwMCkuKOmZpOS6huiHqumZs+imlumHj+ihqOW3suacieioseWkmuWtuOiAheS9
v+eUqOecvOWLleWEgOWZqOa4rOmHj+ecvOWLleWPg+aVuOWSjOW3peS9nOiyoOiNt+eahOmXnOS/
gu+8jOeZvOePvuecqOecvOmgu+eOh+WPiuecqOecvOWBnOeVmeaZgumWk+iuiuWkmu+8jOW3peS9
nOiyoOiNt+acg+WinuWKoDvlt6XkvZzosqDojbflop7liqDkuZ/lkozot7PoppbmrKHmlbjmnInp
l5wpJiN4RDszLiYjeDk7QSBwb3RlbnRpYWwgYmVuZe+sgXQgb2YgdXNpbmcgZXllIG1vdmVtZW50
IGFjdGl2aXR5IGFzIGEgY29ycmVsYXRlIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZCBpcyB0aGF0IGl0
IHByb3ZpZGVzIGZvciB0aGUgcG9zc2liaWxpdHkgb2YgY2FwdHVyaW5nIO+sgnVjdHVhdGlvbnMg
aW4gd29ya2xvYWQgdGhhdCBvY2N1ciBvdmVyIHNob3J0IHRpbWUgaW50ZXJ2YWxzLiBGb3IgZXhh
bXBsZSwgc3lzdGVtIGludGVyYWN0aW9ucyBvciB3ZWF0aGVyIGRpc3BsYXkgaW50ZXJhY3Rpb25z
IGFyZSBkaWbvrIFjdWx0IHRvIGNhcHR1cmUgd2l0aCBzdWJqZWN0aXZlIHJhdGluZyBtZXRob2Rz
IHdpdGhvdXQgaW50ZXJydXB0aW5nIHRoZSBvcGVyYXRvcuKAmXMgdGFzay4gRnVydGhlcm1vcmUs
IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgYnkgd2hpY2ggcmVzZWFyY2hlcnMgY29sbGVjdCB3b3JrbG9hZCByYXRp
bmdzIG92ZXIgdGltZSBoYXMgYSBwcmFjdGljYWwgbGltaXQuVHJhZGl0aW9uYWxseSwgcmVzZWFy
Y2hlcnMgaGF2ZSBjb2xsZWN0ZWQgcmF0aW5ncyBldmVyeSA1IG1pbiwgYnV0IHNob3J0ZXIgMi0g
KEt1ayBldCBhbC4sIDE5OTkpIGFuZCAxLW1pbiAoU3RlaW4sMTk4NSkgaW50ZXJ2YWxzIGhhdmUg
YWxzbyBiZWVuIHVzZWQgZm9yIGNlcnRhaW4gYXBwbGljYXRpb25zLldlIGh5cG90aGVzaXplIHRo
YXQgZXllICBtb3ZlbWVudCBhY3Rpdml0eSBtZWFzdXJlcyxiZWNhdXNlIG9mIHRoZWlyIHBvdGVu
dGlhbCBmb3IgdXNlIGFzIHdvcmtsb2FkIGNvcnJlbGF0ZXMsY291bGQgcHJvdmlkZSBtb3JlIGNv
bnRpbnVvdXMsIG1vbWVudC10by1tb21lbnQgbWVhc3VyZXMgb2Ygd29ya2xvYWQuIFdpdGggdGhp
cywgd2UgY291bGQgcG9zc2libHkgZGV0ZWN0IGRpZmZlcmVuY2VzIGluIHdvcmtsb2FkIG5vdCBy
Ze+sgmVjdGVkIGluIHN1YmplY3RpdmUgd29ya2xvYWQgcmF0aW5ncy4o5biM5pyb6YCP6YGO55y8
5YuV55qE5Y+D5pW45LqG6Kej6IiH5bel5L2c6LKg6I2355qE6Zec5L+CKSAmI3hEO1N0dWR5IHB1
cnBvc2UmI3hEOzQuJiN4OTtPdXIgcHVycG9zZSB3aXRoIHRoZSBwcmVzZW50IHN0dWR5IHdhcyB0
byBpbnZlc3RpZ2F0ZSB0aGUgZWZmZWN0IG9uIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgb3BlcmF0aW9ucyBhbmQgd29y
a2xvYWQgZnJvbSB0aGUgdXNlIG9mIHdlYXRoZXIgZGlzcGxheXMuIFNwZWNp76yBY2FsbHksIHdl
IHdhbnRlZCB0byBhc3Nlc3MgdGhlIGltcGFjdCBmcm9tICAgd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5cyBvbiBz
ZXZlcmUgd2VhdGhlciBhdm9pZGFuY2UsIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgZWbvrIFjaWVuY3ksIGNvbnRyb2xs
ZXItcGlsb3QgY29tbXVuaWNhdGlvbnMsIGFuZCB0aGUgc2FmZXR5IG9mIGFpcnNwYWNlIG9wZXJh
dGlvbnMuQWRkaXRpb25hbGx5LCB3ZSBhbHNvIHdhbnRlZCB0byBleGFtaW5lIHdoZXRoZXIgZXll
IG1vdmVtZW50IGFjdGl2aXR5IHJlY29yZGluZ3MgY291bGQgYmUgdXNlZCBhcyByZWxpYWJsZSBj
b3JyZWxhdGVzIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3aGlsZSBldmFsdWF0aW5nIHdoZXRoZXIgd29ya2xvYWQg
bGV2ZWxzIHZhcmllZCB1bmRlciBkaWZmZXJlbnQgb3BlcmF0aW5nIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMuPC9zdHls
ZT48L3Jlc2VhcmNoLW5vdGVzPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5FbmdsaXNoPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48
L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ahlstrom & Friedman-Berg, 2006). Figure 3: Monitoring mode transitions by Bj?rklund et al. (2006)The GE235 occurrence investigation report revealed that the PF’s decision to disconnect the autopilot shortly after the first Master Warning had increased his workload, reduced his visual capacity to assess and process the critical information present on EWD, and ultimately leading to him mistakenly shutting down the operative engine. If it were possible to collect the GE235 pilots’ fixations data among cockpit displays, it may have been possible to explain what these pilots could see and perceived and how this related to his decision to disconnect the autopilot and retard the power of ENG 1, despite the fact that it was ENG 2's propellers that had an uncommanded auto-feather. Studying visual activity provides an objective approach for assessing the cognitive processes related to attention distribution, information processing, situation awareness and real-time decision-making PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BeWF6PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BeWF6PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
TnVtPjE4PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihBeWF6IGV0IGFsLiwgMjAxMCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlU
ZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTg8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5
IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJyOWVmcmF2YTl3MHhwdGV3MnpwNXh3dDl2MDB6cDV3c2FkMjUiIHRp
bWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ4NTE3NTM1NyI+MTg8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFt
ZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48
YXV0aG9yPkF5YXosIEhhc2FuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XaWxsZW1zLCBCZW48L2F1dGhvcj48
YXV0aG9yPkJ1bmNlLCBTY290dDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2hld29raXMsIFBhdHJpY2lhIEE8
L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkl6emV0b2dsdSwgS3VydHVsdXM8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhaCwg
U2VoY2hhbmc8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkRlc2htdWtoLCBBdHVsIFI8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y
Pk9uYXJhbCwgQmFudTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0
aXRsZT5Db2duaXRpdmUgd29ya2xvYWQgYXNzZXNzbWVudCBvZiBhaXIgdHJhZmZpYyBjb250cm9s
bGVycyB1c2luZyBvcHRpY2FsIGJyYWluIGltYWdpbmcgc2Vuc29yczwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFy
eS10aXRsZT5BZHZhbmNlcyBpbiB1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nIGh1bWFuIHBlcmZvcm1hbmNlOiBOZXVy
b2VyZ29ub21pY3MsIGh1bWFuIGZhY3RvcnMgZGVzaWduLCBhbmQgc3BlY2lhbCBwb3B1bGF0aW9u
czwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFkdmFu
Y2VzIGluIHVuZGVyc3RhbmRpbmcgaHVtYW4gcGVyZm9ybWFuY2U6IE5ldXJvZXJnb25vbWljcywg
aHVtYW4gZmFjdG9ycyBkZXNpZ24sIGFuZCBzcGVjaWFsIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxl
PjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MjEtMzE8L3BhZ2VzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEwPC95ZWFy
PjwvZGF0ZXM+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMjAxL0VC
SzE0Mzk4MzUwMTItYzM8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZXNlYXJjaC1ub3Rlcz48
c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj5BU1NFU1NNRU5U
IE9GIENPR05JVElWRSBXT1JLTE9BRCAmI3hEOzwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIg
Zm9udD0iZGVmYXVsdCIgY2hhcnNldD0iMTM2IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj7ilqBwMyBUaGUgZWZmaWNp
ZW5jeSBhbmQgc2FmZXR5IG9mIG1hbnkgY29tcGxleCBodW1hbi1tYWNoaW5lIHN5c3RlbXMgY2Fu
IGJlIGNsb3NlbHkgcmVsYXRlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBjb2duaXRpdmUgd29ya2xvYWQgYW5kIHNpdHVh
dGlvbmFsIGF3YXJlbmVzcyBvZiB0aGVpciBvcGVyYXRvcnMuIEFuIGlkZWFsIGh1bWFuLW1hY2hp
bmUgc3lzdGVtIHdvdWxkIGJlIGluZm9ybWVkIGFib3V0IHRoZSBjdXJyZW50IGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3
b3JrbG9hZCBsZXZlbCBvZiBpdHMgb3BlcmFudCBhbmQvb3IgZGVzaWduZWQgdG8ga2VlcCB0aGUg
bmVjZXNzYXJ5IHdvcmtsb2FkIGxldmVsIGF0IGFuIG9wdGltdW0gbGV2ZWwuIEhlbmNlLCBpdCBj
YW4gaGVscCBwcmV2ZW50IGEgcG90ZW50aWFsIG92ZXJsb2FkIGFuZCBtaW5pbWl6ZSBlcnJvcnMu
IFRoZSBhaW0gb2YgY29nbml0aXZlIHdvcmtsb2FkIGFzc2Vzc21lbnQgaXMgdG8gZXZhbHVhdGUg
dGhlIGVmZmVjdCAgb2YgdGhlIGRlbWFuZHMgdGhhdCBhIHRhc2sgcGxhY2VzIG9uIHRoZSBodW1h
biBvcGVyYXRvci4gRGlyZWN0IGFuZCBpbmRpcmVjdCBtZXRob2RzIGhhdmUgYmVlbiBlbXBsb3ll
ZCB0byBtZWFzdXJlIHdvcmtsb2FkLCBhbmQgdGhlc2UgY2FuIGJlIGNsYXNzaWZpZWQgdW5kZXIg
Zm91ciBtYWluIGdyb3Vwcy4gJiN4RDsmI3hEO1RoZSBmaXJzdCBncm91cCBvZiBjb2duaXRpdmUg
YXNzZXNzbWVudCB0b29scyBhcmUgdGhlIHN1YmplY3RpdmUgYXNzZXNzbWVudCBtZXRob2RzIHRo
YXQgdXNlIHNlbGYtcmVwb3J0ZWQgcmF0aW5nIHNjb3JlcyBzdWNoIGFzIE1vZGlmaWVkIENvb3Bl
ci1IYXJwZXIgU2NhbGUgKENvb3BlciAmYW1wOyBIYXJwZXIsIDE5NjkpLCBTdWJqZWN0aXZlIFdv
cmtsb2FkIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQgVGVjaG5pcXVlIChTV0FUKShTaGVyaWRhbiAmYW1wOyBTaW1wc29u
LCAxOTc5KSwgIE5BU0EgVGFzayBMb2FkIEluZGV4IChIYXJ0ICZhbXA7IFN0YXZlbGFuZCwgMTk4
OCksIGFuZCBzZWxmLXJlcG9ydGVkIG1lbnRhbCBlZmZvcnQgKFBhYXMgJmFtcDsgVmFuIE1lcnJp
PC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBzaXplPSIxMDAlIj7D
q25ib2VyLCAxOTkzKS4gJiN4RDsmI3hEO1RoZSBzZWNvbmQgZ3JvdXAgb2YgY29nbml0aXZlIHdv
cmtsb2FkIGFzc2Vzc21lbnQgbWV0aG9kcyBjb21wYXJlcyBiZWhhdmlvciBhbmQgcGVyZm9ybWFu
Y2UgbWVhc3VyZXMgb2YgdGhlIHBhcnRpY2lwYW50LCByZWNvcmRlZCBkdXJpbmcgdGhlIHRhc2ss
IHRvIGlkZW50aWZ5IGFueSB3b3JrbG9hZCBlZmZlY3RzIHdpdGhpbiB0aGVtLiBBY2N1cmFjeSBh
bmQgc3BlZWQgb2YgcmVzcG9uc2UgYXJlIHdpZGVseSBpbiB1c2UgKEVtYnJleSwgQmxhY2tldHQs
IE1hcnNkZW4sICZhbXA7IFBlYWNoZXksIDIwMDYpLiAmI3hEOyYjeEQ7VGhlIHRoaXJkIGdyb3Vw
IG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZCBhc3Nlc3NtZW50IG1ldGhvZHMgaXMgYmFzZWQgb24gcGh5
c2lvbG9naWNhbCBtZWFzdXJlcyBzdWNoIGFzIGV5ZSBtb3ZlbWVudHMgKEFobHN0cm9tICZhbXA7
IEZyaWVkbWFuLUJlcmcsIDIwMDYpLCBleWUgYmxpbmtzIChKLiBWZWx0bWFuICZhbXA7IEdhaWxs
YXJkLCAxOTk2KSwgcHVwaWwgZGlsYXRpb24gKEthaG5lbWFuLCAxOTczKSwgc2tpbiB0ZW1wZXJh
dHVyZSAoSC4gVmVsdG1hbiAmYW1wOyBWb3MsIDIwMDUpLCBnYWx2YW5pYyBza2luIHJlc3BvbnNl
IChIZWxhbmRlciwgMTk3OCksIGhlYXJ0IHJhdGUgKEJlZG55LCBLYXJ3b3dza2ksICZhbXA7IFNl
Z2xpbiwgMjAwMSksIGJsb29kIHByZXNzdXJlIChKLiBWZWx0bWFuICZhbXA7IEdhaWxsYXJkLCAx
OTk2KSwgYW5kIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIHJhdGUgKFJvc2NvZSwgMTk5MikuIFN1Y2ggcGh5c2lvbG9n
aWNhbCBtZWFzdXJlcywgdGhvdWdoIGluZGlyZWN0IGFuZCBhbHNvIHNlbnNpdGl2ZSB0byBzdHJl
c3MgYW5kIGVtb3Rpb25hbCBzdGF0ZSwgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIGZvdW5kIHRvIGJlIHJlbGF0ZWQgdG8g
bWVudGFsIGxvYWQgb2YgdGhlIHBhcnRpY2lwYW50IGFuZCBhcmUgcmVsYXRpdmVseSBhY2Nlc3Np
YmxlLiAmI3hEOyYjeEQ7QSBmaW5hbCBhcHByb2FjaCBpcyB0byBhZG9wdCBhIG1vcmUgZGlyZWN0
IHBlcnNwZWN0aXZlIGFuZCBtb25pdG9yIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSBhY3Rpdml0eS1yZWxhdGVkIHNpZ25h
bHMgZGlyZWN0bHkgZnJvbSB0aGUgYnJhaW4gKEp1c3QsIENhcnBlbnRlciwgJmFtcDsgTWl5YWtl
LCAyMDAzOyBQYXJhc3VyYW1hbiwgMjAwMykuPC9zdHlsZT48L3Jlc2VhcmNoLW5vdGVzPjwvcmVj
b3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ayaz et al., 2010). Eye movements are closely linked with visual attention and can be analysed to explore how much effort and shifting attention occurred whilst performing visual tasks PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kowler, 2011). Previous studies indicate that a person’s fixations are not attracted by salient objects, but rather the meaningful information for the task being undertaken ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Henderson</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>538</RecNum><DisplayText>(Henderson, 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>538</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1490901798">538</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Henderson, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
Henderson, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Psychol Res Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
john@eyelab.msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Human gaze control during real-world scene perception</title><secondary-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</secondary-title><alt-title>Trends Cogn. Sci.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Trends Cogn. Sci.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Trends Cogn. Sci.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>498-504</pages><volume>7</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>saccadic eye-movements</keyword><keyword>previously attended objects</keyword><keyword>visual-attention</keyword><keyword>fixation position</keyword><keyword>natural scenes</keyword><keyword>memory</keyword><keyword>information</keyword><keyword>picture</keyword><keyword>recognition</keyword><keyword>suppression</keyword><keyword>Behavioral Sciences</keyword><keyword>Neurosciences & Neurology</keyword><keyword>Psychology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-6613</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000186653300012</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><Go to ISI>://WOS:000186653300012</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Henderson, 2003). Fixation duration comes from deliberate consideration and induces more fixation points for acquiring more detailed information ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schulte-Mecklenbeck</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>550</RecNum><DisplayText>(Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Kuhberger, & Ranyard, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1490902420">550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M.</author><author>Kuhberger, A.</author><author>Ranyard, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>[Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael] Univ Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland. [Kuehberger, Anton] Salzburg Univ, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. [Ranyard, Rob] Univ Bolton, Bolton, England.
Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Clausiusstr 50, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
research@schulte-</auth-address><titles><title>The role of process data in the development and testing of process models of judgment and decision making</title><secondary-title>Judgment and Decision Making</secondary-title><alt-title>Judgm. Decis. Mak.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Judgment and Decision Making</full-title></periodical><pages>733-739</pages><volume>6</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>process tracing</keyword><keyword>model building</keyword><keyword>decision making</keyword><keyword>eye-tracking</keyword><keyword>information search</keyword><keyword>prospect-theory</keyword><keyword>risk</keyword><keyword>choice</keyword><keyword>task</keyword><keyword>Psychology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1930-2975</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000299113800004</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><Go to ISI>://WOS:000299113800004</url></related-urls></urls><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Kuhberger, & Ranyard, 2011).Perceived Workload Impacts Visual Behaviors and Situation AwarenessDuring the uncommand auto-feather of GE235 ENG 2, the flight condition recorded by the FDR and the voice conversations recorded on the CVR implies that the workload on the flight deck increased exponentially beyond the pilot's capabilities, and this which is likely to have been a significant contributing factors that eventually led to the PF's confusion and his mistakenly shut down the (operative) ENG 1. The CAA had suggested a human performance issue related to workload and situation awareness needed to conduct further research and training for accident prevention ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aviation Safety Council</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>646</RecNum><DisplayText>(Aviation Safety Council, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>646</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496973620">646</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aviation Safety Council,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Aviation Occurrence Report (Report No. ASC-AOR-16-06-001)</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Taipei, Taiwan</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>;(Aviation Safety Council, 2016). Aircraft automation has been cited a source of confusion leading to errors during operation, and difficulty in training ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>636</RecNum><DisplayText>(FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>636</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496813852">636</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Electronic Flight Deck Displays</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B, 2014), and “mode management” difficulties with aircraft automation in fact have been well documented in numerous incidents and accidents. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kilingaru</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>104</RecNum><DisplayText>Kilingaru, Tweedale, Thatcher, and Jain (2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1485253272">104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kilingaru, Kavyaganga</author><author>Tweedale, Jeffrey W</author><author>Thatcher, Steve</author><author>Jain, Lakhmi C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Monitoring pilot “situation awareness”</title><secondary-title>Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems</full-title></periodical><pages>457-466</pages><volume>24</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1064-1246</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3233/IFS-2012-0566</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Kilingaru, Tweedale, Thatcher, and Jain (2013) found that humans have a very specific way of distributing visual attention depending on the current workload. There were three categories of attention distribution including: (1) attention focusing - where continuous fixations on a particular instrument within a limited time period, are clustered to identify the instrument being interrogated; (2) attention blurring - where visual behavior is characterized by small number of fixations and increased number of transitions between instruments; and (3) misplaced attention - where very short fixation spans inside the instrument panel and more time is spent fixating outside each of instrument regions on the instrument panel rather than fixating on the relevant instruments. Furthermore, saccade defined as rapid eye movement between fixations - generally declines as a function of increased mental workload, and the pupil diameter increases as a function of cognitive demand PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+
PFJlY051bT4xNzwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oQWhsc3Ryb20gJmFtcDsgRnJpZWRtYW4t
QmVyZywgMjAwNik8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTc8L3JlYy1udW1i
ZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJyOWVmcmF2YTl3MHhwdGV3Mnpw
NXh3dDl2MDB6cDV3c2FkMjUiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ4NTE3NTIzOSI+MTc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp
Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNv
bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkFobHN0cm9tLCBVLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+
RnJpZWRtYW4tQmVyZywgRi4gSi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1
dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5GQUEgVGVjaCBDdHIsIEZBQSBIdW1hbiBGYWN0b3JzIEdycCwgQXRsYW50aWMg
Q2l0eSwgTkogMDg0MDUgVVNBLiBIaSBUZWMgU3lzdCwgRWdnIEhhcmJvciBUd3AsIE5KIDA4MjM0
IFVTQS4mI3hEO0FobHN0cm9tLCBVIChyZXByaW50IGF1dGhvciksIEZBQSBUZWNoIEN0ciwgRkFB
IEh1bWFuIEZhY3RvcnMgR3JwLCBCbGRnIDI4LCBBdGxhbnRpYyBDaXR5LCBOSiAwODQwNSBVU0Eu
JiN4RDtVbGYuQWhsc3Ryb21AZmFhLmdvdjsgRmVybmUuRnJpZWRtYW4tQmVyZ0BoaXRlY3N5c3Rl
bXMuY29tPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+VXNpbmcgZXllIG1vdmVtZW50IGFj
dGl2aXR5IGFzIGEgY29ycmVsYXRlIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u
ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgSW5kdXN0cmlhbCBFcmdvbm9taWNz
PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5JbnQuIEouIEluZC4gRXJnb24uPC9hbHQtdGl0
bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBKb3VybmFs
IG9mIEluZHVzdHJpYWwgRXJnb25vbWljczwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludC4gSi4gSW5k
LiBFcmdvbi48L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl
PkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBJbmR1c3RyaWFsIEVyZ29ub21pY3M8L2Z1bGwtdGl0
bGU+PGFiYnItMT5JbnQuIEouIEluZC4gRXJnb24uPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48
cGFnZXM+NjIzLTYzNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zNjwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzwvbnVtYmVy
PjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5haXIgdHJhZmZpYyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk
PmV5ZSBtb3ZlbWVudHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cmVncmVzc2lvbiBtb2RlbGxpbmc8L2tl
eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+d2VhdGhlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5kaXNwbGF5czwva2V5d29y
ZD48a2V5d29yZD53b3JrbG9hZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5haXItdHJhZmZpYy1jb250cm9s
PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnRhc2s8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RW5naW5lZXJpbmc8L2tl
eXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRl
Pkp1bDwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAxNjktODE0MTwvaXNibj48YWNj
ZXNzaW9uLW51bT5XT1M6MDAwMjM4ODc4OTAwMDAyPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx3b3JrLXR5cGU+
QXJ0aWNsZTwvd29yay10eXBlPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD4mbHQ7R28gdG8gSVNJ
Jmd0OzovL1dPUzowMDAyMzg4Nzg5MDAwMDI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVs
ZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwMTYvai5lcmdvbi4yMDA2LjA0LjAwMjwvZWxlY3Ry
b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PHJlc2VhcmNoLW5vdGVzPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZv
bnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPlA2MjMmI3hEO1dlIGZvdW5kIG5vIHNpZ25pZmljYW50
IGVmZmVjdHMgb2Ygd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5cyBvbiBzZXZlcmUgd2VhdGhlciBhdm9pZGFuY2Us
IGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgY29tbXVuaWNhdGlvbnMsIGFuZCBzdWJqZWN0aXZlIHdvcmtsb2FkIHJhdGlu
Z3MuIEhvd2V2ZXIsIHVzaW5nIGV5ZSBtb3ZlbWVudCBhY3Rpdml0eSBtZWFzdXJlcyB0aGF0IGNv
cnJlbGF0ZSB3aXRoIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZCwgd2UgZm91bmQgc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBz
aG9ydGVyIGJsaW5rIGR1cmF0aW9ucyB3aGVuIGNvbnRyb2xsZXJzIG9wZXJhdGVkIHRyYWZmaWMg
aW4gY29uZGl0aW9ucyBsYWNraW5nIGEgd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5LCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIGEgaGln
aGVyIHdvcmtsb2FkIGxldmVsIGR1cmluZyB0aGVzZSBjb25kaXRpb25zLiBBbHNvLCB0aGUgbWVh
biBwdXBpbCBkaWFtZXRlciB3YXMgc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBsYXJnZXIgd2hlbiBjb250cm9sbGVy
cyB1c2VkIGEgc3RhdGljIHN0b3JtIGZvcmVjYXN0IHRvb2wgY29tcGFyZWQgdG8gd2hlbiBjb250
cm9sbGVycyB1c2VkIGEgZHluYW1pYyBmb3JlY2FzdCB0b29sLCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIGEgaGlnaGVy
IHdvcmtsb2FkIGxldmVsIGR1cmluZyB0aGUgdXNlIG9mIHN0YXRpYyB0b29scy4gV2UgY29uY2x1
ZGUgdGhhdCBleWUgbW92ZW1lbnQgYWN0aXZpdHkgbWVhc3VyZXMgY2FuIHByb3ZpZGUgYSBtb3Jl
IHNlbnNpdGl2ZSBtZWFzdXJlIG9mIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgd29ya2xvYWQsIGFuZCB0aGF0IHN1Ympl
Y3RpdmUgcmF0aW5ncyBtaWdodCBub3QgY2FwdHVyZSBtb3JlIHRyYW5zaWVudCBmbHVjdHVhdGlv
bnMgaW4gd29ya2xvYWQgbGV2ZWxzIGR1cmluZyBzeXN0ZW0gb3IgZGlzcGxheSBpbnRlcmFjdGlv
bnMuICg8L3N0eWxlPjxzdHlsZSBmYWNlPSJub3JtYWwiIGZvbnQ9ImRlZmF1bHQiIGNoYXJzZXQ9
IjEzNiIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+6LyD55+t55qE55yo55y85YGc55WZ5pmC6ZaT5pyJ6LyD5aSa55qE
5bel5L2c6LKg6I2377yM556z5a2U5aSn5bCP55yL6Z2c5oWL5bel5YW35pmC5pyD5pS+5aSn77yM
55y85YuV5ris6YeP5Y+v5Lul5o+Q5L6b5bel5L2c6LKg6I2355qE5pWP5oSf5oyH5qiZKSYjeEQ7
MS5JbnRyb2R1Y3Rpb24mI3hEO0JlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlIGhpZ2ggZGVuc2l0eSBvZiB0cmFm76yB
YyBhbmQgZHluYW1pYyBhaXJjcmFmdCBtYW5ldXZlcnMgaW4gdGhlIHRlcm1pbmFsICBhaXJzcGFj
ZSwgY29udHJvbGxlcnMgZmFjZSBhZGRpdGlvbmFsIGRpZu+sgWN1bHRpZXMgYW5kIGluY3JlYXNl
ZCB3b3JrbG9hZCBkdXJpbmcgYWR2ZXJzZSB3ZWF0aGVyIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMgKEFobHN0cm9tLCAy
MDAzKS5BZHZlcnNlICB3ZWF0aGVyICBjcmVhdGVzICBzYWZldHkgIGhhemFyZHMgIGZvciAgcGls
b3RzLCAgY29uc3RyYWlucyB0aGUgdXNhYmxlIGFpcnNwYWNlIGZvciBhaXIgdHJhZu+sgWMgY29u
dHJvbGxlcnMsIGFuZCByZWR1Y2VzIHRoZSBvdmVyYWxsIGNhcGFjaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBOYXRpb25h
bCAgQWlyc3BhY2UgU3lzdGVtIChOQVMpLijlpJrorornmoTlpKnlgJnni4Dms4HkuIvvvIznlLHm
lrznuYHlv5nnmoTkuqTpgJrni4Dms4Hlkozli5XmhYvnmoTpo5vooYznqIvluo/vvIzpo5vooYzl
k6HpnaLlsI3lpJrnqK7lm7Dpm6Plj4rlt6XkvZzosqDojbcpJiN4RDtQNjI0JiN4RDsxLiYjeDk7
QmVjYXVzZSB3b3JrbG9hZCBjYW4gbmVnYXRpdmVseSBhZmZlY3QgY29udHJvbGxlciBwZXJmb3Jt
YW5jZSBhbmQgaW5jcmVhc2UgdGhlICBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBvcGVyYXRpbmcgaGF6YXJkcywg
cmVzZWFyY2hlcnMgaGF2ZSBzcGVudCBhIGdyZWF0IGRlYWwgb2YgZWZmb3J0IGRldmVsb3Bpbmcg
bWVhc3VyZXMgIGFuZCBwcm9iZXMgb2YgY29udHJvbGxlciB3b3JrbG9hZCAoQXZlcnR5IGV0IGFs
LiwgMjAwMiwgMjAwNDsgQXRoZTwvc3R5bGU+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9Im5vcm1hbCIgZm9udD0iZGVm
YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+wrRuZXMgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAyOyBDb2xsZXQgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAz
KS4oPC9zdHlsZT48c3R5bGUgZmFjZT0ibm9ybWFsIiBmb250PSJkZWZhdWx0IiBjaGFyc2V0PSIx
MzYiIHNpemU9IjEwMCUiPueUseaWvOW3peS9nOiyoOiNt+WPr+S7peWwjemjm+ihjOWToeeahOih
qOePvueUoueUn+iyoOmdouW9semfv++8jOiAjOWinuWKoOaTjeS9nOS4iueahOmiqOmaqu+8jOac
ieioseWkmuWtuOiAheS4jeaWt+eZvOWxleWmguS9lea4rOmHj+W3peS9nOiyoOiNtykmI3hEOzIu
JiN4OTtBc2lkZSBmcm9tIHVzaW5nIHNlbGYtcmVwb3J0ZWQgd29ya2xvYWQgcmF0aW5ncyBhcyBh
IGdhdWdlIG9mIG9wZXJhdG9yIHdvcmtsb2FkLCByZXNlYXJjaGVycyBoYXZlIHVzZWQgZXllIG1v
dmVtZW50IHBhcmFtZXRlcnMgdGhhdCBhcmUgZm91bmQgdG8gY29ycmVsYXRlIHdpdGggY29nbml0
aXZlIGRlbWFuZHMuIEZvciBleGFtcGxlLCByZXNlYXJjaGVycyBoYXZlIHVzZWQgcGFyYW1ldGVy
cyBsaWtlIGJsaW5rIHJhdGUgYW5kIGR1cmF0aW9uLCAgcHVwaWwgZGlhbWV0ZXIgKFBEKSwgc2Fj
Y2FkaWMgZXh0ZW50LCDvrIF4YXRpb24gZnJlcXVlbmN5LCBhbmQgZHdlbGwgdGltZSx0byBlc3Rp
bWF0ZSB0aGUgY29nbml0aXZlIHJlcXVpcmVtZW50cyBvZiBkaWZmZXJlbnQgdGFza3MgKEJyb29r
aW5ncyBldCBhbC4sIDE5OTY7IFZhbiBPcmRlbiBldCBhbC4sIDIwMDAsIDIwMDE7VmVsdG1hbiAg
YW5kIEdhaWxsYXJkLCAxOTk4OyBXaWxzb24sIDIwMDE7IFdpbHNvbiBhbmQgQ2FsZHdlbGwsIDIw
MDIpLiBJbiBnZW5lcmFsLCByZXNlYXJjaCBoYXMgZm91bmQgYmxpbmsgcmF0ZSBhbmQgYmxpbmsg
ZHVyYXRpb24gKEJEKSB0byBkZWNsaW5lIGFzIGEgZnVuY3Rpb24gb2YgaW5jcmVhc2VkIHdvcmts
b2FkIChWYW4gT3JkZW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAwOyBWZWx0bWFuIGFuZCBHYWlsbGFyZCwgMTk5ODsg
WmVnaGFsIGV0IGFsLiwgMjAwMikuIFJlc2VhcmNoIGhhcyBhbHNvIGZvdW5kIFBEIHRvIGluY3Jl
YXNlIGFzIGEgZnVuY3Rpb24gb2YgY29nbml0aXZlIHByb2Nlc3NpbmcgZGVtYW5kcyAoSXFiYWwg
ZXQgYWwuLCAyMDA0LCAyMDA1OyBMaW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAzOyBWYW4gT3JkZW4gIGV0ICBhbC4s
ICAyMDAwOyAgWmVnaGFsICBldCAgYWwuLCAgMjAwMikuIEZ1cnRoZXJtb3JlLGluY3JlYXNlcyBp
biB3b3JrbG9hZCBoYXZlIGFsc28gYmVlbiBmb3VuZCB0byBpbmNyZWFzZSB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9m
IHNhY2NhZGVzLCBkZWNyZWFzZSBzYWNjYWRlIGR1cmF0aW9uIChSb2duaW4gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDA0
OyBaZWdoYWwgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDAyKSBhbmQgaW5jcmVhc2UgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiBsb25n
IO+sgXhhdGlvbnMgKDQ1MDAgbXM6ICBzZWUgIFZhbiAgT3JkZW4sICAyMDAwOyAgVmFuIE9yZGVu
IGV0IGFsLiwgMjAwMCkuKOmZpOS6huiHqumZs+imlumHj+ihqOW3suacieioseWkmuWtuOiAheS9
v+eUqOecvOWLleWEgOWZqOa4rOmHj+ecvOWLleWPg+aVuOWSjOW3peS9nOiyoOiNt+eahOmXnOS/
gu+8jOeZvOePvuecqOecvOmgu+eOh+WPiuecqOecvOWBnOeVmeaZgumWk+iuiuWkmu+8jOW3peS9
nOiyoOiNt+acg+WinuWKoDvlt6XkvZzosqDojbflop7liqDkuZ/lkozot7PoppbmrKHmlbjmnInp
l5wpJiN4RDszLiYjeDk7QSBwb3RlbnRpYWwgYmVuZe+sgXQgb2YgdXNpbmcgZXllIG1vdmVtZW50
IGFjdGl2aXR5IGFzIGEgY29ycmVsYXRlIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3b3JrbG9hZCBpcyB0aGF0IGl0
IHByb3ZpZGVzIGZvciB0aGUgcG9zc2liaWxpdHkgb2YgY2FwdHVyaW5nIO+sgnVjdHVhdGlvbnMg
aW4gd29ya2xvYWQgdGhhdCBvY2N1ciBvdmVyIHNob3J0IHRpbWUgaW50ZXJ2YWxzLiBGb3IgZXhh
bXBsZSwgc3lzdGVtIGludGVyYWN0aW9ucyBvciB3ZWF0aGVyIGRpc3BsYXkgaW50ZXJhY3Rpb25z
IGFyZSBkaWbvrIFjdWx0IHRvIGNhcHR1cmUgd2l0aCBzdWJqZWN0aXZlIHJhdGluZyBtZXRob2Rz
IHdpdGhvdXQgaW50ZXJydXB0aW5nIHRoZSBvcGVyYXRvcuKAmXMgdGFzay4gRnVydGhlcm1vcmUs
IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgYnkgd2hpY2ggcmVzZWFyY2hlcnMgY29sbGVjdCB3b3JrbG9hZCByYXRp
bmdzIG92ZXIgdGltZSBoYXMgYSBwcmFjdGljYWwgbGltaXQuVHJhZGl0aW9uYWxseSwgcmVzZWFy
Y2hlcnMgaGF2ZSBjb2xsZWN0ZWQgcmF0aW5ncyBldmVyeSA1IG1pbiwgYnV0IHNob3J0ZXIgMi0g
KEt1ayBldCBhbC4sIDE5OTkpIGFuZCAxLW1pbiAoU3RlaW4sMTk4NSkgaW50ZXJ2YWxzIGhhdmUg
YWxzbyBiZWVuIHVzZWQgZm9yIGNlcnRhaW4gYXBwbGljYXRpb25zLldlIGh5cG90aGVzaXplIHRo
YXQgZXllICBtb3ZlbWVudCBhY3Rpdml0eSBtZWFzdXJlcyxiZWNhdXNlIG9mIHRoZWlyIHBvdGVu
dGlhbCBmb3IgdXNlIGFzIHdvcmtsb2FkIGNvcnJlbGF0ZXMsY291bGQgcHJvdmlkZSBtb3JlIGNv
bnRpbnVvdXMsIG1vbWVudC10by1tb21lbnQgbWVhc3VyZXMgb2Ygd29ya2xvYWQuIFdpdGggdGhp
cywgd2UgY291bGQgcG9zc2libHkgZGV0ZWN0IGRpZmZlcmVuY2VzIGluIHdvcmtsb2FkIG5vdCBy
Ze+sgmVjdGVkIGluIHN1YmplY3RpdmUgd29ya2xvYWQgcmF0aW5ncy4o5biM5pyb6YCP6YGO55y8
5YuV55qE5Y+D5pW45LqG6Kej6IiH5bel5L2c6LKg6I2355qE6Zec5L+CKSAmI3hEO1N0dWR5IHB1
cnBvc2UmI3hEOzQuJiN4OTtPdXIgcHVycG9zZSB3aXRoIHRoZSBwcmVzZW50IHN0dWR5IHdhcyB0
byBpbnZlc3RpZ2F0ZSB0aGUgZWZmZWN0IG9uIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgb3BlcmF0aW9ucyBhbmQgd29y
a2xvYWQgZnJvbSB0aGUgdXNlIG9mIHdlYXRoZXIgZGlzcGxheXMuIFNwZWNp76yBY2FsbHksIHdl
IHdhbnRlZCB0byBhc3Nlc3MgdGhlIGltcGFjdCBmcm9tICAgd2VhdGhlciBkaXNwbGF5cyBvbiBz
ZXZlcmUgd2VhdGhlciBhdm9pZGFuY2UsIGNvbnRyb2xsZXIgZWbvrIFjaWVuY3ksIGNvbnRyb2xs
ZXItcGlsb3QgY29tbXVuaWNhdGlvbnMsIGFuZCB0aGUgc2FmZXR5IG9mIGFpcnNwYWNlIG9wZXJh
dGlvbnMuQWRkaXRpb25hbGx5LCB3ZSBhbHNvIHdhbnRlZCB0byBleGFtaW5lIHdoZXRoZXIgZXll
IG1vdmVtZW50IGFjdGl2aXR5IHJlY29yZGluZ3MgY291bGQgYmUgdXNlZCBhcyByZWxpYWJsZSBj
b3JyZWxhdGVzIG9mIGNvZ25pdGl2ZSB3aGlsZSBldmFsdWF0aW5nIHdoZXRoZXIgd29ya2xvYWQg
bGV2ZWxzIHZhcmllZCB1bmRlciBkaWZmZXJlbnQgb3BlcmF0aW5nIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMuPC9zdHls
ZT48L3Jlc2VhcmNoLW5vdGVzPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5FbmdsaXNoPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48
L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ahlstrom & Friedman-Berg, 2006). Saccadic eye movements are controlled by top-down visual processes, which are coordinated closely with perceptual attention PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaGFvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaGFvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj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 EN.CITE.DATA (Zhao, Gersch, Schnitzer, Dosher, & Kowler, 2012). This indicates that saccadic paths are intentional and meaningful, and are based on the requirements of the task and trajectory prediction in the near future PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3dsZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kowler, 2011). The path of saccades is associated with selective attention and accurate judgments for perceptual targets ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Henderson</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>538</RecNum><DisplayText>(Henderson, 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>538</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1490901798">538</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Henderson, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
Henderson, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Psychol Res Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
john@eyelab.msu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Human gaze control during real-world scene perception</title><secondary-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</secondary-title><alt-title>Trends Cogn. Sci.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Trends Cogn. Sci.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Trends Cogn. Sci.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>498-504</pages><volume>7</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>saccadic eye-movements</keyword><keyword>previously attended objects</keyword><keyword>visual-attention</keyword><keyword>fixation position</keyword><keyword>natural scenes</keyword><keyword>memory</keyword><keyword>information</keyword><keyword>picture</keyword><keyword>recognition</keyword><keyword>suppression</keyword><keyword>Behavioral Sciences</keyword><keyword>Neurosciences & Neurology</keyword><keyword>Psychology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-6613</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000186653300012</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><Go to ISI>://WOS:000186653300012</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Henderson, 2003). In general, eye tracking research has found blink rate and blink duration declines as a function of increased workload PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WYW4gT3JkZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WYW4gT3JkZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Van Orden, Jung, & Makeig, 2000; Zeghal, Grimaud, Hoffman, & Rognin, 2002). Research has also found pupil dilation increases as a function of cognitive processing demands PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JcWJhbDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDU8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JcWJhbDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDU8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Iqbal, Adamczyk, Zheng, & Bailey, 2005; Iqbal, Zheng, & Bailey, 2004). Furthermore, increases in workload have also been found to increase the number of saccades, decrease saccade duration ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rognin</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>642</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rognin, Grimaud, Hoffman, & Zeghal, 2004; Zeghal et al., 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>642</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496815736">642</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rognin, Laurence</author><author>Grimaud, Isabelle</author><author>Hoffman, Eric</author><author>Zeghal, Karim</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Assessing the impact of a new instruction on air traffic controller monitoring tasks</title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the International Conference on Human</style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="136" size="100%">–Computer Interaction in Aeronautics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2004</year></dates><pub-location>Toulouse, France</pub-location><publisher>AAAI Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Zeghal</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>643</RecNum><record><rec-number>643</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496816207">643</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeghal, K.</author><author>Grimaud, I.</author><author>Hoffman, E.</author><author>Rognin, L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Delegation of spacing tasks from controllers to flight crew. Impact of controller monitoring tasks</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 2B3</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-9</pages><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Irvine, CA</pub-location><publisher>IEEE Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Rognin, Grimaud, Hoffman, & Zeghal, 2004; Zeghal et al., 2002), and increase the frequency of long fixations PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WYW4gT3JkZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFy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=
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WYW4gT3JkZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAwPC9ZZWFy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=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Van Orden, 2000; Van Orden et al., 2000), lessening situation awareness PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LZWFybmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48
UmVjTnVtPjU3PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihLZWFybmV5IGV0IGFsLiwgMjAxNik8L0Rp
c3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NTc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5
cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJyOWVmcmF2YTl3MHhwdGV3MnpwNXh3dDl2MDB6cDV3c2Fk
MjUiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ4NTE5MzUxMiI+NTc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5
cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0
aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPktlYXJuZXksIFAuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MaSwgVy4gQy48L2F1dGhv
cj48YXV0aG9yPkxpbiwgSi4gSi4gSC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+
PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5bS2Vhcm5leSwgUGV0ZXJdIElyaXNoIEF2aWF0IEF1dGhvciwgQVRNIE9w
ZXJhdCAmYW1wOyBTdHJhdGVneSwgVGltZXMgQmxkZywxMS0xMiBEb2xpZXIgU3QsIER1Ymxpbiwg
SXJlbGFuZC4gW0xpLCBXZW4tQ2hpbl0gQ3JhbmZpZWxkIFVuaXYsIFNhZmV0eSAmYW1wOyBBY2Np
ZCBJbnZlc3QgQ3RyLCBDcmFuZmllbGQgTUs0MyAwVFIsIEJlZHMsIEVuZ2xhbmQuIFtMaW4sIEpv
aG4gSi4gSC5dIEx1bmQgVW5pdiwgSHVtYW5pdGllcyAmYW1wOyBUZWNobm9sIExhYiwgSGVsZ29u
YWJhY2tlbiAxMiwgTHVuZCwgU3dlZGVuLiYjeEQ7TGksIFdDIChyZXByaW50IGF1dGhvciksIE1h
cnRlbGwgSG91c2UsVW5pdiBXYXksIENyYW5maWVsZCBNSzQzIDBUUiwgQmVkcywgRW5nbGFuZC4m
I3hEO3dlbmNoaW4ubGlAY3JhbmZpZWxkLmFjLnVrPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0
bGU+VGhlIGltcGFjdCBvZiBhbGVydGluZyBkZXNpZ24gb24gYWlyIHRyYWZmaWMgY29udHJvbGxl
cnMmYXBvczsgcmVzcG9uc2UgdG8gY29uZmxpY3QgZGV0ZWN0aW9uIGFuZCByZXNvbHV0aW9uPC90
aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgSm91cm5hbCBvZiBJbmR1c3RyaWFs
IEVyZ29ub21pY3M8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkludC4gSi4gSW5kLiBFcmdv
bi48L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5JbnRlcm5hdGlv
bmFsIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgSW5kdXN0cmlhbCBFcmdvbm9taWNzPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+
SW50LiBKLiBJbmQuIEVyZ29uLjwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+
PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBKb3VybmFsIG9mIEluZHVzdHJpYWwgRXJnb25vbWlj
czwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludC4gSi4gSW5kLiBFcmdvbi48L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1w
ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41MS01ODwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT41Njwvdm9sdW1lPjxrZXl3b3Jk
cz48a2V5d29yZD5BaXIgVHJhZmZpYyBNYW5hZ2VtZW50PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFsZXJ0
aW5nIGRlc2lnbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbi1jZW50ZXJlZCBkZXNpZ248L2tleXdv
cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U2VtYW50aWM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+YWxlcnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl
eXdvcmQ+U2l0dWF0aW9uIGF3YXJlbmVzczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5zaXR1YXRpb24gYXdh
cmVuZXNzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnBlcmZvcm1hbmNlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmlu
Zm9ybWF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmFubm95YW5jZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5m
cmFtZXdvcms8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+c3lzdGVtczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD51cmdl
bmN5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkVuZ2luZWVyaW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRh
dGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTY8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5Ob3Y8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0
ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4wMTY5LTgxNDE8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+V09TOjAwMDM4
OTExMjYwMDAwNzwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48d29yay10eXBlPkFydGljbGU8L3dvcmstdHlwZT48
dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+Jmx0O0dvIHRvIElTSSZndDs6Ly9XT1M6MDAwMzg5MTEy
NjAwMDA3PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51
bT4xMC4xMDE2L2ouZXJnb24uMjAxNi4wOS4wMDI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxs
YW5ndWFnZT5FbmdsaXNoPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LZWFybmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kearney et al., 2016). A potential benefit of applying eye tracking technology as an indicator of cognitive workload is that it provides for the possibility of capturing fluctuations in workload that occur over short time intervals PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ahlstrom & Friedman-Berg, 2006). Visual behaviours has been proven as a precursor to initiating the cognitive process related to perceived workload, attention distribution, situation awareness, and problem-solving PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYXZpbmU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYXZpbmU8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lavine, Sibert, Gokturk, & Dickens, 2002). Applying Eye Tracking Technology for Training and InvestigationMonitoring Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) and calling out the mode transitions are thought to be important for obtaining and keeping situation awareness on automation systems on the flight deck. Previous research ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hüttig</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>647</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hüttig, Anders, & Tautz, 1999; R. J. Mumaw, N. Sarter, & C. D. Wickens, 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>647</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496977091">647</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hüttig, G</author><author>Anders, G</author><author>Tautz, A</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>R. Jensen</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Mode awareness in a modern glass cockpit</title><secondary-title>The 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology</secondary-title></titles><pages>130-135</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><pub-location>Dayton</pub-location><publisher>Ohio State University</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mumaw</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>648</RecNum><record><rec-number>648</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496977887">648</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mumaw, R. J.</author><author>Sarter, N.</author><author>Wickens, Christopher D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysis of pilots’ monitoring and performance on an automated flight deck</title><secondary-title>The 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2001</year></dates><pub-location>Columbus, OH</pub-location><publisher>The Ohio State University</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hüttig, Anders, & Tautz, 1999; R. J. Mumaw, N. Sarter, & C. D. Wickens, 2001) demonstrated that pilots actually do not look at the FMA very often (the percentage of fixation time is typically less than 5%), which could mean that the pilots do not value the information displayed on the FMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hüttig</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>647</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hüttig et al., 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>647</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496977091">647</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hüttig, G</author><author>Anders, G</author><author>Tautz, A</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>R. Jensen</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Mode awareness in a modern glass cockpit</title><secondary-title>The 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology</secondary-title></titles><pages>130-135</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>1999</year></dates><pub-location>Dayton</pub-location><publisher>Ohio State University</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hüttig et al., 1999). Although pilots are supposed to visually monitor the FMA, they are not given directives on how this should be done. In addition to monitoring tasks, most airlines training programs have established procedures for double-checking mode transitions, such as pilot flying and pilot monitoring cross check procedures related to critical events. The reason for these cross checks is to compensate for imperfect coordination and monitoring by an individual crew member. Double-checking is supposed to occur by verbally announcing the intended action (making a call-out) to make it visually noticed by the pilot monitoring, thereby directing the attention of the pilot flying to the status and behavior of the automation. As evidenced in numerous accident reports, this type of procedure is not always followed and, in fact, in some accidents (e.g. GE235 accident) call-outs quickly get pushed aside by other more pressing tasks during time pressure and high workload situations. Pilots report that this is especially true in higher workload situations which, ironically, are the situations in which accurate mode awareness can be critical ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bj?rklund</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>644</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bj?rklund et al., 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>644</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1496816557">644</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bj?rklund, Caroline M</author><author>Alfredson, Jens</author><author>Dekker, Sidney WA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mode monitoring and call-outs: An eye-tracking study of two-crew automated flight deck operations</title><secondary-title>The International journal of aviation psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The International Journal of Aviation Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>263-275</pages><volume>16</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1050-8414</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bj?rklund et al., 2006).The GE235 accident was the result of many contributing factors which culminated in a stall-induced loss of control. During the initial climb where ENG 1 uptrim and ENG 2 auto-feathered, the pilots did not perform the abnormal and emergency procedures to identify the failure and implement the required corrective actions. This led the PF to retard power of operative ENG 1 and ultimately shut it down, even though PM was continuously stating ENG 2 flameout confirmed. There were numerous interactions and cross-check between both pilots based on the procedure present to the EWD from 75 degree of Power Lever Angle (PLA) to shut down the ENG 1. However, there is a lack of evidence to determine the PF’s visual attention as the PM stated ‘okay now number two engine flameout confirmed’, and, equally, the PM’s visual attention while the PF announced ‘pull back number one’. Why did the PF perform an action that was contradictory to the information stated by the PM - whose situation awareness of ENG 1 uptrim and ENG 2 auto-feather was actually correct? Why did the PM not perceive and correct the PF’s mistakes? What were both the PF and the PM seeing in the lead-up to the accident? How do pilots process information perceived in their environment and how does an adverse event affect that perception? By applying eye tracking technology in the flight deck, the above questions regarding pilots’ attention distribution, situation awareness and cognitive information processing can be examined more accurately during adverse events (see figure 4a & 4b). The utility of this data is enormous, and the potential for reducing the likelihood of a situation escalating towards an accident is a positive effect of understanding these processes. 4a 4bFigure (4a) “Heat map” shows pilot’s visual attention shifts among Attitude, Altitude, Heading and Airspeed among PFD; (4b) pilot’s attention shift among PFD, ND, MCP and EICASConclusionWith over 75% of pilot errors caused by perceptual failures deck ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jones</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText>(Jones & Endsley, 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1485177886">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jones, Debra G</author><author>Endsley, Mica R</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT IND ENGN,LUBBOCK,TX 79409.</auth-address><titles><title>Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation</title><secondary-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</secondary-title><alt-title>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</full-title><abbr-1>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine</full-title><abbr-1>Aviat. Space Environ. Med.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>507-512</pages><volume>67</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</keyword><keyword>General & Internal</keyword><keyword>Medicine</keyword><keyword>Sport Sciences</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0095-6562</isbn><accession-num>WOS:A1996UP13000001</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996UP13000001</url></related-urls></urls><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Jones & Endsley, 1996), the application of eye-tracking in the aviation domain has been offered as a possible solution as it provides direct feedback of visual attention, which could help to diagnose factors that could impact upon pilots’ attention and situation awareness on the flight deck ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Robinski</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>219</RecNum><DisplayText>(Robinski & Stein, 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>219</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1486872888">219</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Robinski, Maxi</author><author>Stein, Michael</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Tracking visual scanning techniques in training simulation for helicopter landing</title><secondary-title>Journal of Eye Movement Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Eye Movement Research</full-title></periodical><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1995-8692</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Robinski & Stein, 2013). The study of visual information processing - in the form of eye movements can provide an insight into how pilots perceive information and how the acquisition of that perception can feed their situational awareness. By applying eye tracking device to evaluate the relation between human operators and interface design, that eye movement, including gaze, fixation and saccade, is controlled by ongoing cognitive processing, so that it is possible to analyze human cognitive processes by examining eye movements parameters. This assumption has been validated by many previous researchers in reading and cognitive tasks PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BaGxzdHJvbTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8L1llYXI+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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ahlstrom & Friedman-Berg, 2006; Salvucci & Goldberg, 2000), information processing tasks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rayner</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rayner, 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1486872888">216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rayner, Keith</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research</title><secondary-title>Psychological bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychological bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>372</pages><volume>124</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1998</year></dates><isbn>1939-1455</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Rayner, 1998), scanning behavior PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGxzb3A8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGxzb3A8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Allsop & Gray, 2014), interface evaluation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Goldberg</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>211</RecNum><DisplayText>(Goldberg & Kotval, 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>211</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1486872888">211</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Goldberg, Joseph H</author><author>Kotval, Xerxes P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics</full-title><abbr-1>Int. J. Ind. Ergon.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>631-645</pages><volume>24</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><isbn>0169-8141</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Goldberg & Kotval, 1999), and Human Computer Interaction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yu</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>222</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yu et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r9efrava9w0xptew2zp5xwt9v00zp5wsad25" timestamp="1486872888">222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yu, Chung-san</author><author>Wang, Eric Min-yang</author><author>Li, Wen-Chin</author><author>Braithwaite, Graham</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pilots’ visual scan patterns and situation awareness in flight operations</title><secondary-title>Aviation, space, and environmental medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aviation, space, and environmental medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>708-714</pages><volume>85</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0095-6562</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yu et al., 2014). In order to maintain safe operations, GE235 pilots should have followed the instructions on EWD, identified the relevant checklists for the current situation, and then acted accordingly. Both the PF and the PM encountered consecutive activation of Master Warning which induced an extremely high workload that impaired their situation awareness that, in turn, led to a break down in communications amongst the crew (a contributing factors of GE235 accident). The accident investigators, however, could not collect enough hard evidence and could not, therefore, ascertain why the PF continued to retard ENG 1 while the PM stated ‘number two engine flameout confirmed’. Were eye tracking technology installed on the flight deck, it may have been possible to record evidence related to pilots’ eye movement patterns. By examining the visual characteristics of crews on flight decks, it might facilitate training to improve pilots’ cognitive processes and speed up pilots’ reaction time should they encounter an adverse situation. It might be a long off before the industry applies the integration of eye tracking technology into the flight deck, but the importance of gaining an understanding of the processes associated with the human's understanding of and interaction with the aircraft and its flight parameters cannot be understated.References ADDIN EN.REFLIST Ahlstrom, U., & Friedman-Berg, F. J. (2006). Using eye movement activity as a correlate of cognitive workload. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36(7), 623-636. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2006.04.002Allsop, J., & Gray, R. (2014). Flying under pressure: Effects of anxiety on attention and gaze behavior in aviation. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 63-71. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.04.010Aviation Safety Council. (2016). Aviation Occurrence Report (Report No. ASC-AOR-16-06-001). Taipei, Taiwan Retrieved from , H., Willems, B., Bunce, S., Shewokis, P. A., Izzetoglu, K., Hah, S., . . . Onaral, B. (2010). Cognitive workload assessment of air traffic controllers using optical brain imaging sensors. Advances in understanding human performance: Neuroergonomics, human factors design, and special populations, 21-31. doi:10.1201/EBK1439835012-c3Bj?rklund, C. M., Alfredson, J., & Dekker, S. W. (2006). Mode monitoring and call-outs: An eye-tracking study of two-crew automated flight deck operations. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 16(3), 263-275. Ellis, S. R., & Liston, D. B. (2016). Visual features used by airport tower controllers: Some implications for the design of remote or virtual towers. In N. Furstenau (Ed.), Virtual and Remote Control Tower: Research, Design, Development and Validation (pp. 21-51). Springer Nature, Switzerland: Furstenau, N.FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B. (2014). Electronic Flight Deck Displays. Retrieved from , J. H., & Kotval, X. P. (1999). Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24(6), 631-645. Hüttig, G., Anders, G., & Tautz, A. (1999). Mode awareness in a modern glass cockpit. Paper presented at the The 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Dayton.Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 498-504. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006Honn, K. A., Satterfield, B. C., McCauley, P., Caldwell, J. L., & Dongen, H. P. A. (2016). Fatiguing effect of multiple take-offs and landings in regional airline operations. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 86, 199-208. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.005Iqbal, S. T., Adamczyk, P. D., Zheng, X. S., & Bailey, B. P. (2005). Towards an index of opportunity: understanding changes in mental workload during task execution Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 311-320). New York, NY: ACM.Iqbal, S. T., Zheng, X. S., & Bailey, B. P. (2004). Task-evoked pupillary response to mental workload in human-computer interaction CHI'04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1477-1480). New York, NY: ACM.Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (1996). Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 67(6), 507-512. Kearney, P., Li, W. C., & Lin, J. J. H. (2016). The impact of alerting design on air traffic controllers' response to conflict detection and resolution. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 56, 51-58. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2016.09.002Kilingaru, K., Tweedale, J. W., Thatcher, S., & Jain, L. C. (2013). Monitoring pilot “situation awareness”. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 24(3), 457-466. doi:10.3233/IFS-2012-0566Kowler, E. (2011). Eye movements: The past 25 years. Vision Research, 51(13), 1457-1483. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.014Lavine, R. A., Sibert, J. L., Gokturk, M., & Dickens, B. (2002). Eye-tracking measures and human performance in a vigilance task. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 73(4), 367-372. Li, W. C., Yu, C. S., Braithwaite, G., & Greaves, M. (2015) Interface design and pilot attention distribution whilst pursuing a dynamic target. Vol. 9174. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (pp. 408-415).Mumaw, R. J., Sarter, N., & Wickens, C. D. (2001). Analysis of pilots’ monitoring and performance on an automated flight deck. Paper presented at the The 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH.Mumaw, R. J., Sarter, N. B., & Wickens, C. D. (2001). Analysis of pilots’ monitoring and performance on an automated flight deck. Paper presented at the 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH.Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372. Robinski, M., & Stein, M. (2013). Tracking visual scanning techniques in training simulation for helicopter landing. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(2). Rognin, L., Grimaud, I., Hoffman, E., & Zeghal, K. (2004). Assessing the impact of a new instruction on air traffic controller monitoring tasks. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction in Aeronautics, Toulouse, France.Salvucci, D. D., & Goldberg, J. H. (2000). Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA.Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M., Kuhberger, A., & Ranyard, R. (2011). The role of process data in the development and testing of process models of judgment and decision making. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8), 733-739. Van Orden, K. F. (2000). Real-time workload assessment and management strategies for command and control watchstations: Preliminary ?ndings. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Retrieved from Orden, K. F., Jung, T. P., & Makeig, S. (2000). Combined eye activity measures accurately estimate changes in sustained visual task performance. Biological Psychology, 52(3), 221-240. doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00043-5Wu, X., Wanyan, X., & Zhuang, D. (2015). Pilot's visual attention allocation modeling under fatigue. Technology and Health Care, 23, S373-S381. doi:10.3233/THC-150974Yu, C.-s., Wang, E. M.-y., Li, W.-C., & Braithwaite, G. (2014). Pilots’ visual scan patterns and situation awareness in flight operations. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 85(7), 708-714. Zeghal, K., Grimaud, I., Hoffman, E., & Rognin, L. (2002). Delegation of spacing tasks from controllers to flight crew. Impact of controller monitoring tasks Proceedings of the IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 2B3 (pp. 1-9). Irvine, CA: IEEE Press.Zhao, M., Gersch, T. M., Schnitzer, B. S., Dosher, B. A., & Kowler, E. (2012). Eye movements and attention: The role of pre-saccadic shifts of attention in perception, memory and the control of saccades. Vision Research, 74, 40-60. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.017 ................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- how do i sell stocks i own
- i ask or i asked
- synonyms for i believe or i think
- i choose or i chose
- i think i found the one
- i bet or i ll bet
- humss cw mpig i 11 humss cw mpig i 12 humss cw mpig i 13
- i took a deep breath and listened to the old brag of my heart i am i am i am
- i feel like the things i should say are the things i can t say
- i have loved words and i have hated them and i hope i have made them right
- i looked and looked at her and i knew as clearly as i know th
- i e 577 02 9006 yah shua 577 02 9006 holy spirit i i e yah shu