Part II
Part II
Chronology
of the
Gulf War
Task Force Chiefs
Col. David Tretler
Lt. Col. Daniel T. Kuehl
Principal Authors
Col. Emery M. Kiraly
Lt. Col. Robert C. Owen
Dr. Aron Pinker
Principal Contributors
2nd Lt. Johnna K. Adams
SRA Robert Light
Mr. Thomas G. Mahnken
Contents
Report Acknowledgements vii
Introduction ix
Antecedents to the Conflict xi
1 - Chronology of Desert Shield 1
2 - Chronology of Desert Storm 155
Report Acknowledgements
The chronology reflects contributions of many individuals devoting more than a year with the Gulf War Air Power Survey. Early on, Dr. Aron Pinker laid a massive foundation of statistical and narrative information upon which others could build. Mr. Tom Mahnken along with Col. Dave Tretler and Mr. Alan Heffernan advanced the document's editorial process. Several other individuals left their mark during the final three months of effort to bring this document to maturity. Col. Emery Kiraly provided conceptual guidance and extracted several hundred valuable entries from situation and after-action reports. At the USAF Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 2d Lt. Johnna Adams, Capt. Jeffrey Barger, and Senior Airman Robert Light drew many entries from several dozen heretofore uncataloged collections. Lieutenant Adams also served for two weeks in residence as researcher and writer for this project. Mr. Mac Lloyd, as the documents manager (archivist), provided time-saving research support; Ms. Kathy Glahe, as Team I secretary, kept the background administrative details in order. The authors further acknowledge the editing support of Ms. Mary Blake.
Introduction
This chronology outlines many of the principal events of clear, direct, and tangible relevance to the planning and conduct of theater air operations during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. It begins in the months prior to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, on 2 August 1990, and ends with events immediately following the ceasefire on February 28, 1991. To enhance an understanding of contemporary perceptions of the pace and significance of these events, the most authoritative data and analysis available at the time were selected, with no post mortem analysis of their objectivity or accuracy. Further, while major national and international political events of the conflict were unquestionably relevant to air operations, they are covered in other sources and, thus, are enumerated only in the barest form. Once again, this chronology is not offered as a general data-pool of the conflict but rather as a tool for grasping the constituent elements of air war planning and operations at the theater and service component command levels (USENTCOM and USCENTAF).
Entries have been categorized according to the following scheme:
• Background Events: Relevant domestic and international political events.
• Leaders: Assignments, movements, and activities of top U. S. military leaders.
• Scud War: Scud and anti-Scud operations.
• Intelligence: Contemporary reports of Iraqi military and political capabilities, actions and intentions.
• Air Order of Battle: Force summaries and key unit arrivals and movements in the theater.
• Ground Order of Battle: Force summaries and key arrivals and movements in the theater.
• Support Activities: Movements and mission activities of maintenance, civil engineer, communications, intelligence, logistics, weather, staff and other support organizations and systems.
• Medical: Movements and activities of USCENTAF and theater medical units and facilities.
• Civil Engineers: Movements, activities and reports of civil engineer units and organizations in support of air operations.
• Security: Movements, activities and reports of USCENTAF Security Police and other organizations providing ground security for air operations and bases.
• Logistics: Movements, activities and reports emanating from supply and transportation units and organizations (USENTCOM/J4, USTRANSCOM, MAC, etc.)
• Planning: Planning criteria and actions in support of air operations.
• Air Operations: Flying training and combat operations events and statistics.
• Other Activities: Non-flying activities and operations of importance to air operations.
No entry has been duplicated, though it is understood that many of them fit into more than one category. Each entry, except those categorized as Background Events, will have a full archival citation. Virtually all entries are drawn from documents held in the files gathered by the Gulf War Air Power Survey or the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) at Maxwell AFB, Alabama. By mid-1993, the GWAPS files should be incorporated into the AFHRA files, and thus will be accessible under AFHRA file or IRIS microfilm numbers, cross-referenced with the GWAPS series. The remaining entries are drawn, in a few cases, from files held at the U.S. Army Center for Military History (CMH) or the U.S. Navy Historical Research Center (HRC), and the remainder from appropriate secondary and tertiary sources. The research staffs at both Centers also provided support for GWAPS researchers.
The reference “day” for the chronology is based on Greenwich Mean Time, known in the U.S. military as “Zulu” or “Z” time. Key local time conversions are derived in the following manner: Eastern Standard or Daylight Savings Time (Z - 5 or Z - 6 hours) and Saudi Arabian as (Z + 3 hours). Thus, if an event occurred at 1700L (Local) time in Riyadh, it usually is reported in this chronology as having occurred at 1400Z.
In a related matter, U.S. military messages are cited in this chronology by their distinguishing date-time group (DTG). Normally appearing at the head of all U.S. military messages, a DTG indicates the time of initial transmission. Thus, a DTG of 032100 Nov 90 indicates that a message was transmitted on 3 November, 1990, at 2100 hours.
Antecedents to the Conflict
Iraq emerged from its eight-year war against Iran in 1988 in possession of the fourth largest military system in the world. Equipped with modern aircraft, armored forces, ballistic missiles, an arsenal of chemical and biological weapons, and a nascent nuclear weapons program, Iraq's military system was a powerful threat to its regional neighbors and, thus, to interests outside the Middle East.
By the fall of 1989, when it was clear that events in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union had attenuated Soviet global military capabilities, DOD contingency planning for the USCENTCOM area of responsibility had shifted from countering a Soviet incursion through Iran, to defending the Arabian peninsula from the regional threat of Iraqi expansionism. Accordingly, in February 1990, USCINCCENT asked the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency to conduct War Game Persian Tiger to test OPlan 1002-88, the existing blueprint for countering an Iraqi attack by a coalition of Kuwait, Saudi and U.S. forces. At the conclusion of Persian Tiger, the Agency reported that U.S. forces would arrive too late to influence combat and thus fail to restore the territorial integrity of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and that Iraqi forces would quickly advance through open Kuwaiti territory and into central Saudi Arabia. (U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency, Strategy and Plans Directorate, “Wargame Persian Tiger 89,” CAA-SR-90-5 (S/NF), August 1990, GWAPS NA-80) Faced by these sobering conclusions, USCINCENT continued to develop a new Concept Outline Plan for the defense of the Arabian Peninsula against an Iraqi assault.
1"
Chronology of Desert Shield
16 April 1990
Planning: Outline Plan of USCINCCENT OPLAN 1002-90 proposes a three-phase defense: Deterrence; Counterair, Interdiction and Defensive Operations; and Counteroffensive Campaign of friendly Arabian Peninsula states and critical oil supplies, in the event of major Iraqi attack into Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Charged to direct theater air operations, as the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), COMUSCENTAF's responsibilities include “planning, coordination, allocation, and tasking based on USCINCCENT apportionment decisions.” Tactical and strategic air forces contributed by other commands and USCENTCOM Components will “remain under the command of their respective commanders.” The plan goes on to say that the JFACC's responsibility to make apportionment recommendations “does not preclude the forwarding of apportionment recommendations by any component commander directly to USCINCCENT.” (USCINCCENT OPLAN 1002-90 Outline Plan (S/NF), 16 Apr 90, GWAPS, CHC-13, pp 21-24)
April 1990
Planning: COMUSCENTAF, General Horner, briefs USCINCCENT, General Schwarzkopf on a three-phase air plan in support of OPLAN 1002. Phase One (deterrence) emphasizes providing an immediate air defense capability, while building up the overall capabilities needed to fight immediately, if required. The next two phases (delay/attrition and counteroffensive) provided for air attacks on targets like airfields, transportation chokepoints, chemical weapons storage and production sites and delivery means (Scud missiles) and, if the Iraqis did use chemical weapons, key refineries, power plants, and the Baghdad nuclear center. (Briefing (S) Gen Horner to Gen Schwarzkopf, subj: OPLAN 1002, Apr 90, GWAPS, NA-256)
25 April 1990
Planning: CENTCOM J-2 initiates an “Iraq Regional Warning Problem” to increase the priority of intelligence collection against Iraq. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 2)
14 May 1990
Planning: Summarizing the HQ Air Force review of USCINCCENT OPLAN 1002-90, the Deputy Director for Warfighting (XOXW, Col John Warden) deems it “ . . . [will be] harmful to the best interests of the Air Force and will reduce the combat capability of the joint force as a whole. Specifically those sections concerning the duties and authority of the JFACC and some tasks assigned to ground commanders need to be revised.” (AF/XOXW ltr, 14 May 90, GWAPS, CHC 9, 9-6)
21 May 1990
Planning: In estimating the developing security environment in the Persian Gulf region, USCENTCOM recognizes that Iraq is heavily armed and has economic and territorial grievances with Kuwait, but it assess that “Iraq is not expected to use military force to attack Kuwait or Saudi Arabia to seize disputed territory or resolve a dispute over oil policy.” (Report (S), USCENTCOM, “Security Environment 2000: A CENTCOM View,” 21 May 90, pp III-2 - III-5, GWAPS, CIM-87)
25 June 1990
Support Activities: The commander of the 4440th Support Squadron, also known as the Elf One Coordination Team, welcomes arriving augmenters to the only USAF support organization (11 personnel) at Riyadh Air Base. (Ltr, EOCT/CC to all Augmenters, subj: Welcome, 25 Jun 90, in 4409 OSW, Riyadh Air Base Master Chronology, IRIS 00887752/K-WG-4409-SU-RE)
9 July - 27 July 1990
Planning: The Naval War College's annual Global War Game includes an Iraqi attack and occupation of Kuwait and Saudi Arabian as one of its exercise scenarios. One participant, role-playing as the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council, recommends an aerial counteroffensive against Iraqi “heartland-high value targets” (i.e. important government, industrial, and military targets) as one option for the “President” to consider (Naval War College Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Global War Game 90, Section III, Part 1, World 1 Crisis Development (working papers) (S/NF), GWAPS, NA-380)
12 July 1990
Background Events: A meeting is held at the White House to consider a United Arab Emirates (UAE) request that the USAF deploy two KC-135 tankers to support the UAE Air Force.
17 July 1990
Background Events: Saddam Hussein angrily and publicly threatens Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates with war for exceeding OPEC production quotas and driving down the price of oil.
Ground Order of Battle: In response to Iraqi threats, Kuwait places its armed forces on full alert and deploys forces in preparation for defending Kuwait City. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 127)
18 July 1990
Intelligence: USCENTCOM issues a Worldwide Warning Indicator Monitoring System (WWIMS) status change to DOD intelligence warning community and to its own subordinate commands concerning the Iraqi propaganda and diplomatic campaign against Kuwait and the U.S. (CENTCOM J-5 After Action Report and Supporting Documents, 5 Mar 91 (S/NF), GWAPS, NA-259, p 2)
Planning: To provide timely guidance for Exercise INTERNAL LOOK 90, USCINCCENT issues the second draft of OPLAN 1002-90. His objective is to incorporate lessons learned from the exercise into a subsequent draft, expected in October, which would then allow preparation of a draft Time-Phased Force Deployment Plan (TPFDD) in time for the Phase I TPFDD conference scheduled for October-November 1990. (USCINCCENT OPLAN 1002-90 (Second Draft) (S/NF), 18 Jul 90, GWAPS, NA-41, cover letter)
19 July 1990
Intelligence: USCENTCOM receives the first intelligence reports of movement of two Iraqi divisions into deployment areas near the Kuwaiti border. (CENTCOM J-5 After Action Report and Supporting Documents, 5 Mar 91,(S/NF) GWAPS, NA-259, p 2)
21 July 1990
Intelligence: Intelligence reports an Iraqi armor division has moved just north of Kuwait and other reports confirm that approximately 3,000 military vehicles were on the road from Baghdad to deployment areas north of Kuwait. (CENTCOM J-5 After Action Report and Supporting Documents, 5 Mar 91, (S/NF) GWAPS, NA-259, p 2)
23 - 28 July 1990
Planning: Anticipating an attack by Iraqi forces of some 300,000 troops and 640 combat aircraft, CENTCOM command post exercise INTERNAL LOOK 90 focuses on key periods of draft OPLAN 1002-90. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 33; Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) p 291)
23 July 1990
Intelligence: DIA starts twice-daily production of Defense Special Assessments on the developing situation. All intelligence agencies provide detailed reporting on the Iraqi buildup and issue warnings of possible Iraqi military action against Kuwait. (SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 334)
The DIA estimates that Iraqi logistic weaknesses, and possession of a bare 2:1 advantage in tank strength on the Kuwait border, reduce the likelihood of immediate military action. (Brfg (S/NF), CJCS Morning Briefing (U), 23 Jul 90)
Air Operations: In an operation code-named IVORY JUSTICE, two USAF KC-135s deploy to Al Dahfra Airport, in response to a United Arab Emirates request for air refueling training for its air defense aircraft. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, pp 2-3; Msg (S), USCINCEUR, (S) Deployment Order for Exercise IVORY JUSTICE, 230511Z Jul 90, IRIS 881127, reel 23599)
25 July 1990
Background Events: Kuwait mobilizes its 20,000-man armed forces.
26 July 1990
Intelligence: Iraq is assessed as having 120,000 combat troops in southeastern Iraq deployment areas. (CENTCOM J-5 After Action Report and Supporting Documents, 5 Mar 91, (S/NF) GWAPS, NA-259, p 3)
31 July 1990
Intelligence: USCENTCOM J-2 informs USCINCCENT of movement by Iraqi Republican Guard heavy units from tactical assembly areas to attack positions against Kuwait. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 3)
CENTCOM notifies Washington that war between Iraq and Kuwait appeared imminent. The Defense Intelligence Agency concurs with this estimate. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) p 295)
1 August 1990
Leaders: Briefing the Secretary of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff on military options, USCINCCENT assesses that an Iraqi attack on Kuwait is a certainty, but it would stop just past the 30th parallel, taking Kuwait's part of the Rumaila oil field and Bubiyan Island. He also presents a detailed plan for air and sea strikes which included vulnerable, high-value targets, such as military headquarters, power plants, and factories. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) p 294)
Intelligence: CIA, DIA, and CENTCOM issue warnings that attack of Kuwait was likely, if not imminent. (CENTCOM J-5 After Action Report and Supporting Documents, 5 Mar 91 (S/NF), GWAPS, NA-259, p 3) (SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 334)
2 August 1990
Background Events: At 0300Z three Iraqi Republican Guard Divisions cross the Kuwaiti border and begin converging on the capital, Kuwait City. The main objectives of the assault¾the Kuwait Army's positions around Al Jahra and the governmental buildings in Kuwait City¾are secured within five hours. Kuwaiti troops within the city are driven out, but continue to fight as they retreat to the south. The Emir and the Crown Prince of Kuwait escape to Saudi Arabia. Iraq captures the Kuwaiti naval force of eight guided missile patrol boats equipped with Exocet antiship missiles.
President Bush signs Executive Orders 12722 and 12723 which freeze Iraqi assets and ban imports from Iraq. In addition, all U.S. Departments and Agencies are instructed not to provide any form of assistance to Iraq, including, but not limited to, financial assistance, loan guarantees, and export licenses. At an afternoon Presidential press conference in Aspen, Colorado, President Bush condemns the invasion and calls for “the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces . . . [and] we're not ruling any options in, but we're not ruling any options out.”
The UN adopts Security Council resolution 660 condemning the invasion of Kuwait and demanding Iraqi unconditional withdrawal. (Msg SECSTATE to All Diplomatic and Consular posts, subj: UN Security Council Resolutions on Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, 121916Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #22)
Leaders: At a 1400Z (0800L) meeting of the National Security Council at the White House, USCINCCENT presents military options for demonstrating US resolve in the crisis and, if necessary, punishing Iraq for the invasion of Kuwait. The President expresses his conviction that a further Iraqi attack on Saudi Arabia would be cause for war. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) p 298)
Air Order of Battle: CJCS issues a Warning Order alerting CENTCOM, TAC, MAC, and SAC to prepare to deploy forces, and a Partial Deployment Order to the United States Navy. MAJCOMS activate their Crisis Action Teams (CAT). (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 3)
Planning: USCENTCOM activates its' CAT and begins to develop courses of action and examine alternative force levels to respond to the crisis. In general, response options range from execution of specialized contingency support options to execution of the final draft of OPLAN 1002-90. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 4)
At 0802Z The National Military Command Center orders the USS Independence Carrier Battle Group to deploy to the North Arabian Sea, and also directs the USAF to deploy two KC-10s to Diego Garcia. (Memorandum from XOXJ to XO and CSAF, subj: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, 2 Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #25)
Air Operations: Kuwaiti A-4s and F-1s fly attack and air defense missions against Iraqi forces. The Kuwaiti Air Force (KAF) claims thirty-six Iraqi helicopters and two Iraqi fighters shot down and numerous armored vehicles destroyed. Around 1200Z the Iraqis enter Kuwait international airport and fifteen KAF F-1 fighters retreat from Ali Al Salem Air Base to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain at 1445Z. (Intvw (S), Col Emery Kiraly with Col Saber Al-Suwaidan, 13 Jul 92, GWAPS,377; Msg (S), JCS to OCSA, subj: Status of Kuwaiti Military Aircraft, Arms and Ammunition Subsequent to Iraqi invasion, 231511Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #16)
3 August 1990
Background Events: Even as Baghdad announces it will begin to withdraw troops on Sunday, 5 August, the Defense Department reports that Iraq has deployed armored brigades close to the Saudi border and poured reinforcements into Kuwait, heightening concerns about a possible Iraqi attack on Saudi Arabia. President Bush issues a Declaration of a National Emergency before Congress, while several congressman call on him to “draw a line in the sand”.
Planning: In Washington, COMUSCENTAF briefs USCINCCENT on courses of action and OPLAN 1002-90 - concentrating on questions about numbers and basing of aircraft. (“Project Air Force Desert Shield Assessment,” (S) Vol. II draft, WD-5270/1-AF. Santa Monica: The RAND Corp, Mar 91, GWAPS, NA-25)
Air Operations: Two KC-10 and one KC-135R deploy from Hickam and Andersen AFB to Diego Garcia and a second KC-135R remains in place at Diego Garcia. (Msg (U), SAC to USCINCCENT, “Tanker Deployment to Diego Garcia ”, 030350Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
4 August 1990
Leaders: At Camp David, the President and much of the National Security Council hear USCINCCENT and COMUSCENTAF briefings on military options. COMUSCENTAF briefs that US aircraft flying from Saudi bases and from aircraft carriers in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea could establish air superiority within a period of days. After hearing USCINCCENT's report that he would need at least 100,000 troops to begin offensive operations 120 days after their arrival in theater, the President orders him to prepare for military activity and to activate OPLAN 1002-90 upon receipt of a host nation request for assistance. (Memo, Col Douglas C. Roach, USAF, Dep Asst Dir for Joint and NSC Matters, HQ USAF/DCS Plans and Operations, Camp David Discussions Re: Iraq, Saturday, 4 Aug 90; Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 4; Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), pp 299-301)
Air Operations: The Kuwaiti Air Force evacuate nineteen A-4Q aircraft from Al Jaber Air Base to Dhahran Air Base, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain International Air Port, Bahrain. (Intvw (S), Col Emery Kiraly with Col Saber Al-Suwaidan, 13 Jul 92, GWAPS, 377; Msg (S), JCS to OCSA, subj: Status of Kuwaiti Military Aircraft, Arms and Ammunition Subsequent to Iraqi invasion, 231511Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #16)
5 August 1990
Air Order of Battle: The USS Independence is within range in the North Arabian Sea to launch air strikes against Iraqi forces, if necessary. (Association of Naval Aviation, The Shield and the Storm: Naval and Marine Corps Aviation in the Gulf War. GWAPS, NA-50, p 1, also GWAPS, NA-9, p 49)
6 August 1990
Background Events: United Nations Resolution 661 calls for restoration of Kuwaiti sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, and for an imbargo on Iraq. (Msg (U), SECSTATE to All Diplomatic and Consular posts, subj: UN Security Council Resolutions on Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, 121916Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #22)
The State Department expresses US goals in the Gulf Crisis as (1) Iraq's immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait, (2) restoring power to a legitimate Kuwaiti government, (3) ensuring the safety of American nationals in the region, and (4) ensuring the free navigation and flow of oil from the Gulf Region. (Washington Post, 7 August 1990, p A1)
Leaders: The Secretary of Defense, USCINCCENT, USCENTCOM J-4 and J-5, and the USARCENT and USCENTAF commanders arrive in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to seek King Fahd's agreement on deploying US forces to defend Saudi Arabia. When the King grants permission for the operation, the Secretary and USCINCCENT return to the US to influence the prioritization and deployment of forces. COMUSCENTAF is designated Commander, USCENTCOM Forward and remains in Saudi Arabia to coordinate additional regional access and monitor the reception of US forces. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, p 4; Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), p 306)
Planning: Planning for the USCENTAF quick reaction module ceases and the draft USCINCCENT OPLAN 1002-90 becomes the baseline for deployment planning. (Executive Summary of Iraq and Kuwait Conflict, LTC Chabot, AF Ops Center, 6 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHSH 29-145)
Air Operations: SAC tankers are operating from Al Dhafra, Lajes, Moron, Zaragoza, Mildenhall, Andersen, and Diego Garcia in support of air movements to the Gulf region. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep 090626Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
Air National Guard KC-135 tankers deploy out of the continental US to support deployments. (Rpt, NGB/RD, Air National Guard Desert Shield/Desert Storm Lessons Learned, 7 Jan 92, p A-4)
7 August 1990
C-Day
[C-Day is the day a deployment begins-Joint Pub 1-02]
Background Events: President Bush orders deployment of U. S. Forces to Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, Iraq takes several hundred Westerners from Kuwaiti hotels and transports them by bus to Iraq. There are reportedly 3,800 Americans in Kuwait, but the State Department says it is “premature” to characterize them as hostages. Finally, in meeting with Secretary of Defense Cheney, Egyptian President Mubarak commits Egyptian forces to the defense of Saudi Arabia and grants permission for the USS Eisenhower carrier battle group to transit the Suez.
At 0050Z, CJCS, issues deployment orders for [initial forces to respond to] Southwest Asia military operations. Designated forces include the ready brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division, Maritime Prepositioning Squadrons (MPS) from Guam and Diego Garcia, the Eisenhower carrier battle group, the USS Wisconsin battleship, 2 F-15 squadrons, sufficient E-3 AWACS aircraft to maintain one 24-hour CAP, and air refueling assets as required. Permission is granted to activate Stage I of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, if required. C-day/L-hour is designated as soon as possible. (Msg (U) CJCS, Southwest Asia (SWA) Military Operations, 070050Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
Air Order of Battle: At 1305Z, USCINCCENT initiates deployment of forces directing USCENTAF to establish forward headquarters at Riyadh, as soon as possible. Additionally, he specifies that, when directed by him, COMUSCENTAF will be dual-hatted as COMUSCENTAF FWD and COMUSCENTCOM FWD. Beddown for the F-15s is designated as Dhahran and for the AWACS as Riyadh. (Msg (U), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Southwest Asia (SWA) Military Operations, 071305Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issues several deployment orders for air units. (1) 1430Z: one U-2R Senior Span electronic intelligence, one U-2R SYERS electro-optical reconnaissance system, and three RC-135 (Burning Wind) aircraft to [DELETED] as soon as possible. (2) 1435Z: retain former Ivory Justice KC-135 aircraft in the United Arab Emirates. (3) 2153Z: additional forces to flow into the area of operations over the next nine days. These include a Special Operations Squadron (four MC-130, four HC-130, eight MH-53), four C-130 airlift squadrons, an F-15E squadron, six F-16 squadrons, one Control and Reporting Center and Forward Air Control Post, a Tactical Air Control Center, and three E-3 aircraft, and air refueling support, as required. C-day/L-Hour is designated as 090001Z August 1990. (Msgs (U), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Southwest Asia (SWA) Military Operations, 071430Z, 071435Z, and 072153Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
At 1400Z, USS Independence (CV-62) arrives on station in Gulf of Oman and is ready for strike operations. USS Eisenhower (CVN-69) is approaching the Suez Canal en route to the Red Sea. (Executive Summary of Current Events (U), LTC Chabot, AF Ops Center, 7 Aug 90, GWAPS, 29-144)
The 71st TFS, Langley AFB, Virginia, launches 24 F-15s enroute to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), HQ TAC/BSD to HQ/USAF, subj: Sitrep 090126Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23)
Support Activities: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff messages also direct deployment of the following support forces: 1435Z: E-2C downlink equipment, 2151Z: four DIA National Military Intelligence Support Teams (NMIST) to support USCENTAF, USNAVCENT, USARCENT, and USCENTCOM and, at 2152Z: contingency communications equipment. (Msgs (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Southwest Asia (SWA) Military Operations, 071435Z, 072151Z, 072152Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
Logistics: Eight Fast Sealift Ships (FSS) are activated at 2359Z. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS/CAT to JCS, subj: Sitrep 090640Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76) Meanwhile, USCINCCENT requests the release of 239 prepositioned vehicles located in Bahrain and Oman. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to CHUSTMTM, subj: Clearance to receive vehicles, 071735Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
Planning: At 1000Z JCS activates the JCS Crisis Action Team. (Msg (S), JCS to SECDEF, subj: Crisis Action Team Activation, 070912Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
Members of the HQ USAF Deputy Director for Warfighting (AF/XOXW) staff gather, in what used to be the “Checkmate” Division in the basement of the Pentagon, to build a concept plan for a strategic air campaign against Iraqi centers of gravity defined as leadership, infrastructure, key production, population (psychological operations), and fielded forces. (Harvey Notes (S), 7 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP 9-1)
8 August 1990
C+1
Background Events: President Bush announces U. S. deployments to “defensive positions” and reiterates the four policy objectives announced by the State Department on 6 August. The ongoing operation is designated Desert Shield.
Great Britain commits itself to the defense of Saudi Arabia, and Secretary of State Baker offers Turkey increased military and intelligence cooperation, in return for access to Turkish bases by Desert Shield air forces.
Leaders: USCINCCENT, having returned from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Morocco, recommends to the Joint Staff that the ongoing operations be called "Peninsula Shield." That code-name is rejected, in favor of “Desert Shield,” which was put forward by the CENTCOM staff. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) p 310)
Air Order of Battle: At 0330Z, USCINCCENT decreases the number of F-16 squadrons requested by CJCS message 072153Z Aug 90 from six to four, while simultaneously adding the following forces to the request: five B-52s, one F-117 and one F-4G Wild Weasel squadrons; four A-10 squadrons and six EC-130 Airborne Command, Control and Communications (ABCCC) aircraft; one F-15C squadron and an additional RC-135; four more C-130 Tactical Airlift Squadrons; one EF-111F squadron; five EC-130 Compass Call aircraft, one AC-130 squadron, and one B-52 squadron; one Special Ops Squadron; and (on call) one F-111D squadron. (Msg (U), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Follow-on Forces Additions (U), 080330Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
1250Z, USCINCCENT initiates deployment of selected follow-on-forces with beddowns designated as follows: F-15Es - Seeb, Oman; tactical airlift squadrons - Masirah and Thumrait, Oman and Abu Dhabi, UAE; F-16s - Sharjah, UAE; Special Ops squadron - Riyadh. C-day/L-Hour is designated as 7 Aug/1700Z. (Msg (U), USCINCCENT, Deploy Order, 081250Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
1733Z, CJCS amends his C+5 force requirements by adding a second F-4G squadron, deleting the Forward Air Control Post and three AWACS, and reducing his F-16 squadron closures from 4 to 2. He also designates C-day/L-hour as 071700Z Aug 90, superseding the date and hour established on 7 Aug as 090001Z Aug 90. (Msg (U) CJCS, Deployment of Follow-on Forces, 081733Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
1300Z, the last of twenty-three (one diverted enroute) USAF F-15Cs and accompanying KC-10 tankers arrive at Dhahran and immediately begin to augment Royal Saudi Air Force air defense alert and combat air patrol operations. Five E-3A AWACS aircraft arrive at Riyadh AB and begin flying missions within 24 hours. Six C-141s and one C-5 depart Robins AFB with initial communications gear. (HQ TAC BSD Sitrep, 090126Z Aug 90 (S), GWAPS, CSS #23)
Support Activities: 1520Z, CJCS issues a deployment order for a Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE) to provide contingency communications. (Msg (U), CJCS to JCSE, subj: Deployment Order 081520Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86.)
Six C-141s and one C-5 depart Robins AFB with initial communications gear. (HQ TAC BSD Sitrep, 090126Z Aug 90 (S), GWAPS, CSS #23)
Planning: At 1930Z (1330L) in the Pentagon, Colonel Warden (AF/XOXW) briefs the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff, General Mike Loh, on the concept he and his staff have developed for bombing strategic centers of gravity in Iraq. Code named INSTANT THUNDER, Warden's target priorities include: strategic air defenses, strategic offensive forces, Saddam Hussein's regime (leadership), command and control, electricity, refined oil for Iraqi consumption, railroads, and highways. Warden is told to proceed with planning and be ready to brief Gen Schwarzkopf on 10 Aug. (Harvey notes (U), 8 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP #10, and Brfg (S/NF), AF/XOXW, Iraqi Air Campaign, 8 Aug 90).
Air Operations: USCINCTRANS reports that strategic lift remains capable of moving early requirements faster than they can be generated. MAC operations at Langley AFB, in support of deployments of two Langley AFB F-15 squadrons, and at Tinker AFB, in support of the movement of the TAC Command Support Element, were delayed by slow cargo generation. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: USCINCTRANS Sitrep, 090640Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Furthermore, initial phases of the deployment planning is being done manually while the Services, CENTCOM, and TRANSCOM construct a time-phased force deployment data (TPFDD) list since numerous factors prevent the use of JOPES (Joint Operations, Planning and Execution System) (SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 372)
Exercise Ivory Justice is terminated and the two participating KC-135s are directed to remain at Al Dhafra. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to HQ SAC, subj:, Termination Of Ivory Justice, 080207Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
Desert Shield Begins
9 August 1990
C+2
Background: The UN Security Council condemns Iraq's annexation of Kuwait as illegal, null and void. (Msg (U), SECSTATE to All Diplomatic and Consular posts, subj: UN Security Council Resolutions on Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, 121916Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #22)
The British government decides to send two RAF squadrons (one F-3
ADV Tornado and one Jaguar) to Bahrain and increase its naval presence in the eastern Mediterranean. (Msg (S), USDAO London to DIA, subj: British Military Support for the Persian Gulf Area, 091347Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #22)
Leaders: USCENTAF (FWD) headquarters arrives at Riyadh at 0830Z. Major General Olson is acting COMUSCENTAF (FWD), since Lieutenant General Horner is the acting COMUSCENTCOM (FWD). (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100650Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Rear Admiral G.A. Sharp, USCINCCENT/CCJ-5, arrives at Riyadh and is designated COMUSNAVCENT FWD. (Msg (S), COMUSNAVCENT to CNO, subj: Activation of Plain Language Address (PLA) and Associated Routing Indicator (RI) for COMUSNAVCENT FWD, 9 Aug 1990, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Intelligence: Additional Iraqi air defense assets, including SA-2 sites at Al Jahra and Al Jaber air bases and a ZSU 23-4 at Al Jaber, indicates that the Iraqis are constructing an integrated air defense network. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100650Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: Air Force Global Weather Central, located at Omaha, Nebraska, issues the first Operation Desert Shield products - theater-tailored horizontal weather depictions, satellite discussions, and enroute and in-theater winds and weather hazards. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Shield/Storm Report 1,” 23 May 91, pp 4, 87, GWAPS, NA-531)
Air Order of Battle: USCINCCENT designates the “beddown” bases for his F-4G and F-117 squadrons as Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Seeb, Oman, respectively. (Msg (U) CINCCENT, Southwest Asia (SWA) Military Operations, 090355Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-86)
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issues further deployment orders for follow-on air units through C+30. These forces include: one AC-130 squadron, one MC-130 squadron, one MH-60 squadron, nine B-52s, fourteen B-52s, twenty-four F-16, seventy-two A-10, six EC-130 ABCCC, one Air Support Operations Center (ASOC), twenty-four F-15C, one RC-135, forty-eight F-16, twenty-four A-10, six EF-111, five EC-130 Compass Call, eighteen F-111D on order, and four tactical airlift squadrons. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Deployment Order for Follow-on Forces, 091345Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #5 folder #115)
Ground Order of Battle: ARCENT ADVON arrives in Riyadh and Command elements of XVIII Airborne Corps and 82nd Airborne Division begin arriving at Dhahran. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100650Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: HQ USAF convenes its' Contingency Support staff (CSS). (Msg (S), AFOC to AIG 10454, subj: JOPREP JIFFY, 091130Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, folder #24)
Logistics: Confusion over valid movement requirements continues to have an adverse impact upon the air lift flow to Southwest Asia. A request for Air Force Reserve volunteer aeromedical evacuation crews met with limited success. Requirements identified to date do not warrant activation of Stage I of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: USCINCTRANS Sitrep, 090640Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Planning: CENTAF (Rear) forwards 48 targets to HQ USAF Checkmate planners, raising total targets thus far identified for an air campaign to 70. (Harvey notes (U), 9 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP #10)
The Joint Staff advises USCENTCOM to expect the British to deploy twelve Tornado, twelve Jaguar and three Nimrod aircraft to the AOR, with advanced parties to begin arriving on 10 August. (NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Air Operations: US and Saudi AWACS split time to maintain 24 hour a day orbits. Saudis provide 24 hour fighter CAP. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100650Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The first of four (by 19 Aug) SAC RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft begins providing support to Desert Shield. (SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 385)
10 August 1990
C+3
Background Events: Most Arab League nations agree to help defend Saudi Arabia and to seek the reestablishment of the rightful Kuwaiti government.
Leaders: USCINCCENT establishes COMUSCENTAF as the Joint Forces Air Component Commander, giving him increased authority to direct the operations of some of the air units of the other CENTCOM Service Components. (Msg (S/NF), USCINCCENT to Joint Staff, OPORD 001, 101100Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #5, folder #114)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT now identifies seven SA-2 and four SA-6 SAM batteries in the KTO. There appears also to be an increase in Iraqi defensive air activity in the area during daylight hours. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 110848Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty-four USAF F-16Cs arrive (1158Z) at Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates, and twenty-four F-15E arrive (1230Z) at Thumrait, Oman. The British Royal Air Force arrives at Dhahran with twelve Tornado F-3s. The first two RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft arrive at Riyadh AB. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 110848Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: The Tactical Information Broadcast System becomes operational. (Headquarters United States Central Command, "After Action Report" (S/NF), 15 Jul 91, GWAPS, NA-9, pg 50)
Logistics: No major USAF munitions movements have been initiated from CONUS. It is assessed that prepositioned assets and near-term preposition ship assets will support operations for a limited period. (Msg (S), USAF ACP/MMW to USCENTAF, subj: Ammunition requirements, 101730Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #5, folder #114)
CENTAF forces have no appreciable air-to-ground attack capability yet, due to “malpositioned” munitions. (Executive Summary of Current Events (S), LTC Chabot, AF Ops Center, 10 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHSH 29-143)
Planning: USCINCCENT's Operation Order (OPORD) for Desert Shield outlines a three-phase concept of operations-deterrence, interdiction of advancing forces, and restoration of the border. COMUSCENTAF is designated the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC). The JFACC has operational control of all USCENTAF forces, and tactical control of SAC tanker forces and all USNAVCENT and USMARCENT sorties allocated to the theater air campaign. To “ensure unity of effort for the conduct of theater air operations” the JFACC (among other duties) is tasked to plan, coordinate, allocate and task theater air operations “based on USCINCCENT apportionment decisions.” The JFACC's responsibility to recommend sortie apportionments to USCINCCENT does not preclude the other Service components from making such recommendations directly to the theater commander. (Msg (S/NF), USCINCCENT to Joint Staff, OPORD 001, 101100Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #5, folder #114)
USCINCCENT also requests deployment of prototype E-8 J-STARS surface surveillance radar aircraft to Saudi Arabia to observe Iraqi ground force movements. (Msg (C), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Joint Stars Deployment to Saudi Arabia, 1142300Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
At USCENTCOM Headquarters, MacDill AFB, Colonel Warden and “Checkmate” planners brief USCINCCENT on the INSTANT THUNDER concept for a, mainly, strategic air campaign against Iraq. General Schwarzkopf recommends including Turkey-based forces in the concept, and he asks to see an “executable” plan by 15 August. (Harvey notes (U), 10 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP #10)
TAC/XP sends a copy of the INSTANT THUNDER briefing to CENTAF (FWD), along with proposals for USCINCCENT guidance. (TACOPS Msg (S), 100145Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP 24-1)
Air Operations: The first USAF RC-135 enters Saudi airspace and begins collection against Iraqi targets. US F-15s fly training and orientation flights with Saudi F-15s. Both carrier battle groups maintain 24 hour fleet air defense CAPS. Forces from RSAF, USAF, and USN conduct Exercise Arabian Gulf to coordinate air operations in the Persian Gulf. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100650Z Aug 90 and 110848Z (S), GWAPS, CSS #35)
11 August 1990
C+4
Air Order of Battle: The first sixteen C-130 arrive at Masirah AB, Oman, and another F-16 squadron arrives at Al Dhafra. Twelve KC-135s (including some Air National Guard planes and crews) arrive at Jeddah together with the SAC U-2 advanced element. NAVCENT arranges to place two reserve SAR units on alert to support CENTAF. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 120621Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35
Support Activities: The CJCS transmits the initial alert order authorizing execution planning for a maritime interdiction operation to enforce an economic quarantine of Iraq/Kuwait in support of Operation Desert Shield. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, 111700Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, folder #24)
Logistics: The JCS learn that sixty-five C-141 loads of F-15 and F-16 standard air munitions packages and related equipment still await airlift transportation, seriously undermining USAF air-to-ground attack capabilities in theater. (Point Paper (S), Lt Col Wiseman, AF/LEYX, “Munitions Status (U)”, 11 Aug 1990).
Planning: USCINCCENT's deployment emphasis remains on building combat power in the AOR as quickly as possible. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 110848Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
AF/XOXW's team briefs the CJCS on INSTANT THUNDER. General Powell considers the use of Turkish bases, as yet, unnecessary. Asking if Colonel Warden's plan could be executed around 22 August, General Powell expresses a desire to destroy the Iraqi army and, “ . . . leave tanks as kilometer fence posts..” back to Baghdad. (Harvey notes (U), 11 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP #10)
Austria approves blanket overflight clearance for MAC flights to the Middle East. Approval is restricted to unarmed transport flights and is limited to the duration of the present action in the Middle East. (Msg (S), AmE Vienna to Secstate, subj: Request for aircraft clearance, 111258Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #5, Folder #113)
Air Operations: A second “Arabian Gulf” exercise is conducted to coordinate CAP over the southern Arabian Gulf. Continuous 24 hour coverage with RC-135s begins. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 120621Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35
12 August 1990
C+5
Background: The US initiates Operation Stigma, an arms embargo on Iraq. (Msg (S), SECSTATE to All Diplomatic Posts, subj: Arms Embargo on Iraq, 122244Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Intelligence: Defensive deployments of Iraqi ground units in Kuwait suggest greater concern with foiling attacks along the coast and borders with Saudi Arabia, than with launching offensive operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, Subject: Sitrep, 120621Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: Seven B-52s arrive (0900Z) at Diego Garcia and twelve RAF Jaguars join the F-15Es already at Thumrait, Oman. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, Subject: Sitrep, 130717Z and 140600Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The Department of Defense says it is willing to release up to twenty-four F-15C aircraft to Saudi Arabia. (Msg (C), SECDEF/USDP to HQ USAF, subj: F-15 Aircraft, 121702Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Planning: At 2300Z, CENTAF (Rear) consolidates with the HQ Tactical Air Command (TAC) Battle Staff at Langley AFB, Virginia. (Msg (S), HQ CENTAF (TAC) Langley AFB to HQ USAF, subj: Sitrep, 132227Z Aug 90 GWAPS, CSS #23)
JCS/J-3 directs that HQ USAF channel its planning actions through “Checkmate” on their way to the Joint Staff. The Air Force DCS Plans and Operations is designated as the Air Force J-3. (Lt Col Stanfill, AF/XOXWF, notes 12 Aug 90, p 3, GWAPS, CHP #24-1)
COMUSCENTAF directs his staff to begin strategic planning for strikes against Iraqi targets, with the purpose of defeating an invasion. (Interview (S), Maj Gen Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 30 Sep 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
Logistics: USTRANSCOM establishes air and sea sustainment channels to focus on resupply transportation. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sustainment resupply transportation system, 122323Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #22)
STAR (Scheduled Tactical Airlift) routes are established to provide efficient use of intratheater airlift using C-130s. (Interview (S) Maj Gen Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 30 Sep 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
Air Operations: US F-15s fly combat air patrol sorties in support of AWACS, while others sit on Quick Reaction Alert for air defense and ground attack missions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, Subject: Sitrep, 130717Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
13 August 1990
C+6
Intelligence: USCINCCENT believes the Iraqis have three infantry divisions, two armored divisions, and one mechanized infantry division in Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 140600Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first elements (four MH-53s) of a special operations squadron arrive at Riyadh. Seven more B-52s arrive at Diego Garcia, while a British Nimrod aircraft arrives at Seeb. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 140600Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Fourteen B-52s are “loaded” at Diego Garcia. (Msg (S), CINCSAC/BS to JCS, subj: Sitrep 140500Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #88)
Planning: The saturation of Saudi basing facilities prompts USCINCCENT to request State Department efforts to obtain aircraft basing agreements with Qatar, Egypt, and Turkey. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Forward staging/Deployment of aircraft, 130215Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Air Operations: The second U.S.-only AWACS orbit begins. U.S. F-16 aircraft at Al Dhafra, UAE initiate an alert posture for air-to-air and air-to-ground operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 140600Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Due to Desert Shield requirements, the Military Airlift Command cancels most long-range channel [scheduled, common-use] airlift missions in the Pacific route system. (Msg (S), USCINCPAC to JCS, subj: Pacific Strategic Airlift Support, 131830Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
14 August 1990
C+7
Intelligence: The Iraqi disposition of ground forces becomes clearer and are assessed as assuming a “clearly defensive posture.” No Iraqi fighter deployments to Kuwait have been observed. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 150615Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: Twelve RAF Jaguars arrive at Thumrait, Oman. USSOCCENT relocates from Riyadh to King Fahd airport (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 150615Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Ground Order of Battle: Seventh Marine Expeditionary Brigade advance elements arrive at Jubayl. ARCENT FWD is fully established. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 150615Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: The USCENTAF Directorate of Electronic Combat (USCENTAF/EC) is established at Riyadh, under Brig Gen Larry L. Henry. (After Action Report, USCENTAF/EC, Oct 91, IRIS 00885089/K178.81-6)
Medical: The 1st Air Transportable Hospital becomes operational at Dhahran. (HQ USAF/SGPA, “Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Aerospace Medicine Consolidated After-Action Report,” January 1992, Sup Doc #3, p 15, GWAPS, NA-529) In retrospect, the commander reports that his 50-bed facility provided the only functioning US military hospital in the eastern half of Saudi Arabia for 6 weeks, supporting most of the 18th Airborne Corps' deployment, and seeing between 80 and 130 outpatients and supporting about 40 inpatients daily. He also reported existing medication, equipment and medical-specialization deployment lists were not always appropriate for the climate and disease characteristics of the AOR. (Major Richard S. Williams, “1st ATH Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report: Commander's Summary,” 1st Medical Group, Langley AFB, Virg., 17 April 1991, Sup Doc #88, pp 1-2, GWAPS, NA-529)
Planning: The INSTANT THUNDER air campaign plan now contains 84 targets. (Notes, Lt Col Harvey, 16 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP-9-4)
15 August 1990
C+8
Air Order of Battle: The last of the B-52s arrive at Diego Garcia completing its planned full strength. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 52)
Ground Order of Battle: The 82nd Airborne Division's Ready Brigade is on the ground and preparing for combat, while 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade lead elements have arrived to prepare for reception of three Maritime Pre-positioned Squadron two ships that arrived at Jubayl with Marine M-60A1 tanks, the first heavy U.S. armored vehicles to reach the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z and 150615Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Logistics: Apparently referring to the expanding scale of deployment planning, USCINCCENT reports that “airlift requirements through C+40 have averaged double the USTRANSCOM delivery capability.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS subj: Sitrep, 150615Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
For the first time in history, the entire United States strategic airlift capability is committed world wide - seventy-three percent of C-141 and ninety-three percent of C-5 missions are committed to Desert Shield. Sealift requirements will result in activation of a total of twenty-seven Ready Reserve Fleet ships. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, 150400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Planning: NATO gives USEUCOM blanket authority to move US equipment and forces from Europe to support Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to Joint Staff, subj: USEUCOM Consolidation Sitrep 160753Z Aug 90, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Other activities: CJCS provides psychological operations guidance in support of Desert Shield. National level emphasis is placed on gaining support of Arab nations for US actions and to isolate both Iraq and Saddam Hussein. (Msg (C), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Psyop Guidance, 152245Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
16 August 1990
C+9
Intelligence: USCINCCENT believes that Iraq will likely deploy close air support aircraft into Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: The Tactical Air Control Center arrives in Riyadh to assume command and control functions for deployed air forces. Also, a Control and Reporting Center and a Message Processing Center arrive at Dhahran and begin working side-by-side with their Saudi air defense counterparts. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170635Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Communications capabilities are extremely limited, with approximately twenty-five percent of all USAF tactical communications assets either airborne [enroute] or in-country. (Msg (S), HQ USCENTAF (TAC) to HQ USAF, subj: Sitrep 170144Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, folder #15)
Medical: USCENTAF FWD publishes the Aeromedical Evacuation Concept of Operations for Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to USCENTCOM, subj: USCENTCOM Aeromedical Evacuation Concept of Operations, 162200Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
NOTE: The USCENTAF Aeromedical Evacuation Concept of Operations remained in effect until the Military Airlift Command issued one of its own. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/SG to HQ TACOPS, subj: Aeromedical Staging Facility-TPFDD Requirements 251100Z Dec 90, Sup Doc #3, GWAPS, NA-529)
Logistics: USCINCCENT expects the arrival of ground refueling equipment to reduce the vulnerability of, and a critical bottle-neck to, the logistics buildup - by allowing the command to activate Aerial Ports of Debarkation in addition to Dhahran. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
USAF logistics advisers tell MAJCOMs to deploy personnel with three sets of chemical warfare defense equipment, instead of the planned four, to alleviate immediate shortages. (Point Paper (S), Lt Col Roan, AF/LEYX-LRC, “Logistics Support Desert Shield,” 16 Aug 90, GWAPS, BH Box 7 Folder 7)
Planning: USCINCCENT movement priority remains on combat power [vs sustainment], particularly antitank weapons and forces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
USCINCCENT requests USPACOM and Defense Intelligence Agency support in preparing strike planning materials for Desert Shield targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to USCINCPAC, subj: Target Materials, 162350Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
Other Activities: President Bush authorizes U.S. forces to participate in multinational maritime interception operations. Shortly after, the JCS authorizes U.S. naval forces to begin intercepting commercial shipping to or from Iraq and Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170635Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
17 August 1990
C+10
Intelligence: The eight Iraqi divisional headquarters thus far identified in Kuwait are believed to control twelve light and eleven heavy brigades. The Iraqi Air Force continues defensive patrols, but apparently has halted Saudi airspace violations and ECM operations for the moment. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170635Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: Two U-2s arrive in the theater. The first F-4G “Wild Weasel” squadron arrives at Shaikh Isa, Bahrain. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 180613Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Qatar announces that they will accept the beddown of US aircraft at Doha. (Interview (S) MG Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 4 Oct 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
Ground Order of Battle: 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division and the 7th Marine Expeditionary Force continue to arrive and organize for battle, while 2nd Bde, 82nd Abn Division provides security. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170635Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: The Second Marine Air Wing commander identifies an urgent requirement to install HAVE QUICK II radios into his EA-6B aircraft, in order to have secure communications with Air Force and Navy forces. (NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Logistics: Host nations continue to cooperate in the release and movement of pre-positioned assets from Bahrain and Oman to Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170635Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
For the first time, Stage I of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet is activated, adding thirty-eight civil airliners to the Desert Shield airlift. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Three ships filled with pre-positioned materiel arrive at Ad Dammam. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 180613Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
No standard air munitions packages (STAMPS) have moved to the AOR since 15 August. (Point Paper (S), Lt Col Fisher, AF/LEYX-LRC, “Logistics Support Desert Shield,” 18 August 1990, GWAPS, BH Box 7, Folder 7)
Planning: USCINCCENT hears the INSTANT THUNDER air campaign plan briefing again - now composed of a strategic phase against Iraqi centers of gravity and an operational phase against Iraqi forces in Kuwait. While listening to Colonel Warden's plans to strike ninety-four targets in a single week and dislocate or degrade Iraqi political, command and military capabilities, Gen Schwarzkopf scribbles out a four-phase version of a theater campaign, consisting of Instant Thunder, suppression of Iraqi air defenses in Kuwait, attrition of enemy forces by fifty percent, and a ground attack, - he decides to call the campaign Desert Storm. Schwarzkopf tells Warden to brief CENTAF in Riyadh on INSTANT THUNDER. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992) pp 319-320; Lt Col Deptula briefing to GWAPS, 26 Nov 91; Memo. CAPT Johnson, J-3/JOD, CINCCENT Trip Report, 17 Aug 90; Notes: LTC Harvey, (S) 17 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP 9-4)
18 August 1990
C+11
Background Events: Iraqi forces begin withdrawing from Iranian territory they have occupied since the end of the Iran-Iraq War.
Intelligence: Two new SA-3 surface-to-air missile sites are identified in Kuwait. Iraqi fighters simulate air-to-air missile launches, ground- controlled intercepts, and practice ground strikes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subject: Sitrep, 190655Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first A-10 squadron arrives at King Fahd International Airport. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subject: Sitrep, 190655Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Logistics: After a squadron of twenty-four A-10s arrives at King Fahd Airport, local fuel supplies are found to be contaminated. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 53)
F-15E flying operations are restricted when a shipment of tires fails to arrive in theater. (HQ TAC/BS Sitrep 180108Z Aug 90 (S), GWAPS, CSS #23)
Saudi and United Arab Emirates officials assure USCINCCENT that they will support all USCENTCOM petroleum requirements. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT FWD to JCS, subj: Fuel Support 180800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #15)
USCINCTRANS reports that the return of cargo pallets, nets and tie-down devices continues to be a problem. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep 180400Z Aug 90, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Planning: USCINCCENT reports that Iraqi intentions remain unclear, but they could transition rapidly to offensive operations, so logistics focus remains on maximum buildup of combat power with minimum sustainment. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subject: Sitrep, 180613Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
COMUSCENTAF informs USCINCSAC that USCENTCOM does not have the ground forces required to stop a full-scale Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia, so his battle plan involves heavy reliance on air assets, including SAC B-52s. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to HQ/SAC, subj: STRATFOR D-Day Situation Planning 18 Aug 90 181500Z, IRIS 00882839/K416-239)
Due to Saudi concern over alarming the populace, COMUSCENTCOM FWD prohibits low-altitude flying, practice air-to-ground attacks, and supersonic flights over the Kingdom. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTCOM FWD to USCENTAF, subj: Sitrep, 191800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
General Horner and General Behery, the Saudi Air Force commander hear a D-Day briefing. (Interview (S) MG Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 4 Oct 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
19 August 1990
C+12
Intelligence: U.S. AWACS observe Iraqi fighter activity at all three primary Kuwaiti airfields. USCINCCENT believes Iraq intends to use US detainees as shields against US air strikes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subject: Sitrep, 190655Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: A basic network of satellite and ground-based radio systems is in place to support inter- (High Frequency and Defense Communications System) and intra-theater (Tactical Satellite) communications between major installations., but most beddown locations are communicating via commercial telephone, contributing to delays of up to twenty hours in receiving messages. The Computer Assisted Force Management System is not yet in place. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 191800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
CENTAF communications priorities are (1) a message center for Riyadh, (2) base communications support equipment for King Fahd and Jeddah, and (3) a Special Security Office (SSO) van for Bateen. (Interview (S) MG Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 20 Oct 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
Logistics: CENTAF FWD requests approval to install Have Quick II anti-jamming radios in all Saudi defensive assets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT FWD, subj: Request for FMS Approval and Use of Have Quick II Anti-Jam UHF Radios with Saudi DCA forces Supporting Desert Shield Psyop Guidance, 191115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Airlift forces are committed to Desert Shield at near wartime rates, while KC-10s begin to fly dual-role, tanker-cargo missions. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Air Operations: Two B-52s fly training missions in the AOR to establish coordination procedures with AWACS. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
20 August 1990
C+13
Intelligence: Iraqi ground combat and support forces continue to pass southward through Kuwait City, leading USCINCCENT to reiterate his caution that continued defensive preparations along the Kuwait-Saudi border do not “alter the Iraqi option to defend or attack with little or no warning.” Some Iraqi fighters are now believed to be based at Ali al Salem Airfield, Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 200554Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: A second squadron of twenty-four A-10s arrive at King Fahd Airport and, because of contaminated fuel, they air refuel before landing so they can fly one combat mission. The first US Marine aircraft arrive in theater with the arrival of eighteen AV-8Bs of the 3rd Marine Air Wing at Shaikh Isa, Bahrain, at 1000Z. Two HC-130s arrive at King Fahd. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210632Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Logistics: The Arrival of six refueling trucks allows USCENTCOM to open King Fahd airport as a second aerial port of debarkation. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 200554Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
USCENTCOM air units are experiencing problems getting mission critical parts (MICAP) and War Readiness Spares Kits (WRSK) to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210632Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The first Maritime Pre-positioning Ship arrives in Jeddah and off loads vehicles and equipment, including [DELETED] ammunition and air base assets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210632Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Planning: USCINCCENT publishes OPORD 003 as an interim combined defense plan. It represents the first combined planning product of the crisis. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT FWD OPORD 003, subj: “Desert Shield Operations”, 201230Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35; and SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 491)
COMUSCENTAF FWD's priorities, in the event of an Iraqi attack, are: (1) interdiction - delay and attrit any Iraqi ground forces that cross into Saudi Arabia, (2) counterair - achieve air superiority over the battlefield, (3) plan, and (4) prepare for possible D-day operations; exercise air traffic control procedures/coordination. He expresses some concern over the work-arounds required by the continued absence of an Air Support Operations Center, to coordinate ground support requirements, and of Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center aircraft, to control airborne strike aircraft. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 201800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
At Riyadh, Colonel Warden (AF/XOXW) and his staff members brief USCENTCOM FWD on INSTANT THUNDER. Branding the plan as “academic” and out of touch with the presence of enemy ground forces at the border, Lt Gen Horner nevertheless requests that three Lieutenant Colonels accompanying Warden remain to work with his staff to develop the air campaign. (Plan (TS Limdis), AF/XOXW, “Instant Thunder”, 17 Aug 90; Notes: LTC Harvey, (S) 20 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP 9-4)
At a CJCS and CINCs conference in Washington, CENTCOM estimates that a high-confidence defense capability will be reached by 25 September, with offensive operations possible after C+120. (Brfg, USCENTCOM, “CJCS and CINC's Conference”, 20-21 August 1990)
Air Operations: C-21s and C-130s begin flying STAR (scheduled tactical airlift) routes to provide intratheater airlift. (Interview (S) MG Olsen, CENTAF/CV by MSgt Turner, AF/HO, 4 Oct 90, Riyadh, GWAPS, CHP-16A)
21 August 1990
C+14
Background Events: President Bush rejects Saddam Hussein's offer to negotiate, declaring that there will be no negotiations until Iraq withdraws from Kuwait.
Intelligence: CENTCOM reports indications that well-equipped Republican Guard armored and mechanized units in southern Kuwait are being replaced by less well-equipped regular infantry formations. There is also evidence that Iraq has mined all Kuwaiti harbors in order to enhance its coastal defense. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210632Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The Iraqi Air Force has also increased air intercept training flights in southern Iraq and is operating a steady stream of transport flights into all three Kuwaiti primary fields. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first squadron of eighteen F-117s arrives in theater at 1400Z, and three EC-130 Compass Call and nine KC-135Q arrive at Riyadh AB. The USS Saratoga enters USCENTCOM control. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220405Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35; Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 54)
Meanwhile, three MC- and five HC-130 aircraft are ordered to the theater from Europe, along with EC-130 Volant Solo aircraft from the U.S. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT and USCINCEUR, subj: Deployment Order, 211116Z and 211125Z (resp) Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, folder #24)
Medical: Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Military Airlift Command (MAC) squadron medical elements are arriving in the AOR without adequate supplies. There still exists no in-patient (Air Transportable Hospital) capability in the western region of the peninsula. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 211800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Logistics: USTRANSCOM requests strategic airlift and sealift assistance from foreign sources to make up shortfalls. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Austria approves continuing US military transport overflights. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220753Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #51)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF notes that Qatar's recent grant of basing rights enhances his command's capabilities. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 211800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
22 August 1990
C+15
Background Events: For the first time since the enactment of the law, President Bush issues Executive Order 12727 (Title 10 USC 673b, 200K Call-Up) authorizing call-up of units and up to 200,000 personnel of the Selected Reserve for up to 180 days (90 days with one 90-day extension). He also issues Executive Order 12728 (Title 10 USC 673c) suspending any provision of law relating to promotion, separation, and retirement of members of the Armed Forces. (Final Report, Air National Guard Desert Shield/Desert Storm Lessons Learned, Jan 7, 1992 (U) GWAPS, NA-274, pp iv, 103, A-6; Msg (U), SAF/PA to AIG 9333, subj: Public Affairs Guidance, 231512Z Aug 90, GWAPS, safe #7, CATLO folder #16)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases with a focus on transport flights into the three Kuwaiti airfields. Closure of all but one Iraqi commercial airway, in conjunction with increased air combat maneuvers and defensive patrols in the Baghdad area, and dispersal of Iraqi airborne warning system aircraft, suggests they are increasingly concerned about their capability to intercept attacking aircraft effectively before they reach Baghdad. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Movement of Republican Guard units northward, after replacement on the Kuwait-Saudi border by less well-equipped regular army units, decreases the likelihood of a no-warning attack, but USCINCCENT cautions against discounting the possibility all together. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first USMC F/A-18 squadron arrives at Shaikh Isa with 24 aircraft at 1230Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 230801Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Four C-21 aircraft are in-place at Riyadh to provide courier services to deployed units. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 54)
A wing of F-111F's replaces a wing of F-111D's on the deployment list, because of the former's capability to conduct autonomous (self-designating) laser-guided bomb attacks. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT subj: Deployment Order, 221421Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, folder #24)
Ground Order of Battle: Major U.S. ground systems in the theater include 32 M-60A1 and 25 M-551 tanks, 156 TOW anti-tank missile vehicles, 50 artillery pieces and 3 multiple launch rocket systems and 8 Patriot launch units. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: Bateen and Masirah still have USAF aircraft on the ground without USAF security police protection. Initial and sustaining communications capability between USCENTAF FWD and numerous beddown locations remain frustrated due to the lack of priority airlift to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Medical: U.S. forces continue to field only limited clinic capabilities in the western part of the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Logistics: Efforts continue to identify tanker and B-52 beddown locations inside and outside the AOR. Explosive shipments into Saudi by the Civil Reserve Air Fleet are restricted to Al Dhafra only, creating further demand on limited intra-theater airlift. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 220550Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
CENTCOM FWD requests clearance to supply Saudi combat aircraft with HAVE QUICK II radios needed to communicate with USCENTAF Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft. (Msg (S), USCENTAF TAC/BS to HQ USAF, subj: Sitrep, 222251Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23)
Advising USCINCCENT that present USCENTCOM air movement priorities do not provide for sustainment shipments, USCINCTRANS suggests that any future “airlift prioritization include airlift dedicated to sustainment.” (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to USCINCCENT, subj: Airlift Support for Sustainment 221710Z Aug 90, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Planning: Announcing the assignment of Brigadier General Buster Glosson to USCENTAF FWD, General Horner makes him Director of the Special Planning Project [sic] and directs him to brief an offensive air campaign plan to USCINCCENT around 27 August, and to make that plan “executable” by 15 September. (Intvws, MSgt Turner, AF historian, with BG Glosson and MG Olsen, CENTAF/CV, Riyadh, 17 and 20 Oct 90, respectively, GWAPS, CHP-16A and CHP 5A; Notes: LTC Harvey, (S) 22 Aug 90, CHP 9-4)
23 August 1990
C+16
Background Events: The Secretary of Defense sets call-up ceilings of: Army, 25,000; Navy, 6,300; Marine Corps, 3,000; Air Force 14,500. (Memorandum (U), SECDEF to Secretaries of Services, subj: Call-up of Selected Reserve Units and Personnel to Active Duty, 23 Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Leaders: USCINCCENT requests Service Chiefs and commanders of other combatant commands to help him “turn off” the “deluge” of visit requests from senior officers eager to visit their units deployed to the theater. “Now is not the time,” he says, for any visits for other than a “legitimate operational, repeat operational requirement.” (Msg (C), USCINCCENT to numerous addressees, subj: Visit Requests, 231723Z Aug 90, CSS Safe #7, CATLO Folder #1A, SOA # 345)
Believing that adequate communications facilities are now in the AOR, USCINCCENT informs the CJCS that he is ready to go to Saudi Arabia. (Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn't Take a Hero (New York: Bantam Books, 1992, p 324)
Intelligence: USCENTCOM reports that the appearance of tanks containing decontamination materials near two Iraqi artillery battalions indicates that they may be preparing to fire chemical weapons. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 230800 Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Meanwhile, USCENTCOM notes the first indications of Iraqi night flying over Kuwait. Iraqi MiG-29 and MiG-23 defensive patrols have increased, and Iraqi aircraft have violated the border at least twice since 20 August, probably to test coalition alert and response procedures, but possibly to maintain air superiority over a part of Saudi territory. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 230801Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first TR-1s arrive at [DELETED] at 1300Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Also, USCINCCENT modifies his deployment orders, by requesting HQ TAC draw from Europe one [LANTIRN] of the five F-16 squadrons going to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT/CCJS to JCS, subj: Deployment Order Modification, 232143Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2 folder #24)
Support Activities: The installation of a Red Phone, to connect USCINCCENT directly to Washington DC, is underway at Riyadh. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Civil Engineers: CENTAF is still short of PRIME BEEF (Base Emergency Engineering Force), PRIME RIB (Readiness in Base Services), and fire protection personnel at nine bases. Long term problems with electrical distribution systems continue at most sites. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 231800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Logistics: The backlog of cargo at CONUS aerial ports of embarkation, and at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, has decreased from 992 to 831 short tons. USCENTCOM FWD is moving US military personnel out of hotels and into billeting areas that provide improved security against terrorist threats. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 230800 Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF changes his priorities to: interdiction; counterair; close air support; plan and prepare for possible D-day operations. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 231800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Air Operations: While US and Saudi Arabian AWACS aircraft maintain 24-hour orbits, other USCENTAF aircraft begin flying training, defensive air patrol and airlift sorties, and others maintain ground alerts. The Royal Saudi Air Force maintains constant combat air patrols, while the two US Navy carriers in the AOR conduct normal 12-hour operations and maintain a 24-hour “Ready 5” alert posture. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
24 August 1990
C+17
Intelligence: Analysts believe that heavily armored Republican Guard divisions in the interior of Kuwait have been replaced by units of the regular army. Elements of at least three armored/mechanized divisions assume positions along the southern defensive line, while three Republican Guard infantry divisions continue to defend along the Kuwaiti coast. Reliable, but unconfirmed, intelligence sources report the presence of Scud transporter-erector-launchers with missiles in Kuwait. Defensive patrols have increased over Kuwait and southern and central Iraq. The Mirage F-1 with the Super Matra 530 and MiG-29 Fulcrum with AA-10A Alamo gives the Iraqis a formidable all-aspect air-to-air capability. Two Mirage F-1s reacted to a pair of allied fighters patrolling south of the border. Increased fighter and helicopter operations at southern Iraqi and Kuwaiti airfields suggests forward deployment into Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The USS Wisconsin arrives in the Gulf with its complement of TLAM cruise missiles. The first 8 EF-111 electronic warfare aircraft arrive at Taif, Saudi Arabia, at 1230Z, and the first 6 A-6E all-weather attack, and 12 EA-6Bs electronic warfare aircraft, arrive at Shaikh Isa at 1530Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 250537Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
USCINCPAC issues deployment orders for one P-3 REEF POINT aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCPAC/CAT to CINCPACFLT, subj: Deployment Order 242214Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2 folder #24)
Support Activities: Efforts are underway to obtain secure communications between the Saudi and US forces. Effective at 230001Z Aug 90, USCENTCOM FWD assumes Joint Communications Control Center (JCCC) functions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
There is still no USAF explosive ordnance disposal support at Taif, Tabuk, and Jeddah. (Msg (S), USCENTAF TAC/BS Sitrep, 242334Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23)
Medical: The USCENTCOM Surgeon General's office has moved to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Logistics: Widebody aircraft capability now exists at Dhahran, King Fahd, Khamis Mushait, Shaikh Isa, and Thumrait. Refueling capability at King Fahd now includes one commercial and 10 R-9 refueling vehicles. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240633Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The airlift backlog for CONUS TAC bases alone has grown to 185 pallets of spare parts, mobility bags and fuels support packages. (Msg (S), USCENTAF TAC/BS Sitrep, 242334Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23)
Kuwait and South Korea have offered aircraft to augment the strategic airlift effort. Five KC-10 tanker-transports begin, and will continue, to be used in an airlift-only role. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 250400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Planning: SAC activates the 17th Air Division (Provisional) to organize and administer Strategic Air Command assets assigned to the AOR. USCENTAF receives operational control of assigned B-52s and tactical control of assigned KC-135s and strategic reconnaissance assets. (Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Special Order GB-084, 24 August 1990; Msg (U), CINCSAC to 8AF, 15AF, 3AD, 7AD, 14AD, 17AD (P), 4300 BMW (P), subj: Command relationships of SAC Forces Supporting Desert Shield, 241900Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Air Operations: United Kingdom aircraft begin flying orientation and training flights. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM/CAT to JCS, subj Sitrep, 250627Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
25 August 1990
C+18
Intelligence: Iraqi air responses to coalition air activities south of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia border indicate that they consider the area south of Kuwait and north of the 28th parallel as within their air defense zone. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 250537Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first eighteen F-111Fs arrive at Taif at 1300Z, and the first six RF-4Cs arrive at Al Dhafra at 0300Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 260552Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: The Computer Aided Flight Management System is activated at several sites to augment secure facsimile machines and C-21 aircraft in distributing air tasking orders throughout the theater. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 251800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Medical: There are now three 50-bed air transportable hospitals (ATH) fully functional in the AOR. Also, COMUSCENTAF FWD notes that some CENTAF personnel on maintenance medications are arriving without the required 30-day supply, while others were being medically evacuated after arriving in the theater physically unfit for mobility status. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 251800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
The commander of the 1st ATH recommended that individuals deploy with a 90-day supply of maintenance medications. (Major Richard S. Williams, “1st ATH Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report: Commander's Summary,” 1st Medical Group, Langley AFB, Virg., 17 April 1991, p 1)
Security: Deployment of requested security forces to arrive at new locations prior to arrival of aircraft remains critical. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 251800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Logistics: MAC has declared 463L pallets as critical items and has asked for in-CONUS accounting and redistribution. (Sitrep Summary (S), LTC Chabot, AF Ops Center, 25 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHSH 29-116)
26 August 1990
C+19
Background Events: Iraq cuts off water services to foreign embassies in Kuwait, surrounds them with soldiers, and shuts off electricity to the American Embassy.
Leaders: USCINCCENT and USCENTCOM Chief of Staff, Maj Gen Robert B. Johnston (USMC), arrive at Riyadh about 0700Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 260552Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports indications of three separate Iraqi brigade-strength units west of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border, a potential flanking threat to allied troops. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 260552Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: USCENTAF is concerned that the Air Support and Coordination Center (ASOC) [sic] has not departed Shaw AFB, limiting his ability to conduct close air support operations. He also requires a second Computer-Aided Force Management System from 12th Air Force. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 261800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Ground Order of Battle: 24th Infantry Division personnel are arriving in the AOR, preparatory to the arrival of their sea-embarked equipment. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 260552Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade completes its air deployment to Al Jubayl. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 270513Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: Airlift of TRAC/TADMS processor equipment is completed - the control vans for the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System (ASARS II) arrive in Riyadh. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 270513Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Civil Engineers: While communications with USCENTAF bases and sites is improving, a shortage of primary power distribution centers is hampering the actual construction of associated tent cities. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 261800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Logistics: USCENTAF expresses concerned that no strategic airlift is available to move Air Force outsize cargo into theater. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 261800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
The US accepts a Kuwaiti offer to use two of their 747s for airlift between the US and Saudi Arabia at no cost to the US. (USCINCTRANS to SECDEF, subj: Acceptance of Transportation Services from Kuwait, 260453Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Planning: Brigadier General Glosson briefs USCENTAF on the “new” INSTANT THUNDER air campaign plan. General Horner directs that the first 24 hours of the campaign be put into Air Tasking Order format by the next day, so it can be executed if, as USCINCCENT stated, “. . . Hussein puts a bullet through the head of our Ambassador.” General Horner also informs General Glosson of USCINCCENT's four phase offensive campaign plan. (Notes: LTC Harvey, (S) 26 Aug 90, GWAPS, CHP 9-4; Notes: LTC Deptula, (U) 24 Sep 90, GWAPS, CHP 5-11)
27 August 1990
C+20
Background Events: A small group of “non-official” Americans is allowed to leave Iraq via Turkey. Nearly 3,000 American hostages remain in Iraq and Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 270513Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
SECDEF Cheney issues stop-loss guidance memorandum to restrict separations and retirements from the U.S. military during the Gulf crisis. (GWAPS, NA-254, p A-6)
Greek constitutional restrictions prevent early basing of SAC tanker aircraft on Greek bases. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to HQ SAC, subj: Tanker Operations 271746Z Aug 90, IRIS 00888288)
Leaders: HQ USCENTCOM shifts from Florida to Riyadh (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 270513Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Intelligence: While CENTCOM cannot confirm that Iraqi Air Force units have been stationed in Kuwait, the frequency and number of their flights in the area indicate a concerted local-area-familiarization and air-defense effort. Additionally, a near continuous Iraqi combat air patrol over southern Iraq and central Kuwait, along with increased use of their airborne warning aircraft, indicate an intent to establish firm air control of the area. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 270513Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
The DIA assesses that Iraq has numerous SA-2, SA-3, SA-6, and SA-8s, together with an unknown number of SA-9, SA-13, and Roland launchers in Kuwait. The captured Kuwaiti HAWK SAM batteries have moved but since the Iraqis do not have HAWKs in their inventory, they likely will not be employed. (Msg (S), DIA to USCINCCENT, subj: Crisis Order of Battle, 271534Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Air Order of Battle: The CJCS issues deployment orders for an additional fourteen F-111F GBU capable aircraft and a squadron of F-16s. (Msgs (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Deployment Orders 271705Z and 183500Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2 folder #24)
Logistics: The airlift backlog of airlift stands at 86 C-141 equivalents and 1240 passengers. (Msg (S), USCENTAF TAC/BS Sitrep, 272119Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23)
28 August 1990
C+21
Background Events: Iraq announces the “re-establishment” of the 19th province of Iraq, bringing Kuwait under the jurisdiction of Baghdad. Meanwhile, the Bush administration declares that their goal is an Iraqi withdrawal “without violence,” and that the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime is not required.
Leaders: Effective 282400Z Aug 90, USCENTCOM FWD is disestablished and USCINCCENT established at Riyadh. The HQ element remaining at MacDill is designated USCENTCOM REAR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Disestablishment of USCENTCOM FWD, 311051Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7, CATLO folder #16)
Intelligence: CENTCOM reports that Iraqi air operations have stabilized in intensity, and they have apparently adopted more restrictive rules of engagement for defensive counter air operations, probably in an attempt to avoid prompting coalition retaliation. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 280221Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Ground Order of Battle: The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) begins air deployment into AOR to meet inbound, sea-embarked equipment. (Msg (S), USCENTCOM REAR to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 280221Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: In an example of the value of weather support, forecast data on Hurricane Gustav, provided by the TAC Weather Support Unit, allowed two TAC deployment missions to proceed on their planned routes, after only a 24-hour delay. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Shield/Storm Report 1,” 23 May 1991, GWAPS, NA-76, p 30)
Logistics: USCENTAF REAR reports the airlift backlog at three days. USCINCTRANS reports that the first Korean Airlines Boeing 747 entered the Desert Shield airlift stream, and a C-5 crashed at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. (Msg (S), USCENTAF TAC/BS subj: Sitrep, 282241Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #23; Msg (S) USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 290400Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #76)
Planning: USCENTAF requests twenty Sentinel Byte work stations to provide flying squadrons with automated intelligence support for mission planning. (Msg (S), CENTAF-TAC to HQ USAF, subj: Sentinel Byte Support to Desert Shield, 282155Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
An Air Force Studies and Analysis Agency analysis predicts a four percent attrition rate for all allied air forces during the first 24 hours of a campaign against Iraq. (Maj Frederic T. Case, AF/SA, “Analysis of Air Operations During Desert Shield/Desert Storm,“ Nov 91, GWAPS, NA-212, p 1)
29 August 1990
C+22
Intelligence: CENTCOM reports Iraqi air activity increased to its highest sortie rate since the invasion of Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Leaders: USCENTCOM REAR terminates situation reporting to the Joint Staff with the period ending 290400Z and establishes USCINCCENT Sitrep reporting period to the JCS as 1600Z to 1600Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Order of Battle: The first TR-1 ASARS surveillance mission is flown in the AOR. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 300600Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #88)
Ground Order of Battle: The CJCS issues deployment orders for a Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE) to provide contingency communications. (Msg (S), CJCS to JCSE, subj: Deployment Order 291455Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2 folder #24)
Support Activities: The CJCS authorizes additional U.S. military historians for the AOR. (Msg (U) JCS to Services, subj: Blanket Historical Augmentation for Operation Desert Shield, 292023Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF issues the Operations Order for the Phase I offensive air campaign against Iraq. The objectives of the Phase I campaign are to isolate, discredit, and incapacitate Saddam Hussein's regime; to induce Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait; to restore the legitimate government in Kuwait; and to ensure the defense of Saudi Arabia. COMUSCENTAF Operations Order: Offensive Campaign - Phase I (TS Limdis), 29 August 1990, GWAPS, CHC-17-4)
Air Operations: The Saudi government issues blanket clearance for deploying and supporting aircraft through 10 September. (Msg (C), USDAO to 21 AFOC, subj: Blanket Dip Aircraft Clearance for Deployment, 291416Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #7 CATLO folder #22)
30 August 1990
C+23
Leaders: USCINCCENT issues General Order 1 to guide the actions of U.S. personnel in respect to Saudi Arabian religious and political sensitivities. (Msg (U), HQ SAC to AIG 668, subj: Desert Shield General Order GO-1 302359Z Aug 1990, IRIS 00888288)
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force has launched over 360 sorties in the past two days, concentrating on air-to-ground training and air-to-air patrols. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Ground Order of Battle: USARCENT and USMARCENT weapons in the AOR now include 84 attack helicopters, 169 TOW systems, 118 M1 and 82 M-60A1 tanks and 109 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: A Light-Table Mensuration System for precision measurements of imagery is installed at USCENTCOM REAR, at MacDill AFB, Florida, while four additional systems are set up for deployment to the AOR. Meanwhile, the Air Support Operations Center is being assembled at Dhahran. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 56)
Logistics: USCENTCOM is assessing the ability of host nations to meet its petroleum, oil and lubricants requirements during combat surge operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
COMUSCENTAF continues to place high priority on the distribution of Meal Ready to Eat (MRE) rations, and he requests B-rations to improve the diet of his troops. He also reports that five USCENTAF beddown locations have no wartime fuels surge capability due to equipment shorfalls. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 301800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Air Operations: The USAF C-130s in theater are being tasked at ninety-five percent of capacity to move high-priority cargo and passengers, such as munitions, rations and fuel trucks. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
31 August 1990
C+24
Air Order of Battle: The first two EC-130 Volant Solo aircraft arrive at King Fahd. Allied aircraft on 5-minute to 1-hour alerts include 105 day air-to-ground, 63 night air-to-ground, 24 day air-to-air, 20 night air-to-air and 7 B-52s. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Support Activities: CENTAF and CENTCOM develop a policy on requesting host nation support for immediate and future construction. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 301800Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #12)
Logistics: DOD authorizes USTRANSCOM to employ certified foreign air cargo aircraft in Desert Shield on a gratis basis. Additional Korean Air assets have been made available and certification of Kuwaiti aircraft continues. Germany grants blanket explosives clearance for Desert Shield missions. Total Desert Shield missions to date: 1,668. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS/CAT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #75)
In response to an Air Force Reserve Headquarters complaint, HQ USAF orders its major commands to “cease immediately” the unauthorized removal of chemical warfare defense equipment from reserve unit supply stocks. (Msg (U), HQ USAF to ALMAJCOM, subj: Unauthorized Withdrawal of CWDE Assets 241441Z Aug 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
Planning: USCINCCENT states his air operations priorities as (1) counterair, (2) interdiction, (3) close air support and (4) preparations for possible D-day operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
Air Operations: In the first Desert Shield Combat Search and Rescue mission, USSOCCENT launches an MH-53 on what proves to be a false alarm. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Aug 90, GWAPS, CSS #35)
1 September 1990
C+25
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that Iraqi ground forces in Kuwait continue to dig in, while retaining the ability to launch an attack within 18 to 24 hours of making the decision. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: The USS Blue Ridge arrives in the Arabian Gulf to provide command facilities for COMUSNAVCENT. In the later opinion of his Air Force Liaison Officer, COMUSNAVCENT's decision to locate his command at sea, coupled with the communications limitations of the Blue Ridge, significantly limited his ability to influence planning for the air campaign. (End of Tour Report, COMUSNAVCENT AFLO, 5 Mar 1991, IRIS 00888278)
Six EC-130 Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center (ABCCC) aircraft arrive at Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
The government of Greece approves basing of a SAC tanker force at Hellenikon Air Base, near Athens. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep 010530Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #87)
Support Activities: Combat Camera satellite links are established from Saudi Arabia to the Pentagon. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
AN/TRC-170 Tropo radios begin arriving in the AOR. Once all TRC-170 radios are in place, the in-theater communications “backbone” will be established and available for users. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 012123Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Logistics: The Saudi government is providing numerous national assets, bulk water, some fuels, about 25,000 meals per day, and numerous port, storage and military facilities at no cost. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
CINCSAC reports that 22 munitions support vehicles, stranded at Anderson AFB, Guam, are urgently needed at Diego Garcia, to unload over 5,000 bombs from the USS Kestrel when it docks between 10-14 September. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010530Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #87)
Planning: In order, USCINCCENT's air operations priorities are to (1) continue combat air patrols to protect airfields and AWACS and RIVET JOINT aircraft, (2) maintain aircraft in a ground alert posture to delay and attrit any Iraqi ground forces crossing into Saudi territory, (3) retain the capability to provide close air support for friendly troops in contact with the enemy, and (4) continue preparations for possible D-day operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
2 September 1990
C+26
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that Iraqi air activity decreased to only sixty-eight observed sorties today. Significantly, no defensive patrols have been flown for two days, indicating increased reliance on early warning systems and ground alert aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: The last planned F-111F, F-16, and A-10 squadrons arrive at, respectively, Taif, Al Minhad, and King Fahd Air Bases, Saudi Arabia, bringing in-theater forces to 32, 120 and 96 aircraft. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 57)
Ground Order of Battle: USMARCENT places all of his forces into a single Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTAF) - the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (1st MEF). After executing the first deployment of a Maritime Preposition Force brigade, the 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade is absorbed into the 1st MEF. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: The Joint Staff J-3 and USCENTCOM J-3 establish a KY-68 direct communications link. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Civil Engineers: The USCENTAF FWD Civil Engineer reports that aircraft are deploying to bases without adequate crash and rescue equipment. (Area of Operation Status Report, USCENTAF FWD/DE, 2 Sep 1990, p 12, IRIS 00887476/K178.9301)
Approximately six months after all Desert Shield forces close in the AOR, the USCENTAF FWD Civil Engineer intends to upgrade all facilities constructed during the deployment to temporary-construction standards. (History, USCENTAF/DE, “Operation Desert Shield C+60 - C+90: Commander's Journal,” IRIS 00887485/K178.9301-104)
The engineering services deployment priority is movement of the 823rd Red Horse Squadron to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 022032Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Logistics: USCINCCENT orders the deployment of 16 C-130s of the 130th Tactical Airlift Group to Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to USCINCEUR, subj: Deployment Order, 021950Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS 87)
Due to the critical shortage of sustainment airlift, USCENTAF reports that munitions, fuels equipment, fire protection, satellite communications and security force shortages render “marginal” his ability to sustain combat. Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
3 September 1990
C+27
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity continues at a low level. Although Iraqi forces in Kuwait retain the ability to go over to the attack in 12-24 hours, USCINCCENT does not see the artillery and logistics buildup that would precede a campaign of more than limited objectives. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Ground Order of Battle: US and Saudi Special Forces make initial contact and begin cross training in preparation for employment as combined special reconnaissance teams along the Saudi-Kuwait border in the Eastern Provincial Area Command. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Total U.S. military personnel in the AOR reached 104,304. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: A Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) van becomes operational at Riyadh. This system, along with Wraase satellite receivers and Rapid Deployment Imagery Terminals, receives imagery from US military and civilian satellite systems, as well as from the European Meteorological Satellite. Subsequently, US weather personnel and commanders found the data gathered from these systems is invaluable to support of such actions as target planning, redirecting sorties, ground movement planning, and for getting optimal effectiveness from night vision and night attack systems.
Logistics: USCINCCENT reports that load-out and mechanical difficulties of available shipping has delayed numerous closures and, consequently, his “high confidence defense date.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Eight KC-10s are used in the pure cargo role. Also, the last two reserve squadrons of C-5 aircrews are activated. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 040400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #75)
Planning: The Joint Department of Operational Planning (JDOP) working group finishes the final draft of the concept of operations for a combined defense. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Other Activities: The pilot of a US F-16C, downed by a reported engine fire, is recovered by a United Arab Emirates search and rescue helicopter. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 Jul 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 57)
4 September 1990
C+28
Leaders: CINCUSAFE (Gen Oaks) presents the "second front" concept (known as the "Charlie One Air Component" which had been developed by members of the 52 TFW in August, and called for a couple of days worth of airborne electronic combat operations operating out of Incirlik AB, Turkey to complicate Iraqi air defenses and divert enemy attention and resources should war come) to SACEUR (Gen Galvin) at the USEUCOM component commanders conference in Naples, It. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Intelligence: Iraqi Air Force low-level training flights appear to key their turn points on towers and other man-made objects to minimize their exposure to coalition interference. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that airlift shortfalls continue to stymie beddown activities. The shortage of R-9 refueling vehicles is reaching critical proportions as more aircraft arrive in country. The overall mission capable rate for USCENTAF aircraft is eighty-eight percent, with the only aircraft showing a trend being the F-117s, which are experiencing exhaust problems. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
While the general air munitions situation is improving, flares and chaff packages remain a limiting factor. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Operations: The first Kuwaiti Boeing 747 mission is flown in support of Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 050400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #75)
To test emergency dispersal procedures, AFSOCCENT sends four MC-130 and two EC-130s to Oman to remain over night in exercise Partial Flush. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Other Activities: US forces seize control of an Iraqi ship for the first time in support of the United Nations embargo against Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
5 September 1990
C+29
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force conducts three combat air patrols and night ground controlled intercept training. Approximately fifty percent of Iraqi sorties are devoted to transport activity. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Sep 91, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: The last planned F-4G “Wild Weasel” squadron arrives at Shaikh Isa with 12 aircraft, bringing the total of such aircraft in the theater to 36. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58)
Logistics: Summarizing the critical shortage of airlift cargo pallets and tie-down nets, an Air Staff expert reports that, although MAC ordered 240,000 pallets and 100,000 nets on 31 August, there remains a critical shortage of pallets and “immediate action by deployed units to expedite return of assets [is] required to prevent [the] issue from snowballing. (Point Paper, Major Whicker, HQ USAF-LRC, TRANSCELL, 5 Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
The growing theater airlift backlog prompts COMUSCENTAF to request 3-5 days of in-country strategic airlift augmentation to move munitions, vehicles, and bare base assets. Munitions supplies remain below 7-10 days of stocks. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 050800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
6 September 1990
C+30
Background Events: As Britain's Parliament meets in emergency session and issues overwhelming support for the Western military deployment in the Persian Gulf, a Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll shows strong American public support for American military defense of Saudi Arabia, the liberation of Kuwait and retaliation for any harm to American hostages.
Intelligence: The Iraqi Army digs deeper in Kuwait, while the Iraqi Air Force maintains a modest pace of operations (79 sorties noted), though it does resume limited combat air patrols. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: USCINCCENT reports that the USS Kennedy carrier battle group entered the AOR, bringing his fixed-wing combat air assets to 109 air-to-air, 243 air-to-ground, 227 dual-role, and 317 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Three EF-111s arrive at Taif and one E-3A AWACS arrives at Riyadh. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 062149Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Ground Order of Battle: The 24th Infantry Division completes the air movement portion of its deployment, while the French 6th Light Armor Brigade begins its deployment to the AOR. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58)
USCINCCENT reports that the arrivals of the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade and a special operations marine expeditionary unit add dimension to USCENTCOM's combat capabilities. Both units will remain afloat and prepared to conduct a full range of amphibious operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: The National Security Agency releases the first two editions of the Joint Communications Electronic Operations Instructions (JCEOI) for Desert Shield. It arrives in theater and will be distributed by 9 September. (Msg JCS to DIRNSA (C), subj: Joint CEOI for Operation Desert Shield, 051340Z Sep 90, GWAPS,CSS safe #7, CATLO folder 20; Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Medical: The Navy's 350-bed Fleet Hospital-5 sees its first patient at Al Jubayl. (Amy Graham, et al., Desert Storm Reconstruction Report, Volume XI: Medical, Center for Naval Analyses Report CRM 91-187, Alexandria, Virginia, October 1991, GWAPS, NA-273). NOTE: Up until this point, five USCENTAF air transportable hospitals (350 beds total) provided the only deployed US hospitalization facilities in the theater. (Lt Col Bob Furguson, “Operations Desert Shield and Storm: Air Force Medical Plans and Operations,” HQ USCENTAF/CXM, Shaw AFB, SC, 25 November 1991, pp 1 and 35, GWAPS, NA-529)
Civil Engineers: Clarifying theater construction priorities, USCENTCOM/J-4 directs “build at initial standards,” meaning that facilities will be constructed to austere standards, with a minimum of contract effort and for one to six months of expected use. (Msg (U), USCINCCENT/CCJ-4, subj: Policy and Planning Guidance for Theater Construction, 6 Sep 90)
At USCENTAF FWD request, all pending deployments of engineering and services personnel are halted. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 062149Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Logistics: Most USCENTAF support forces are in theater, but without the planned 30-day supplies of munitions and rations. The first munitions ship arrives in theater, and the Saudi government agrees to provide food, water, and transportation for US forces. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58)
In order, COMUSCENTAF's strategic airlift priorities are munitions, R-9 refueling trucks, Harvest Falcon equipment, communications equipment, and war readiness supply kits. He also reports that misdirected shipments and the slow movement (7-14 days) of MICAP (Mission Critical Aircraft Part) assets from the US and Europe are causing disruption and delays in his operations. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
MAC requests the activation of four additional C-141 Reserve squadrons to be in place by 10 September. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 070400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #75)
Planning: USCINCCENT plans to conduct small-scale electronic-combat exercises, along with increasingly realistic air-to-ground training operations in Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
7 September 1990
C+31
Intelligence: The Iraqis have established a 9-division defensive belt running from the northern shore of Kuwait Bay around to the northwestern corner of Kuwait, backed up by a counterattack force of two armor, one mechanized, and two infantry divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: The US government agrees to allow the Saudi government to purchase twenty-four F-15C/Ds, to be delivered in September-October. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58)
Ground Order of Battle: Two brigades of the 24th Infantry Division are now equipped and deployed in the field. Six of nine Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) have arrived in the AOR, enhancing the ability of the XVIII Abn Corps to strike deep targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Deployment of the 12th Aviation Brigade commences and the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade is "chopped" (change of operational command) to USCINCCENT. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58)
Support Activities: The first elements of the 602nd TAIRCW Computer Assisted Force Management System (CAFMS) arrives in theater. COMUSCENTAF plans to install CAFMS terminals at Jeddah New, Tabuk, Doha, Al Minhad, Seeb, Sharjah, Bateen, King Khalid, Riyadh, Al Ayn, and Masirah. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 070800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
USCINCCENT places electronic intelligence emphasis on locating and analyzing Iraqi radar emitters. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Medical: The 500-bed hospital ship, USS Comfort, anchors near Bahrain, augmenting not only Navy and Marine Corps medical capabilities, but the hospitalization capacity of the overall theater. (Amy Graham, et al., Desert Storm Reconstruction Report, Volume XI: Medical, Center for Naval Analyses Report CRM 91-187, Alexandria, Virginia, October 1991, GWAPS, NA-273).
Civil Engineers: The chief civil engineers for the Army, Navy and Air Force form a joint planning and support cell for Operation Desert Shield, to minimize duplication and delay in providing engineering support during the crisis. (Msg (C) Joint Staff to USCINCCENT/CCJ-4-7, subj: Desert Shield Joint Engineering Planning and Support Cell, 170517Z Sep 90, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Logistics: USCINCCENT reports that stockages of critical air-to-air and “tank killer” munitions still fall below the goal of establishing a adequate supply for CENTAF. Supply levels for Maverick missiles (AGM-65B/D) are less than 20 percent desired, while some cluster munitions are present at less than 10 percent of the goal. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Reporting on the status of bare base assets being used in support of Desert Shield, an Air Staff expert reports that 82 percent of all required Harvest Falcon assets are on hand. Of those, 4 percent were on three pre-positioning ships currently unloading in the AOR, 36 percent were on land in theater, and 60 percent remained in the CONUS, awaiting air or sea lift. The Harvest Falcon package was designed to provide the munitions, supplies and equipment required to support a 55,000-person, 750-aircraft, 37-squadron air force in a contingency theater. A current problem, the expert reported, was that the CONUS-stored materiel was not packaged in unit sets and “squadron set integrity was ignored and items were sent where the requirements existed.” (Background Paper on Desert Shield Bare Base Assets Status, Lt Col Fisher, AF/LEYX, 7 Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
Planning: USCINCCENT updates Operations Order 003, but there are no major changes in USCENTCOM strategy or mission assignments. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to Service Components, subj: Annex C to USCINCCENT OPORD 003 for Operation Desert Shield 071650Z Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-523)
8 September 1990
C+32
Background Events: Secretary of State James A. Baker completes three days of talks with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Saudi King Fahd. All agree there will be no negotiations with Iraq until its troops withdraw from Kuwait.
Air Order of Battle: Four AC-130 gunships arrive at King Fahd Airport, Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 082300Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
The arrival of the last two planned C-130 squadrons at Sharjah and Al Ain air bases brings the total in-theater fleet to 96. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 58; Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 080800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Logistics: As base populations increase, COMUSCENTAF encourages efforts to limit deploying personnel. The lack of outsized cargo-capable theater airlift aircraft forces surface movement of critical equipment. However, customs clearance at the Saudi-United Arab Emirates border brings vehicle movement to a standstill, leaving R-9 refuelers, vacuum sweepers, and P-13 fire fighting equipment on flatbed trucks at the border unable to move. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 080800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Air Operations: USCENTAF begins an integrated-package flying training program. Missions consist of packages of air-to-ground, air-to-air, and adversary aircraft [sic]. Initial packages are single-service, but plans are made to progress to multi-service and multi-national scenarios. Meanwhile, RF-4Cs begin flying long-range optical reconnaissance missions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Other Activities: COMUSCENTAF is designated the search and rescue (SAR) coordinator for the AOR. (Msg (S), USCENTAF FWD/JRCC to AFRCC, subj: Sitrep, 091200Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #24)
9 September 1990
C+33
Background Events: In Helsinki, Finland, President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev issue a joint pledge to act “individually and in concert” to reverse Iraq's conquest of Kuwait, even if that can not be accomplished by peaceful means.
Intelligence: Iraqi ground units in Kuwait remain in a defensive posture, and their air force continues to operate at reduced levels. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Security: USCINCCENT tasks USARCENT to “provide forces for air base ground defense operations outside the designated base or installation boundaries of other component/supporting commands.” COMUSCENTAF is responsible for defending his bases within their designated boundaries, but should “be prepared to receive OPCON [Operational Control] of selected forces from other components to counter [larger threats].” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to Service Components, subj: OPORD 003, 090651Z Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
Planning: COMUSCENTAF plans a 6-day theater airlift effort to move mal-positioned munitions to operating bases. However, theater airlift operations remain hampered by the lack of oversize cargo-capable aircraft and a shortage of 463L air cargo pallets, tie down chains and chain tensioners. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 090800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Air Operations: U-2, TR-1, RF-4, and RSAF RF-5 aircraft fly reconnaissance missions along the Saudi-Kuwait border. Electronic combat assets (EF-111, F-4G, EC-130, and EA-6B) practice threat suppression profiles and communications. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
USCINCSAC reports that, between 20 August and 6 September, SAC B-52s flew 16 training sorties over Saudi Arabia and 11 at Diego Garcia. The command is awaiting basing approval to increase theater B-52 strength to 28. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 090400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #87)
10 September 1990
C+33
Background Events: Iran and Iraq announce plans to resume diplomatic relations, and Saddam Hussein offers free oil to Third World nations that can arrange shipping to Iraq.
Support Activities: Imminent danger/hostile fire pay is made retroactive to 1 August 1990 for US service personnel in the AOR. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 59)
Logistics: USCINCCENT reports that 10,000 cases of USCENTAF Meals Ready to Eat (MRE) rations are being “cross-leveled” to USARCENT, and that USCENTAF's critical air munitions shortages are AGM-65, AGM-88, CBU-87/89s. Mavericks (AGM-65s) remain at less than 25 percent of desired 7-day stockage levels. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
COMUSCENTAF reports that shortages of F-15 fuel tanks are a limiting factor in their operations. He also identifies continued transport, communications, war-readiness spares kit limitations, along with overworked 750Kw generators, as key problems. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
11 September 1990
C+35
Background Events: President Bush tells a joint session of Congress, “We will not let this aggression stand,” and reiterates four policy objectives: (1) the complete, immediate and unconditional Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, (2) restoration of Kuwait's legitimate government, (3) assurance of security and stability in the Persian Gulf, and (4) protection of American citizens abroad.
Leaders: CSAF, General Michael J. Dugan, visits USCENTCOM FWD. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT revises his estimate of Iraqi strength. He now believes that 11 divisions are committed in Kuwait, with 5 more divisions in reinforcement. These 16 divisions are assessed as capable of offensive operations within 12 to 24 hours after receiving orders. Meanwhile, Iraq redeploys SA-6 surface-to-air missile batteries from central Kuwait to southern Iraq, suggesting a growing emphasis on protection of the Iraqi border. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Ground Order of Battle: The deployment of the 1st Cavalry Division begins. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 59)
Support Activities: Key elements of the 726th Tactical Control Squadron's Control and Reporting Center (CRC) depart Homestead AFB, Florida, on board six C-141s. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 110009Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that, as expected, the desert environment is causing additional aircraft maintenance problems: sand ingestion is burning F-15 turbine blades and combustors, and blowing sand abrades the windows of Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) equipment. Meanwhile, twenty 3,000 pound capacity ice machines are distributed to USCENTAF field kitchens and air transportable hospitals. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0110800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
USCENTAF REAR requests air movement priority, vice sealift, for thirty USCENTAF tactical field laundries, and reports all backlogged rations have been shipped to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to AIG 7972, subj: Sitrep, 110009Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #22)
Planning: As the flow of deploying combat aircraft slows, USCINCCENT places additional emphasis on establishing munitions sustainability, refueling capacity, and communications support at the operating bases. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Operations: MAC begins operations into King Khalid Military City to deliver forces as close as possible to their beddown location. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 120400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #75)
12 September 1990
C+36
Intelligence: USCINCCENT now reports Iraqi ground forces in Kuwait probably include 10 deployed and 7 reinforcing divisions, capable of launching an offensive within 12 to 24 hours of receiving orders. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 121115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Leaders: CJCS, General Colin Powell visits the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: Five Patriot SAM batteries are now deployed in the theater, along with thirty-two PAC II missiles capable of defeating Iraqi Scuds. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 121115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
With the arrival of the last of 5 AC-130 “Gun Ships” at King Fahd Airport, all Phase I combat aircraft are closed in-theater. Current strength includes 962 fixed wing (600 combat) and approximately 1100 rotary wing aircraft. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 59)
Ground Order of Battle: The air movement phase of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade's deployment is complete. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 59)
USSOCCENT FWD is established at King Khalid Military City. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: USCENTAF coordinates Tactical Field Exchange (TFE) requirements and site priorities with HQ Army-Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES)-Europe. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0120800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Civil Engineers: 750Kw generators continue to break down at a high rate. USCENTAF requests five transformers from RAF Mildenhall, England to connect the King Fahd Airport tent city to commercial power. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0120800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Logistics: Assessing that “we're bedded down and working sustainment of combat air operations,” COMUSCENTAF reports his logistic priorities as, in order: munitions, R-9 refuelers, Harvest Falcon equipment, communications, sustainment supplies and War Readiness Spares Kits. BLU-109s for F-111Fs are added to the munitions shortfall. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0120800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Advising CSAF that Desert Shield reaffirmed the value of a strong airlift infrastructure in Europe, CINCMAC reports that “we would have an extremely difficult time doing Desert Shield without Rhein Main and Torrejon Air Bases.” (Msg (U), CINCMAC to CSAF, subj: Lessons Learned from Desert Shield, 122230Z Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
To expedite the return flow of airlift cargo pallets and tie-down nets, HQ USAF instructs USCENTAF to establish a procedure “which relieves custodians from accountability for deployed pallets and nets.” (Msg (U), HQ USAF to USCENTAF, subj: Pallets and Nets, 122149Z Sep 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
Air Operations: USCENTAF training emphasizes the creation and operation of large force packages. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 121115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
13 September 1990
C+37
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity continues to be moderate, at around 80 sorties per day. Nearly one-half of the transport flights into Kuwait are landing at Kuwait International Airport. Republican Guard units deployed immediately north of the Kuwaiti border are not maintaining a high state of readiness, increasing USCINCCENT's estimate of the time required for Iraq to mount an offensive. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: The Armed Forces Radio and Television Service begins broadcasts in the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Civil Engineers: USCENTAF deploys a power production team to Thumrait, Oman to conduct depot-level maintenance of bare base electrical generators and power distribution systems. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Force PRIME BEEF teams, together with Navy SEABEES are working to identify construction requirements with initial focus on connecting tent cities to commercial utilities, and constructing aircraft barriers and munitions storage areas. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 01308000 Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Logistics: Officials of the Saudi Arabian Marketing and Refining Company assure USCENTCOM planners that they can produce and provide all coalition wartime fuel requirements in Saudi Arabia. USCINCCENT asks Oman and Bahrain for similar assurances. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Based on his observations during an 11-14 September trip to the AOR, the HQ USAF DCS/Logistics and Engineering, Lt Gen Henry Viccellio Jr., reports that the slow return of airlift pallets and tie-down nets from the AOR was due in part to CENTAF's unawareness of the problem, the usefulness of the pallets for non-airlift purposes, the accountability of the pallets (which leads users to consider them as their assets), and the fact that “MAC aircraft refuse to accept ad hoc retrograde.” A staff officer determines this last factor as probably the consequence of an isolated incident, and he reports efforts have been underway to alleviate the pallet shortage since 21 August. (Point Papers, “Status of Pallets and Nets,” Maj Whicker, USAF-LRC-TRANSCELL, 17 Sep and 2 Oct 90, GWAPS, NA-529)
Supply and spare parts shortages reduce F-117 flying by twenty percent, while the scarcity of cargo chains and tie-down devices delays munitions movements at several bases. Along with several critical aircraft parts and systems, USCENTAF requests priority air movement of dry chemical and Halon fire fighting agents from Europe. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0130800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Air Operations: The Government of Egypt approves the beddown of SAC air refueling aircraft at Cairo West AB, Egypt. (Msg (S), USOMC Cairo to USCENTAF FWD, subj: Sitrep, 131544Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #192)
Planning: USCENTAF 's priorities for countering an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia are (1) counterair, (2) close air support, and (3) interdiction. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
14 September 1990
C+38
Background Events: The UK announces that it will send armored units to support the Coalition.
Intelligence: USCINCCENT now estimates that 10 deployed and 8 reinforcing Iraqi divisions in or near Kuwait could launch an offensive within 36 to 48 hours of a decision to do so, though he believes this is their least likely course of action. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Order of Battle: All AFSOCCENT subordinate units are in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Ground Order of Battle: The 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade closes in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Support Activities: In some further observations from his 11-14 September trip to the AOR, Lt Gen Henry Viccellio Jr., reports that “few units thought to bring contracting agents and paying agents. Result: lots of needs, lots of goods/services available, but no way to get at them.” General Viccellio noted a suggestion that USCENTAF “surrender” its field laundries to USARCENT (”NO, NO, NO,”- Viccellio) and maintenance problems with USCENTAF field kitchens, 750 Kw generators, and Harvest Falcon assets. He also suggested that USCENTAF look at British techniques for expeditiously “entrenching” munitions for protection. (Notes, Lt Gen Henry Viccellio Jr., GWAPS, NA-529)
In order, COMUSCENTAF's logistics priorities change to, munitions, resupply/War Readiness Spares Kits (WRSK), F-15 external tanks, R-9 refueling vehicles, and Harvest Falcon assets. 536 F-15 external fuel tanks are needed to meet a 45-day requirement, and the command is establishing the Pacer Camel program to expedite spare engine shipments. GBU-24's at Taif are rendered inoperable by bursting nitrogen bottles. The PRIME FARE program has moved one million Meals Ready to Eat (MRE) to forward sites. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 0140800Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Planning: USCINCCENT reports a “positive and constructive,” three-day fire-support conference with the Saudi Northern Area Command (NAC) and the Eastern Area Command (EAC). Issues discussed were US and Saudi fire-support plans (emphasizing simplicity, mutual support, and feasibility); close air support; airborne command, control, and communication; naval gunfire; and airspace coordination. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Air Operations: USCENTAF conducts close air support and tactical air control system exercises, while USSOCCENT trains Royal Saudi Air Force pilots as forward air controllers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
CINCSAC reports that, of twenty B-52s at Diego Garcia, 14 are on alert loaded with CBU or M-117 bombs. The command has 186 tankers committed to Desert Shield (94 in theater, 13 in the Pacific, and 79 in Europe or the Atlantic), and 47 more in reserve. Also, SAC reconnaissance assets have flown 74 sorties/892 hours (RC-135), 32 sorties/251 hours (U-2), and 15 sorties/117 hours (TR-1). (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 140400Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #87)
15 September 1990
C+39
Air Order of Battle: The USS Kennedy Carrier Battle Group changes to the operational control of USCINCCENT. Total fixed wing aircraft in theater now total 1,043. (Headquarters United States Central Command, “After Action Report” (S/NF), 15 July 1991, GWAPS, NA-9, p 60)
Ground Order of Battle: Total USCENTCOM personnel strength in the AOR reaches 157,281. Major ground weapons include 117 attack helicopters, 589 TOW systems, 385 tanks, 276 artillery pieces and 38 multiple launch rocket systems. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
France announces it will deploy a regiment of the 6th Light Armored Division, a helicopter regiment, and some tactical aircraft to the theater -approximately 4,000 personnel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
All planned USMARCENT forces have arrived in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #34)
Logistics: To enhance intratheater air cargo movement within the AOR, USCENTCOM's Joint Movements Center approves a daily schedule of so-called “Camel” missions. USCENTAF airlift operations are otherwise hampered by a combined shortfall of 258 10,000lb (10K) and 13,000 pound capacity (13K) forklifts. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 150800 Sep 90, GWAPS, CSS #11)
Planning: USAF Chief of Staff, Gen. Michael Dugan tells reporters during a regional tour that air power (including a bombing campaign against Iraq), is the only effective option to expel Iraq from Kuwait. He suggests that Marine and Army ground forces could be used for diversions, flanking attacks and to block an Iraqi counterstrike on Saudi Arabia, and that ground forces IBC
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4DNovember 21, 1995 one thousand tons of sustainment cargo being airlifted. Submission of small unit movement requirements in the Defense Transportation System formats results in increased intransit visibility and permits more effective scheduling of lift. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 020400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
2 October 1990
C+56
Background Events: The U.S. Senate votes 96 to 3 in support of President Bush's actions in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. General Powell and Chief of the Soviet General Staff General Mikhail Moiseyev publicly state that economic sanctions against Iraq are working, and no force should be used in the Persian Gulf unless approved by the UN.
Air Order of Battle: The aircraft carrier USS Independence arrives in the Persian Gulf, representing only the second time that a carrier battle group has passed through the Straits of Hormuz (The USS Constellation did so in 1974). (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Oct 90 and 052115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Medical: Ten Air Transportable Hospitals (500 beds total) are operational. (Lt Col Robert Furgeson, “Operations Desert Shield and Storm: Air Force Medical Plans and Operations,” HQ USCENTAF/CXM, 25 Nov 1991, Sup Doc #3, GWAPS, NA-529)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF reports that his staff is working with the Battle Staff to locate technical data on Harvest Falcon bare-base assets. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 020800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: In addition to official sources of host-nation support, CENTCOM civilian contract awards in support of Desert Shield is estimated now to have reached $499 million. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
COMUSCENTAF requests airlift for 400 camouflage nets and poles to provide shade for sensitive missile systems. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 020800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: Combined package training missions include eight F-16s, four F-4Gs, and two Saudi Tornados; twelve F16s, four F-4Gs, and eight UK Jaguars; six F-16s, four F-4Gs, and four UK Jaguars; and, four F-4Gs, two EF111s, four F-111, and two Saudi Tornados. In addition, A-10s, F-16s, and airborne C3 aircraft conduct a large scale CAS exercise. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
3 October 1990
C+57
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports Iraqi air activity at an above-average level -- 127 sorties. At least four MiG-23/Floggers perform combat maneuvers out of Qasr Amij South dispersal airfield, which is the first noted activity out of this airfield and reflects an ongoing Iraqi effort to disperse their air assets. Intelligence now estimates a total of 22 divisions in the KTO: 12 committed and 10 reinforcing. The previous estimate of 24 divisions probably included two that were double-counted. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Planning: Combined planning efforts result in general agreement on the deployment of coalition ground units to exploit their specific advantages, such as the French armored brigade's reconnaissance and counterattack capabilities, and to minimize the possibility of fratricide, such as placing the Eastern Bloc-equipped Syrian divisions on the extreme left flank. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: The Republic of Korea pledges 30 million dollars for transportation support of Desert Shield, including two Boeing 747 airlift missions per week and one ship per month. The daily C-141 mission delivering U-2 fuel will be reduced in frequency now that maximum AOR storage capacity has been approached. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 030400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
Three of ten KC-10s in a cargo-only role are returned to SAC and two additional will be returned on 5 Oct. Evergreen Airlines, chartered by Japan, carried vehicle parts, medical supplies, and aircraft parts among the cargo of its first three flights. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 040400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
4 October 1990
C+58
Background Events: Pentagon officials disclose that Iraq has developed a fuel-air explosive, whose blast effect is similar to a small nuclear weapon and is particularly effective against air bases, oil fields, troops in the open, fuel depots, ammunition dumps and radar vans. However, a Pentagon official states there is no clear evidence Iraq is capable of mounting such devices on missiles.
Planning: USCINCCENT, all CENTCOM component commanders, and major ground commanders conduct an extensive and “successful” map exercise to analyze defensive operations, plans and intentions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: CENTCOM conducts a D-day-type air tasking coordination exercise. Packages contain eight F-16s, four F-4Gs, two EF-111s, and four Saudi F-15s; twelve F/A-18s; and a CAS exercise consists of thirty-four A-10s, two AC-130s, one MC-130, five OV-10s, ten F/A-18s, and fourteen AV-8s. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
5 October 1990
C+59
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity reaches 117 sorties, mainly devoted to navigation and ground attack training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF's top priorities are munitions, war readiness spares kits, forklifts, Harvest Falcon assets, fire operations and rescue equipment. Other ongoing concerns include building up the supply of operationally ready drop tanks, erecting aircraft arresting systems at several bases, and repairing field laundry equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 050800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Other Activities: HQ SAC coordinates with 8AF, 15AF, and the STRATFOR on a rotation policy. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 060400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #86)
6 October 1990
C+60
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity (127 sorties) focuses on navigation, ground attack, and ground controlled intercept training. One Iraqi reconnaissance flight crosses over the Saudi border for approximately two minutes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Ground Order of Battle: The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) closes in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Civil Engineers: A PRIME BEEF team begins erecting the tent city at King Khalid Air Base. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 070800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: In addition to previously stated logistics priorities, COMUSCENTAF requests movement of all available AGM-88 High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARMs) to the theater, along with several thousand cargo tie-down chains, straps and devices to support intra-theater munitions shipments. Also, battle dress utility (BDU) uniforms are wearing out faster than anticipated. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 060800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: USTRANSCOM states that incomplete, inaccurate, or missing cargo documentation continues to impede cargo movement into and out of the AOR. They are currently evaluating a German offer of material handling equipment, cargo pallets, and C-160 airlift to support the European operations in support of Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 070400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
Air Operations: Packages flown in training exercises include ten F-16s, four F-4Gs, and four F-15s; fourteen F-16s, four F-4Gs, two EF-111s, two F/A-18s, four Saudi F-15s, and three UK Tornados; and six F-16s, four F-4Gs, and four F-15s. Three B-52 night sorties with F-4G support are also planned. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
7 October 1990
C+61
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity averages 112 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Operations: Strike training continues, including the following packages: forty F-16s, four F-15s, and four F-4Gs; six F-16s, four F-4Gs, and four UK Tornados; and sixteen F-16s, four F-4Gs, and six Saudi Tornados. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
1,186 tons of sustainment cargo airlifted today sets a new record. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 080400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
8 October 1990
C+62
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF notes that some strategic airlift cargo shipments marked for Riyadh are going to Dhahran instead, increasing the burden on intheater units and intratheater airlift. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 080800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: Coalition forces fly additional fighter combat air patrols in the western and central Iraqi-Saudi border regions in response to recent Iraqi reconnaissance and fighter activity in the area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
A 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron RF-4C crashes with the loss of both crew members. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
9 October 1990
C+63
Background Events: Saddam Hussein announces that, in the event of war, he will attack Saudi Arabia and Israel with long-range missiles. (New York Times, 10 October, p A11)
Meanwhile, with mass executions of civilians reported from Kuwait, President Bush warns Iraq that his patience is “wearing very thin.” (Los Angeles Times, 10 October, p 10)
Ground Order of Battle: The Egyptian 3rd Armored Division closes in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Civil Engineers: The USCENTAF Engineer's top priorities are force beddown and support, transition from tentage to temporary facilities, with current emphasis on connecting operating locations to commercial utilities and constructing munitions and fuels storage facilities. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that local United Arab Emirate restrictions oblige his command to move parts and equipment either by airlift or contract linehaul, rather than in its own vehicles with military drivers. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Field laundry technical orders arrive, as USCENTAF engineers continue to assess spare parts shortfalls for tactical field laundries. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 100800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
10 October 1990
C+64
Ground Order of Battle: There are now 200,079 USCENTCOM personnel in the AOR, including 32,333 assigned to CENTAF. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: Since his command now has a seven-day stock of all but three types of munitions, COMUSCENTAF realigns his priorities to resupply and war readiness spares, Harvest Falcon equipment, fire operations and rescue equipment, munitions, and forklifts, in that order. Once three munitions ships, currently in the AOR, are unloaded, he expects to have a thirty-day supply of most munitions and will take them off of his priority list. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 100800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
COMUSCENTAF also reports that over twenty percent of all MICAP (Mission Critical Aircraft Parts) orders are over twelve days old. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 100800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: Among several coalition air strike training packages flown, one includes eight F-16s, four F-15s, four F-4Gs, four EF-111s and, for the first time, four Canadian CF-18s. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
An F-111F crashes at 100238Z with the loss of both crewmen. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 100800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
COMUSCENTAF cancels all CENTAF flying after 0900Z and later restricts subsequent low-level flying training operations to no lower than 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) (500' AGL for B-52s on established training routes), air-to-air training to no lower than 5,000' AGL, and prohibits “practice 'gun jinking' from simulated air-to-air or surface-to-air threats.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 110800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
USCENTAF wing commanders use the no-fly period to conduct safety meetings. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
11 October 1990
C+65
Background Events: More than 300 U.S. citizens and a few other refugees leave Iraq on a flight to London. (The Philadelphia Inquirer, 11 October 90, p 4)
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force maintains a high level of air activity (148 sorties), though the majority of these flights are for routine training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Civil Engineers: COMUSCENTAF reports that the “Japanese government has agreed to purchase two K-Span machines and enough compatible steel to erect eight 10,000-SF [square foot, ed.] facilities for USCENTAF . . . [by] end of Oct.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 110800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: The coalition combined planning staff completes the second draft plan for the defense of Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: CENTAF flies a reduced schedule to allow time for meetings emphasizing safety and training awareness. Meanwhile, CENTAF reports its aircraft have an eighty-nine percent mission-capable rate. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
12 October 1990
C+66
Intelligence: USCINCCENT attributes the sudden drop in the Iraqi Air Force's sortie count to fifty-two, the lowest this month, to maintenance requirements, crew rest, and the observance of the Islamic holy day (Friday). (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Order of Battle: A second U-2 arrives at Taif. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 0140400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #86)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF requests airlift of sixty-five 150-lb fire extinguishers for flightline fire protection at Thumrait, Oman. Other fire operations/crash rescue equipment shortfalls are being assessed. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 120800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: Work continues on the airlift of sixteen British Puma helicopters, personnel, and support equipment under the US/UK cooperative military agreement. Also, coordination with CENTCOM, the Services, DLA, and SAC continues on a concept of operations to provide a premium airlift service, called Desert Express, for highest priority critical repair parts for Desert Shield units. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 130400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
HQ USAFE initiates a study to determine if they can support the deployment of a number of aircraft to Turkey. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Air Operations: A Pan Am 747 with 277 repatriated (from Iraq/Kuwait) Americans arrives at Raleigh-Durham NC from London. A total of 2,103 repatriated personnel have been airlifted to the US to date. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 130400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
COMUSCENTAF meets with flying wing commanders to discuss the lessons learned and results of their 10 October safety dialogs, and to make it clear that “we must do 'whatever is necessary' to stop accidents.” (COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
13 October 1990
C+67
Intelligence: Flying 130 sorties today, the Iraqi Air Force is operating back up to “normal” levels. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Civil Engineers: The tent city at King Khalid Air Base is now complete, except for one Harvest Falcon latrine. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reduces request for forklifts, to augment prepositioned stocks, from 180 to 104. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
There are now 503 backlogged MICAP (Mission Critical Aircraft Part) orders. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: USTRANSCOM works on long-range planning for aeromedical evacuation in the event of hostilities. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 140400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
Based on expected positive response from the Turkish government to retain aircraft at Incirlik upon completion of NATO exercise Display Determination, USAFE postpones actions to redeploy twenty-four F-16s and fourteen F-111Es. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 130703Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #49)
14 October 1990
C+68
Background Events: Iraq and Iran reestablish diplomatic relations after a ten-year hiatus following the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War.
Air Order of Battle: USCINCCENT reports that allied air combat forces include more than 830 fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, and more than 1,150 support aircraft. The United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Italy add more than 150 combat and support aircraft which are included in the air tasking order. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: The levels of air munitions available in the theater exceed the seven-day surge requirement, and nearly sixty percent of the required weapons types meet or exceeded thirty-day operational requirements. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: Continuous AWACS and RC-135 RIVET JOINT reconnaissance flights and combined combat air patrols are being flown. Combat air training has progressed from small single-unit missions to large multinational strike packages, with opposition air, escort fighters, early warning aircraft, and Wild Weasel support. CAS exercises are expanded to include all echelons required for coordination. These complex exercises span 12- to 14-hour time periods and maintain four to eight aircraft in the target area throughout. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
The initial deployment of KC-135As into King Khalid begins with the arrival of the first five of forty scheduled. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 0150400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #86)
15 October 1990
C+69
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 110 air-to-air, 286 air-to-ground, and 210 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 410 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Ground Order of Battle: Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 261 attack helicopters, 668 support helicopters, 559 main battle tanks, 456 artillery pieces, 48 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 9 Army Tactical Missile Systems. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF requests a secure hotline between USCENTAF Logistics Readiness Center and its USAFE counterpart. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 150800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
COMUSCENTAF coordinates Thanksgiving meal requirements with ARCENT and meets with Service representatives to discuss Army-Air Force exchange requirements. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 160800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: With an adequate stockage of most munitions items in theater, COMUSCENTAF's logistics top priorities are now, in order: resupply and WRSK kits, mortuary affairs and morgue equipment, Harvest Falcon assets, forklifts, and fire operations and crash rescue equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 150800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: USCINCCENT anticipates rotating troops serving in a “austere and harsh combat environment” on a 6-to-8 month cycle, while troops not living under such conditions will rotate in and out of the theater on a 12-month cycle, and “certain essential and key commanders and staff may remain indefinitely.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Desert Shield Theater Rotation Policy, 151800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, NA-523)
16 October 1990
C+70
Intelligence: Iraqi air assets fly 173 sorties, the highest level since 30 August, with emphasis placed on air combat maneuvers (ACM). (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Ground Order of Battle: While British 7th Armored Brigade advanced-party personnel continue preparations to incorporate their unit into the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, British troops begin to arrive by air to receive their unit equipment from ships already underway from Germany. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF believes that continued delays in shipping MICAP parts reinforces the need for early implementation of both a CONUS and a European “Desert Express.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 160800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
17 October 1990
C+71
Air Order of Battle: As USCENTCOM moves towards its goal of fielding eight Patriot SAM batteries in the AOR, procedures are developed in conjunction with USSPACECOM and associated intelligence organizations to employ these missiles in the Theater Anti-Ballistic Missile mode. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Ground Order of Battle: French forces close at Hafar Al Batin. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Civil Engineers: In a briefing to the Secretary of the Air Force, the USCENTAF Civil Engineer emphasizes that the success of the Desert Shield deployment hinged to a great degree on prepositioned Harvest Falcon assets and trained personnel. (Operation Desert Shield Unit History C+60-C+90, USCENTAF FWD/DE, IRIS 00887485/K178.9301-104)
Planning: Coalition planners are realigning the boundaries and defense sectors in the NAC and EAC to accommodate objective defense force employments in the draft Combined Operation Plan. The NAC forward edge of the battle area is moved 15 to 20 km south of the location specified in the plan to allow more time for the air interdiction campaign to attrit enemy forces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
18 October 1990
C+72
Background Events: The United Nations Secretary General announces that military action to free Kuwait would be legitimate if sanctions fail to induce Iraq to withdraw.
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF reports shortages of air purifier filters for fire fighter's masks and continued problems with field laundries. Meanwhile, three mini-morgues arrive for distribution to Al Dhafra and Cairo West. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 180800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Ground Order of Battle: All 1st Cavalry Division personnel are in the theater, and their equipment continues to arrive by sea. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: Charleston AFB is designated as the primary aerial port of embarkation for Desert Express. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
19 October 1990
C+73
Background Events: The United States announces a plan to ship 836 tanks from Europe to the Gulf: 616 M-1A1s to U.S. forces, 43 M60A3s to Oman, 27 M-60A3s to Bahrain, and 160 M-60A3s to Saudi Arabia.
Air Order of Battle: CINCFOR notes that one of the two active-component Air Support Operations Centers in the CONUS is already deployed in support of the 18th Airborne Corps in Southwest Asia. (Msg (S), CINCFOR to Dept of the Army, subj: ASOC Alignment to I Corps, 191940Z Oct 90, GWAPS, 523)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF assess the chemical decontamination capabilities at “high threat” areas as “good,” while lower threat sites generally have “fair” capabilities or better. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 190800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
The USCENTAF Tactical Air Control Center requires deployment of a communications van to provide added computer-aided force management system (CAFMS) connectivity and to make up for long-term equipment malfunctions. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 190800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: After a four-day reconnaissance of the area along the Saudi-Kuwait border and southward towards Riyadh, a U.S.-Saudi team reports that the terrain immediately south of the border has no obstructions, and there is little defensible terrain north of Riyadh. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
In enumerating high-technology programs that could satisfy USCENTCOM operational mission requirements, the Joint Staff passes over the E-8 JSTARS aircraft with minimal comment, apparently accepting the conclusion of an 031713Z Sep 90 USCINCCENT message that stated “Desert Shield is not suitable in time or place for introduction of Joint STARS.” (Msg (S), Joint Staff to USCINCCENT, subj: High Leverage Technology Support to Operation Desert Shield, 192205Z Oct 90, GWAPS, NA-523)
Air Operations: USTRANSCOM states that abuse of 9BE 999 priority designator continues to hamper efforts to ensure that critical items receive the highest priority. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 200400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
Major Operations: As of 17 Oct, Defense Mapping Agency had distributed 12,716,785 products as follows: Topographic maps of Iraq and Saudi Arabia - 8,343,914 copies; Aeronautical maps - 2,530,678 copies; Hydrographic maps - 295,758 copies. The DMA Desert Shield production plan for completion of all outstanding requirements will be complete 24 Oct. The Deputy Director of DMA informs Deputy CINCCENT that the airlift of maps was "over the hump." (Msg (S), HQ DMA to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 192050Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #192)
20 October 1990
C+74
Intelligence: USCINCCENT now estimates that twenty-five Iraqi divisions are in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations, including fourteen committed and eleven reinforcing. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports the “jungle boot currently in use is not suitable in this environment . . . request alternative avenues of supply be explored . . . to get desert boots to the troops.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 200800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
21 October 1990
C+75
Support Activities: Fifteen more morgue sets arrive in theater. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 220800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Civil Engineers: An entire PRIME BEEF unit arrives in theater without its tool boxes, hampering its efforts to repair malfunctioning generators at King Khalid tent city. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 220800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: Implementation procedures for Desert Express are published. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 220400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
22 October 1990
C+76
Background Events: Administration sources claim that, after 12 weeks of apparently ineffective diplomacy and economic embargo against the intransient Iraqi regime, U.S. policy makers are gradually “building up” toward an ultimatum backed by a threat of force. (Washington Times, 22 October, p 8)
Intelligence: In decreasing order of probability, USCINCCENT now estimates Iraq's options as defend, reinforce, withdraw, and attack. In addition, the American Embassy in Baghdad believes Saddam Hussein could be preparing for a partial withdrawal from Kuwait, perhaps to force a coalition concession on the Palestinian issue. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Planning: The CJCS reaffirms that all USAF tactical air forces deployed to USCENTCOM will be under the Operational Control of USCINCCENT, as will all SAC B-52s and appropriate USTRANSCOM airlift personnel and assets. Strategic Air Command KC-135s and strategic reconnaissance forces operating in the AOR will operate under USCINCCENT Tactical Control, while remaining OPCON to CINCSAC. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Operation Desert Shield Command Relationships, 222335Z Oct 90 & SECDEF, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Final Report to Congress (U), Apr 92, GWAPS NA-252, p 547)
23 October 1990
C+77
Ground Order of Battle: The 1st Cavalry Division, including the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Armored Division, closes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Support Activities: With immediate USCENTAF morgue requirements filled, COMUSCENTAF requests that the remaining 46 morgues for his command be shipped “as transport is available.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 230800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: After several days of highlighting the need for perimeter defense materials, COMUSCENTAF requests priority airlift for a “C-5 load of concertina wire to the AOR for base perimeter security needs and munitions storage security.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 230800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Planning: After identifying several “potentially serious” problems in coalition air defense coordination and operational arrangements, USCINCCENT reports that “we are working to resolve these critical problems to ensure the proper balance between defending against enemy air threats and preventing fratricide among friendly forces.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: CENTAF conducts a large-scale, joint CAS exercise in northeast Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
24 October 1990
C+78
Background Events: As the CIA determines that economic sanctions are having little effect on the Iraqi military, Secretary of Defense Cheney announces that more U. S. combat troops will be sent to the Persian Gulf.
Intelligence: At ninety sorties, Iraqi air activity is lower than average, but it is highlighted by the reappearance of defensive patrol activity. CENTCOM intelligence now estimates that the Iraqi's have committed fifteen divisions to the KTO, with eleven more in reinforcing positions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that the percentage of MICAP shipments overdue from the CONUS and from Europe, has decreased from twenty percent to thirteen percent in the past week. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 240800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Order of Battle: Four of eight Patriot SAM batteries deployed in the theater are inoperative for radar repairs. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: The thirty-six hour INITIAL HACK exercise begins. Coalition air forces will practice pre- and post-strike air refueling, airfield attacks, airfield defense, CAS, and command and control procedures against a simulated D-day Air Tasking Order. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Three C-141s per day begin mail service from McGuire AFB, NJ to Dhahran (2 aircraft) and Riyadh (1 aircraft). (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 240400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
25 October 1990
C+79
Air Operations: INITIAL HACK continues with mock attacks on Al Dhafra, Taif, and Al Ahso airfields. Strike packages include thirty-two F-16s, two EA-6s, and two French Mirage 2000s; and a night strike by two F-117s, four F-15Es, two B-52s, two F-4Gs, two EF-111s, one EC-130, six Saudi Tornados, and eight RAF Tornados. The USS Kennedy and Saratoga also conducted dual-carrier operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, “Sitrep (U)”, 252115Z Oct 90; (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 260800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
26 October 1990
C+80
Background Events: A senior engineer for the Kuwait Oil Company reports that Iraq has rigged explosives on 300 of 1,000 oil wells. (London Financial Times, Oct 26, p 4.)
Intelligence: Reported Iraqi air activity reaches its highest level in October at 176 sorties, an increase probably accounted for in part by enhanced coalition Airborne Warning and Control System data collection. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33; (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33))
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF requests air shipment of eighty M-80 water heaters for shower/shave requirements of deployed units. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 260800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: Exercise INITIAL HACK ends after 48 hours of operations involving more than 300 simulated combat and 200 other sorties in support of 18 air packages involving about 40 coalition air units. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
27 October 1990
C+81
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF requests USCENTCOM assistance in finding three lost shipments of cargo straps, tie-down chains and devices. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: All eight deployed Patriot SAM batteries are now operational. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
The National Guard Bureau reaffirms its support of SAC Desert Shield operations and will continue their 16 tanker aircraft/20 crew package until 1 Apr 91. To date, 285 sorties and 3,100 hours have been flown by RC-135s, TR-1s, and U-2s in support of USCINCCENT's intelligence requirements. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 280400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #86)
28 October 1990
C+82
Civil Engineers: Based on field visits, COMUSCENTAF assesses that PRIME BEEF civil engineer units are making good progress in war readiness preparations at King Fahd, Dhahran and Tabuk air bases. But, rapid runway repair vehicles are still needed to reach full capability. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 280800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF requests airlift of thirty pallets of stakes, required to secure concertina wire, from the CONUS to the AOR. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 280800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT issues a deployment order directing swap out of twenty KC-135A for twenty KC-135R at King Khalid not later than 16 Nov 90. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 290400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #86)
29 October 1990
C+83
Background Events: The U.N. passes Resolution 674, specifying that Iraq is responsible for all damage, injuries and human rights violations by Iraqi forces in Kuwait, and warning that the U.N. Security Council will take unspecified “measures under the Charter,” if Iraq continues to reject its demands. (New York Times, 30 October, p A1)
Intelligence: Iraqi ground forces continue to develop a series of trenches designed to be filled with oil and ignited as additional barriers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
The Iraqi Air Force is observed to fly ninety-four sorties, including three in which two Iraqi MiGs intercept an Iraqi F-1 reconnaissance aircraft operating near the Iraq-Kuwait-Saudi tri-border area, either to provide air defense training or to provide escort for the F-1. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Air Operations: As Kuwaiti A-4s fly their first local mission out of Dhahran, USCENTAF initiates “Desert Triangle,” a daily exercise designed to challenge Iraqi air defenses through aggressive coalition air operations near the Saudi-Iraqi and Saudi-Kuwaiti borders. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
30 October 1990
C+84
Background Events: General Merrill A. McPeak becomes Chief of Staff, USAF.
Support Activities: USCENTAF personnel are working to ensure that host nation food service contracting sites have Thanksgiving Day rations. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 300800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Civil Engineers: COMUSCENTAF reports that the Saudi government agreed to fund materials, fuel and rental equipment needed to construct a munitions storage facility at Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 300800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: As part of Exercise DESERT TRIANGLE, four Saudi Tornados make a high-speed approach within fifteen miles of the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, then turn parallel to it, but elicit no observable Iraqi response. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
The first Desert Express mission departs Charleston AFB carrying high priority cargo. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 310400Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #74)
31 October 1990
C+85
Air Order of Battle: The 1610th Airlift Division (Provisional) is formed to organize and administer airlift forces assigned to the operational control of USCENTAF. (Headquarters Military Airlift Command, Special Order GA-11, 31 Oct 90)
Ground Order of Battle: All maneuver and fire support elements of the XVIII Airborne Corps are formed, including those elements of the 1st Cavalry, 24th Infantry, 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne (Air Assault) divisions, and the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #33)
Support Activities: While USCENTAF gives wing commanders the authority to approve locally funded construction projects, any project costing more than $25,000 must be approved by the Civil Engineer, USCENTAF/DE. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 10322, subj: Construction Policy, 311502Z Oct 90, IRIS 00887497/K178.9301-116)
Logistics: To alleviate a shortage of spare engines at several bases, COMUSCENTAF makes them his number two logistics priority. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 310800Z Oct 90, GWAPS, CSS #10)
Air Operations: To date, 748 patients have been medivaced within country, 1141 medivaced to Europe, and 719 Desert Shield patients medivaced from Europe to the US. Total Desert Shield missions flown to date are 4,960 (1365 C-5, 2669 C-141, 163 KC-10, 763 commercial) that have transported 178,893 passengers and 170,119 short tons of cargo to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
SAC states they are prepared to reinforce theater forces to the planned level of 182 tankers within 60 hours of notification. Currently there are 121 tankers in theater directly supporting CENTCOM. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #85)
1 November 1990
C+86
Air Order of Battle: US aircraft in the theater now include 109 air-to-air, 277 air-to-ground, and 258 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 450 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
There are now 31,543 USCENTAF personnel in the AOR. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 010800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Ground Order of Battle: The Syrian 9th Armored Division begins to deploy to Saudi Arabia. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 273 attack helicopters, 788 support helicopters, 857 main battle tanks, and 526 artillery pieces, 63 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 9 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 7th Armored Brigade is reinforcing the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force with 140 Challenger tanks, 102 armored fighting vehicles and 24 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Medical: USCENTAF medical facilities saw 526 outpatients and treated 43 inpatients. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 020800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Civil Engineers: The Saudi government assumes funding and contract management responsibilities to provide food, water, transportation, housing and fuel to US forces in Saudi Arabia. (Msg (U), USCENTAF/AC to USCENTAF/CC, 30 Oct 90, IRIS 00887485/K178.9301-104)
Air Operations: Two Iraqi F-1s violate the Saudi border by 9 nautical miles, but flee northward when two USAF F-15s are vectored to intercept them by an Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32; Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 020800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Ten Navy and one Marine fatality were returned to Dover on a C-141. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 020400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Other Activities: The 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade begins “Sea Soldier II” on the coast of Oman, the MEB's second large-scale amphibious exercise during Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
2 November 1990
C+87
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force flies 98 sorties, including an increased number along the Saudi border. Among them, two MiG-25s make runs at the border, possibly simulating intercept operations, and likely in response to ongoing “Desert Triangle” feints by coalition aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
3 November 1990
C+88
Intelligence: Iraqi air operations are highlighted by intelligence-collection flights along the Saudi border (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF reports concern that USARCENT's decision to “reduce unitized B-ration menu selection by approximately 40 percent . . . . unless heavily supplemented with bulk B-rations and local purchase food, will not meet AF feeding standards.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 030800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
4 November 1990
C+89
Support Activities: Among the elements of COMUSCENTAF's extensive communications plan are the acquisition of additional land-mobile radios to support wing operations, expansion of a secure voice network to include Saudi and Egyptian air force units, additional telephone circuits, and investigation into the possibility of putting Computer-Aided Force Management System (CAFMS) equipment on US Navy carriers. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 040800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Logistics: Reflecting the continued shortage of spare engines, COMUSCENTAF's top logistics priorities are engine spares, resupply and war readiness spares, Harvest Falcon assets, fire operations and crash rescue equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 040800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Planning: USTRANSCOM works medical reinforcement TPFDD with USEUCOM and USCENTCOM to be available in case the situation in the AOR should deteriorate. Aeromedical evacuation plans are formalized. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 050400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Air Operations: First MAC channel mission through Cairo West to Riyadh is flown. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 060400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
To date, SAC tankers have flown 7,865 sorties, offloading 195,893,000 pounds of fuel to 12,178 receivers in support of Desert Shield operations. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 040400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #85)
A “Desert Triangle” package of four F-16s and two F-4Gs working as near as 10 nautical miles from the Iraqi border elicits no apparent Iraqi air defense reaction. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
5 November 1990
C+90
Background Events: Secretary of State Baker and Saudi King Fahd agree that, if a decision is made to invade Iraq, U.S. forces will be under U.S. control while, in the event of an Iraqi attack on Saudi Arabia, a joint U.S./Saudi command and control structure will come into place. (New York Times, 6 November, p A1.)
Intelligence: Two Iraqi MiG-23s appear to launch in reaction to a CENTAF RF-4 reconnaissance flight. If so, this is the first active Iraqi air defense response observed by the coalition since September. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: The USCENTAF Civil Engineer reports that engineer combat readiness was reduced by a lack of familiarity with some Harvest Falcon assets, along with the frequent absence of appropriate technical orders. (Msg (S/NF), USCENTAF/DE to USCENTAF/DO, subj: In House Lessons Learned, 5 Nov 90, IRIS 00887409/K178.9301-28)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT reports that coalition air forces flew four strike/close air support packages of twenty or more aircraft. All special operations air units of SOCCENT participated in the third and largest combat search and rescue exercise to date. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Planning: Over 650 Army requirement records (ULNs) are accidently deleted from Time Phased Force Deployment List (TPFDL). TRANSCOM functional and technical database managers begin recovery procedures in coordination with CENTCOM REAR. Full recovery of all requirements, schedule, and manifest data may take until 9 Nov. Air Force, Navy, and Marine ULNs are unaffected. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 070400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Air Operations: CENTAF Joint Rescue and Coordination Center (JRCC) participates in SOCCENT's SAREX 91-3 rescue exercise. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 061930Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #24)
6 November 1990
C+91
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity is well above average at 186 sorties. In an apparent attempt to provoke and observe a coalition response, one formation flys over water to near the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, then flys west to parallel the border. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF, noting the arrival of MICAP parts at Al Dafhra within 2-3 days of shipment via the “Desert Express,” reports that “this type of support is encouraging.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 060800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
A new special project code (9AU) is approved for Desert Express cargo. Five thousand pound tie down straps reach a critical level, depot balance is zero, contract deliveries are delinquent and the second contract will not begin until next year. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 070400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
7 November 1990
C+92
Background Events: Defense Secretary Cheney initiates the first combat reserve call-up since the Korean War when the Marine Corps asks for and receives permission to summon 3,000 Marine reservists. (The Washington Post, 7 November 1990, p 7)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity continues at higher than normal levels -- 170 sorties. This includes border reconnaissance and defensive patrols. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: Noting that a key Defense Communications Satellite has lost its ability to maintain a proper axis inclination, COMUSCENTAF reports, “we view need to launch another DCS satellite as important issue.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 070800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Civil Engineers: The Al Kharj munitions storage facility is ready to receive shipments, scheduled to begin on 8 November. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 070800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Logistics: A Joint Staff team assesses that some Desert Shield deployment operations were hampered by the lack of finished operations and force deployment plans and, the incomplete transmission of USCENTCOM crisis action procedures (CAPs) and other planning factors to component and supporting organizations and, the limited operational authority of USTRANSCOM over its Service components, in relation to its responsibility to organize emergency movements quickly and efficiently. (Joint Staff Assessment Team, “Operation Desert Shield Assessment Team Summary Report (Through 7 November 1990),” n.d., GWAPS, NA-529)
Air Operations: Due to limited use of the first two Cairo West-Riyadh frequency channel airlift missions, USTRANSCOM asks USCENTCOM to reevaluate the requirement. MAC publishes implementation guidance for a provisional organization structure for airlift forces supporting Operation Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 080400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
8 November 1990
C+93
Background Events: President Bush orders more than 150,000 additional air, sea and ground troops to the Persian Gulf to provide “an adequate offensive option” to drive Iraqi troops from Kuwait. This move is seen by some as a signal to Saddam Hussein that the U.S. has the will, and shortly will have the means, to go to war with Iraq. (New York Times, 9 November, p A1)
Air Order of Battle: The 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade now fields 12 operational Patriot SAM batteries. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: USCENTAF now has 538 body transfer cases at its main mortuary, at Dhahran, 6 morgue tents set up and operational, and has surveyed local facilities for refrigerated storage in the Dhahran area. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 080800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
USCENTAF Weather expects to cut over to an N1-C1 4800 Baud Weather Circuit overnight, which should provide Air Force Digital Information and Graphics System availability within 36-48 hours. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 080800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: Coalition aircraft flew an 81-aircraft close air support exercise and a 44-aircraft strike exercise. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Due to adequate stocks of JPTS (U-2 fuel) in the AOR, daily C-141 “Bladder Bird” missions are terminated. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 070400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
9 November 1990
C+94
Background Events: The Iraqi government announces that the chief of staff of the Iraqi military has been replaced, which may indicate dissension in the hierarchy of the Iraqi armed forces. (New York Times, 9 November 1990, p A13)
Logistics: Despite their continued inclusion in his logistics top priorities list, COMUSCENTAF reports that spare engine stocks are at critical levels for some units. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Other Activities: In Oman the U.S. Marines conclude amphibious exercise “Sea Soldier II.” Planning begins for the next exercise, “Imminent Thunder” on 15-21 November. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
10 November 1991
C+95
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity was at lower than normal levels with 96 sorties, due to the Islamic holy day. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Logistics: A JCS/OSD negotiating team recently concluded an implementing agreement with the Saudi Arabian government for Host Nation Support. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
11 November 1991
C+96
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity remained low probably due to poor weather and maintenance standdown. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
12 November 1991
C+97
Background: Protestors march at the gates of Westover AFB, MA against Operation Desert Shield. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 122119Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #107)
Intelligence: After four consecutive days of low activity, the Iraqi sortie count reaches a more normal 130, including two MiG-25 intercept sorties against simulated high-value air assets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF reports that the planned increase in his force structure, coupled with a “lack of satellite bandwidth in space segment,” means that “each wing will have only satellite or tropospheric scatter radio connectivity . . . . and any equipment failure will cause [a] lack of tactical communications.” He expects, however, that a combination of commercial telephone circuits and STU-III scrambler phones will “prevent [the] isolation of wings and provide [a] back-up for ATO dissemination.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 120800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: In addition to three combined strike packages, coalition air forces flew a 108-aircraft close air support exercise including, for the first time, participation by Kuwaiti A-4s. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
13 November 1990
C+98
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to 160 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Logistics: Several USCENTAF wings have critically needed spare engines and parts available in Germany, but are awaiting airlift to ship them. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Expanding force structure requirements lead COMUSCENTAF to place munitions back on his logistics top priorities list, and to request immediate shipment of 1,000 AGM-88 High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiles, 500 Improved 2000-lb bombs and 100 GBU-27 weapons. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 130800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: Exercise SANDY BEACH is flown in Qatar, consisting of a 20-plane U.S. strike force attacking airspace defended by French and Qatar Mirage F-1s. Meanwhile, a 20-hour close air support exercise involves 120 coalition aircraft, and C-130s perform simulated airdrops while escorted by coalition fighters. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
UK requests one C-5 aircraft to recover a damaged Tornado aircraft from the AOR back to the UK under the provisions of the US/UK cooperative military airlift agreement. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 140400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
14 November 1990
C+99
Background Events: Secretary of Defense Cheney authorizes the call-up of another 72,500 National Guard and reserve troops including, for the first time in Desert Shield, Army Reserve combat units. (The Washington Post, 15 November 1990, p 32)
Logistics: Declaring “Desert Express” a success, with its 2-3 day shipping times, COMUSCENTAF suggests establishing a similar service out of Europe. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 140800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Intelligence: Consistent with established patterns, the Iraqi Air Force does not respond to two “Desert Triangle” missions near Saudi Arabia's borders with Kuwait and Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
15 November 1990
C+100
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force flew only 40 sorties today, possibly as a cautious response to the coalition's IMMINENT THUNDER exercise. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 91 air-to-air, 264 air-to-ground, and 240 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 440 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Ground Order of Battle: USCENTCOM forces in the theater now total 235,215, including 30,981 in CENTAF. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 270 attack helicopters, 770 support helicopters, 857 main battle tanks, and 538 artillery pieces, 63 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 18 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 7th Armored Brigade is reinforcing the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force with 15 helicopters, 140 Challenger tanks, 139 armored fighting vehicles and 24 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Civil Engineers: Faced by the construction requirements of the new force build up, COMUSCENTAF assigns his highest movement priority to getting Air Force RED HORSE heavy construction units into the theater. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 150800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Planning: USTRANSCOM announces that the Dover/Dhahran channel is approaching max utilization in support of sustainment requirements which are on the increase. Utilization of that channel for Phase II deployments will restrict the throughput and significantly delay closure, thus, effective 19 Nov, the aerial port of embarkation for channel airlift thru Rhein Main, Ramstein, Soesterberg, Tempelhof, Amman, and Cairo will change from Dover to McGuire AFB. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 160400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Air Operations: In support of Exercise IMMINENT THUNDER, a fully-integrated, combined exercise, coalition air forces launch 9 combined strike packages and a CAS package - involving more than 700 aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
16 November 1990
C+101
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity returns to an average level of 128 sorties, including a mission by the modified Il-76/Candid airborne early warning aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Leaders: The SECDEF directs the deployment of additional forces to Saudi Arabia and contiguous areas to support execution of Operation Desert Shield. The deployment order calls for the following air forces to arrive in the AOR NLT (15 Jan 91): 18 F-117, 24 F-15E, 32 F-111F, 24 F-15C, 12 RF-4C, 8 B-52, 12 F-4G, 42 F-16, 32 C-130, 79 tankers, 1 Combat Reporting Center (CRC), and 1 Air Support Operation Center (ASOC). Forces to close in the AOR NLT (30 Jan 91): 42 A-10. Aircraft on-call for deployment within 120 hours of the commencement of hostilities: 14 B-52, 6 F-117, 5 AC-130, 4 E-3, 48 F-16, and 24 tankers. (Msg (S), CJCS to USCINCCENT, subj: Follow-on Air Forces for Operation Desert Shield, 161540Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #21)
Civil Engineers: COMUSCENTAF civil engineering emphasis is on opening the new beddown site at Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 160800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
RED HORSE personnel finish site layout for Al Kharj. Thirty-three PRIME BEEF personnel are due in on 17 November to begin camp build-up. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 170800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Planning: In reflection of the President's decision to build up USCENTCOM to a strength required to launch a two-corps ground campaign, USCINCCENT now expects the arrival of substantial forces by 15 January. Among those forces are the VII Corps Headquarters, the 1st Armored Division, 1st Infantry Division (-), the 3rd Armored Division, a brigade from the 2nd Armored Division, an additional Marine Expeditionary Force, the USS Ranger, Roosevelt and America Carrier Battle Groups, and the battleshipMissouri. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Operations: USCENTCOM and coalition flight operations are planned to simulate the actual air tasking orders for D-day plus 1. Sorties include 12 combined strike packages and a single CAS exercise involving more than 200 sorties. Combined U.S., Saudi, and French forces participate in combat search and rescue exercises as part of IMMINENT THUNDER. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
17 November 1990
C+102
Intelligence: Iraqi ground forces in the KTO now total 17 committed and 10 reinforcing divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Operations: IMMINENT THUNDER flight operations are planned to closely simulate the potential air tasking order for D-day plus 2. The sorties include five combined strike packages and a CAS exercise of more than 280 sorties. The F117s conduct a simulated night airfield attack. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Combat Control Team personnel arrive at Al Kharj to provide air traffic control services for C-130s flying in support of base set-up. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 180800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
18 November 1990
C+103
Background Events: Saddam Hussein's announcement that Iraq will free all remaining foreign hostages between 25 December 90 and 25 March 91, “unless something should occur to disturb the atmosphere of peace,” is taken as a move to divide world public opinion and to protect Iraq from attack during the most likely time for a U.S.-led offensive to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait. (The Washington Post, 19 November 1990, p 1; New York Times, 19 November, p A13)
Leaders: In reference to the deployment order for follow-on forces, USCINCCENT requests that the second 48 F-16s on-call within 120 hours be deployed in mid-January and that one of the squadrons be LANTIRN equipped. Also, he requests that the 4 E-3s on call be deployed within 96 hours of deployment notification. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Follow-on Air Forces for Operation Desert Shield, 181630Z Nov 90, GWAPS,CSS safe #2, CSS folder #21)
Air Order of Battle: The deployment of follow-on air forces is modified as follows: Six OA-10 are included in the forty-two A-10s requested and eighteen F/A-16 are included in the forty-two F-16s requested. (Msg (S), USCENTAF REAR to HQ USAF, subj: Deployment Order for Follow-on Forces, 182200Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #21)
Air Operations: B-52s fly eleven sorties in support of exercise IMMINENT THUNDER (15-20 Nov). (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #85)
Other Activities: As part of IMMINENT THUNDER, The 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade conducts a heliborne assault in the vicinity of Ras Al Ghar, about 75 miles below Kuwait on the Persian Gulf. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
19 November 1990
C+104
Background Events: Iraq announces it will send 250,000 more troops into Kuwait and southern Iraq, thereby increasing its total number of forces in the area to approximately 680,000. Pentagon officials state that while many of the new Iraqi troops would be reservists, up to 100,000 could come from relatively well-trained forces guarding borders with Turkey and Iran. (New York Times, 20 November, p A1)
Leaders: USCINCEUR orders the deployment of the following USAFE units to provide forces to support CINCCENT: 48TFW 32 F-111F, USAFE 1 MPC, 36TFW 24 F-15C, 52TFW 12 F-4G, 10TFW 18 A-10, and 8th ASOC one ASOC. Additionally, 24 USAFE F-16s are placed on-call. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to HQ USAFE, subj: Follow-on Air Forces, 191313Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #21)
Support Activities: All Thanksgiving meals for USCENTAF personnel have been delivered. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 200800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: IMMINENT THUNDER operations continue with a 296-sortie CAS exercise. SOCCENT forces have completed over 35 unannounced combat search and rescue scenarios as part of the exercise. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
20 November 1990
C+105
Ground Order of Battle: The British 7th Armored Brigade closes. The movement of this brigade of 140 Challenger tanks and 139 armored fighting vehicles required 42 ships. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Civil Engineers: USCENTAF civil engineering emphasis remains on opening the new beddown site at Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 200800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Logistics: Planned USCENTCOM force increases are expected to place a heavy demand for construction of aircraft beddown and other support facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Operations: Desert Shield Phase II air and sealift operations commence. A repatriation flight with 87 passengers aboard arrives in Washington, DC. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 200400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
21 November 1990
C+106
Intelligence: Higher than normal Iraqi air activity, 147 sorties, includes 32 helicopter flights, most probably moving troops along the Iraq-Kuwait border. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: USCENTAF's communications priorities include improving tactical UHF satellite communications with AWACS and ABCCC aircraft, expanding secure voice capabilities with allied forces, publishing USCENTCOM instrument approach procedures flight documents, and establishing a communications cell at the Tactical Air Control Center. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 210800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: Exercise IMMINENT THUNDER ends with four strike packages, flown by U.S., Saudi, British, French, and Canadian forces, and a close air support package flown by U.S., Saudi, and Kuwaiti forces. The exercise ultimately involved 1,000 coalition aircraft flying 4,000 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
At 210920Z, a USARCENT AH-1 helicopter inadvertently fired a Hellfire missile into a USCENTAF ammo dump, at King Fahd Airport, causing a fire that destroyed a quantity of weapon components and two vehicles. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 220800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
22 November 1990
C+107
Leaders: (U) President Bush visits the theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF's highest logistics priority is now on obtaining communications equipment for Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 220800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Planning: The first ship carrying elements of the U. S. 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment leaves Bremerhaven, Germany. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Operations: USCENTAF operates additional AWACS and fighter sorties to protect the presidential aircraft. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 220800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
23 November 1990
C+108
Logistics: USCINCTRANSCOM requests all users to return 463L pallets and associated hardware to the airlift system to facilitate loading of Phase II equipment. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 230400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Planning: Preparations for a vast expansion of coalition forces deployed in the field continue. The United Kingdom will deploy an additional mechanized infantry brigade to the theater, with the 1st Armored Division Headquarters to control it and the 7th Armored Brigade already deployed. Also, the Syrians and Egyptians each are in the process of deploying an additional armored division to the theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
24 November 1990
C+109
Air Operations: Two additional KC-10s are made available in a primary cargo role. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 240400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
25 November 1990
C+110
Background Events: U.S. administration officials and foreign diplomats say that the United States has enough support in the UN Security Council to gain approval of a resolution that would authorize the use of military force against Iraq if it did not withdraw its forces from Kuwait. The White House reportedly seeks a 1 January 1991 deadline, but diplomats said that no final decision has been made. There is speculation that the Security Council will set the deadline for the end of January to allow more time for last-minute attempts to promote a peaceful settlement. (The New York Times, 26 November 1990, p 1)
Leaders: USCINCCENT orders the deployment of four HH-60 combat search and rescue helicopters from the Pacific Command to Tabuk, SA to arrive NLT 10 Dec. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to USCINCPAC, subj: Deployment Execution Directive, 251515Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #21)
Intelligence: Iraqi's 117 air sorties today include six fighters performing low-level ground attack training. There is evidence that Iraq may have developed and practiced simultaneous refueling of two fighter aircraft from a modified Il-76/Candid. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: With the site layout at Al Kharj now finalized, preparations are underway to move in an Airlift Control Element (ALCE) and initial equipment packages. A USAF fire truck is now operational at the base. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 260800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: DESERT TRIANGLE continues on a daily basis. As in all previous cases, today's package of 12 Navy aircraft draws no response from the Iraqi air defense system. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
26 November 1990
C+111
Background Events: While the permanent members of the UN Security Council support an authorization of force to end Iraq's occupation of Kuwait, most diplomatic sources believe that the Soviet Union's preference for a 15 January deadline will be chosen over the 1 January deadline sought by the United States. (The Washington Post, 27 November 1990, p 1)
Support Activities: Four more fire trucks and 23 firefighters arrived at Riyadh, bound for Al Kharj, which retains COMUSCENTAF 's logistics and construction priorities. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: A combined CAS exercise is flown involving 117 coalition aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
27 November 1990
C+112
Intelligence: Thunderstorms in Iraq hold the country's air activities to 45 sorties, including 37 transport and helicopter flights. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Support Activities: Local authorities grant USCENTAF permission to begin operating Al Kharj runway and airfield lighting. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 280800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
COMUSCENTAF requests priority shipment of a TPN-19 Precision Approach Radar system for Al Kharj, to facilitate pending arrivals of civilian air transports. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: A combined CAS exercise involving 167 aircraft is flown. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
28 November 1990
C+113
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity returns to normal levels, highlighted by six intelligence collection flights. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
29 November 1990
C+114
Background Events: The UN Security Council votes to use force against Iraq, unless that country fully complies with previous council resolutions calling for its unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait and release of foreign nationals by 15 January. (New York Times, 30 November, p A1; The Washington Post, 30 November 1990, p 1)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity is slightly higher than normal with 148 sorties. A single Iraqi fighter orbiting 10 nautical miles from the Saudi border elicits a four-ship F-15 scramble. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty USAFE F-111Fs deploy to Taif AB, SA beginning Phase II of the USAFE deployments in support of Desert Shield. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 290703Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #48)
Logistics: USCENTCOM approves the immediate air movement of 272 1000-pound bombs from the UK to Diego Garcia. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 300400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #73)
Air Operations: Four combined strike packages of 16-54 aircraft each are flown, along with a CAS exercise involving 125 coalition aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #32)
The first combined defense plan for Operation Desert Shield, entitled “Combined OPLAN for the Defense of Saudi Arabia” is signed and published in Arabic and English versions. The plan is to be executed in the event that Iraq invades Saudi Arabia. The plan’s concept of operations has two phases: deter and defend. The deterrence phase would attempt to confront Iraq with the prospect of incurring unacceptable costs should it attack Saudi Arabia. In the event of a conflict, friendly air assets would initiate theater counterair, interdiction, and close air support. They would also seek to destroy, delay, disrupt, or divert Iraqi forces and protect friendly units. Ground forces would delay and attrit Iraqi forces as far forward as possible, avoiding a decisive engagement and establishing defense in depth in suitable terrain. (HQ USCENTCOM and Joint Forces Theater of Operations (S), Combined OPLAN for Defense of Saudi Arabia (U), Nov 29, 1990).
Per USCENTCOM request, the RC-135s return to 24 hour operations and TR-1 missions are extended by 2 hours. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 300400Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #85)
30 November 1990
C+115
Logistics: In an example of what was almost a daily occurrence, COMUSCENTAF requests priority air shipment of replacement parts for malfunctioning food service equipment at a USCENTAF base. Priority shipment of laundry equipment for another base is also requested. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 300800Z Nov 90, GWAPS, CSS #9)
Air Operations: To date, 1,137 patients have been medivaced within country, 1,813 medivaced to Europe, and 1,374 Desert Shield patients medivaced from Europe to the US. Total Desert Shield strategic airlift missions flown to date are 6,432 (1,791 C-5, 3,398 C-141, 211 KC-10, 1,032 commercial) that have transported 199,446 passengers and 213,810 short tons of cargo to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
1 December 1990
C+116
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 91 air-to-air, 284 air-to-ground, and 240 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 452 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Ground Order of Battle: USCENTCOM forces in the theater now total 241,720, including 31,480 in CENTAF. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 273 attack helicopters, 777 support helicopters, 867 main battle tanks, and 546 artillery pieces, 63 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 18 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 7th Armored Brigade is reinforcing the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force with 15 helicopters, 140 Challenger tanks, 139 armored fighting vehicles and 24 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: A coalition air defense exercise is flown over the central and eastern sectors of Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
2 December 1990
C+117
Intelligence: Between 0430Z and 0515Z the Iraqis test launch 3 or 4 Scud missiles from the Al Amarah area 600 kilometers west-northwest to the Wadi Amij area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Meanwhile, the Iraqi Air Force flys 209 sorties, including one by an airborne early warning aircraft. The aircraft is noted to pass into Jordanian airspace during its mission. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: In addition to reiterating his 5 November report of the limited familiarity his units had with incoming Harvest Falcon shipments, the USCENTAF Civil Engineer points out that the planned 3-day initial issue of meals ready to eat (MREs) to deploying units was not sufficient to sustain them during deployments of this size. (USCENTAF/DE, Joint Universal Lessons Learned System (JULLS) Long Report (S), 2 Dec 1990, IRIS 00887409/K178.9301-28)
Air Operations: Due to Scud launches in Iraq, most coalition air training is cancelled to rest crews and generate aircraft for heightened alert status. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
USCENTAF halts all operations at 0500Z to conduct a mass load out exercise. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 030800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
COMUSCENTAF reports the following sortie totals for Desert Shield to date: combat air patrols, 2,326; air-to-air (training), 3,426; air-to-ground (training), 14,621; tactical reconnaissance, 469; strategic reconnaissance, 421; electronic reconnaissance, 2,800; AWACS, 253; air refueling, 4,831; theater airlift, 17,536; for a total of 46,683. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 020800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Seven KC-10s begin support of USTRANSCOM in the pure cargo role. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 030400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
3 December 1990
C+118
Background Events: Testifying before the Senate Armed Services Committee, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff rejects an air power-only campaign against Iraq, saying the American military is planning a “combined overwhelming air, land, sea campaign.” (New York Times, 4 December, p A1; The Washington Post, 4 December 1990, p 1)
Air Order of Battle: The USS Kennedy carrier battle group enters the AOR. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: USCENTAF mortuary units receive 4,100 human remains pouches of a planned 5,000-pouch shipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 040800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
COMUSCENTAF reports that several varieties of viruses have been found in command computers. Virus detection software has been obtained. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 040800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports the windows on F-15E Forward-Looking InfraRed (FLIR) equipment are only lasting 60 days in the AOR environment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 030800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: USCINCCENT reports that the previous day's Scud launches “offered us an opportunity to evaluate and fine tune our missile warning procedures from the top down. Communications proceeded smoothly. Previously agreed upon procedures allowed SPACECOM to enter our execution net and disseminate scud launch information simultaneously to all of our components . . . . At the time of launch, four of twelve Patriot batteries were in active TBM [theater ballistic missile] battle stations mode . . . the remaining Patriot units attained battle stations within five minutes of alert.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: To date, SAC reconnaissance aircraft have flown 428 operational sorties for a total of 4,506 hours. Also, since the onset of Desert Shield, SAC tankers have flown 10,034 sorties (over 5,000 in theater) for 45,980 hours and unloaded over 262 million pounds of fuel to 17,496 receivers. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 040400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #82)
4 December 1990
C+119
Background Events: Turkish President Ozal reportedly urges his nation to send a token force to Saudi Arabia and allow U.S. forces to use a key Turkish air base in the event of a war against Iraq. According to Turkish Prime Minister Yildirim Akbulut, “The conditions are changing, and if they change, we may make a decision to send troops.” (New York Times, 5 December, p A1)
Intelligence: A recently-constructed, short-range ballistic missile storage facility is identified approximately 85 miles west of Baghdad. Also, the identification of the lead elements of a new infantry division in the KTO, brings the total of Iraqi divisions to 18 committed and 10 reinforcing. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
5 December 1990
C+120
Intelligence: Iraqi flight activity is 100 sorties, a more normal rate following three days of higher operating tempos. Iraqi reconnaissance flights along the western Saudi Arabian and Syrian borders, suggests increased attention to U.S. and coalition activity in these areas. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: The 14th and 15th Air Divisions (Provisional) are formed to exercise operational control of USCENTAF-assigned tactical fighter wings and combat support aircraft (electronic warfare, reconnaissance, AWACs, etc), respectively. Brigadier General Buster C. Glosson is named 14th AD(P) commander, putting him in the position of both planning and largely executing the coming air campaign. Brigadier General Glenn A. Profitt II is appointed commander of the 15th AD(P). (Msg (U), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 10322, subj: USCENTAF Organization Structure, 120600Z Dec 90)
Logistics: The first ship loaded with VII Corps equipment arrives in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: Exercise DESERT FORCE begins with a total of 10 strike training packages (243 aircraft) being flown by USCENTAF, Saudi, British, and French air forces against simulated targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Two additional SAC KC-10s are released to USTRANSCOM for use in the pure cargo role. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 060400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
6 December 1990
C+121
Background Events: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein says that all 2,000 or more foreigners being held hostage in Iraq and Kuwait will be released promptly since Iraq no longer needs them for human shields and because he wants to make a gesture to foster stepped-up diplomatic efforts in order to avert war.
Intelligence: Continuing to reinforce the KTO, Iraq now has 18 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions in the area. Unit repositioning and new force deployments over the past three weeks focused on extending Iraqi defenses to the West. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Civil Engineers: COMUSCENTAF reports USCENTCOM/J-4 approval to take delivery of materials for construction of Shaikh Isa Air Base taxiway and hardstand projects, the first such projects to use funds donated by the Japanese government. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 060800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: Noting that aircraft are scheduled to bed down at Al Kharj before refuelling trucks and facilities arrive, COMUSCENTAF requests priority airlift for the required fuel bladders and associated equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 060800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
USCINCTRANSCOM expresses his concern for the “alarming” rate of growth of air cargo sustainment requirements. He request users reexamine their requirements for conversion to sea movements. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 060400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
7 December 1990
C+122
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF requests expeditious movement of two mobile communications antennas from Lindsey Air Force Station, Germany, to Dhahran. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 070800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Air Operations: Exercise DESERT FORCE concludes with 74 aircraft in two strike packages attacking simulated targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
USTRANSCOM requests extreme emphasis be placed on immediate return of pallets, nets, and tie down equipment to the MAC system. They also seek approval to contract allied commercial airlift to meet the 15 January closure due to a shortage of US commercial long-range international aircraft availability through 5 Jan 91. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 080400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
A French Air Force Mirage crashes 150 NM south of Dhahran killing the pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT Main, subj: Sitrep, 081500Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #24)
8 December 1990
C+123
Intelligence: The movement of another Iraqi armored division into the KTO raises the total to 19 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF's top logistics priorities remain communications equipment, spare aircraft engines, munitions, resupply and war readiness spares, and Harvest Falcon equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 080800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Other activities: Exercise SEA SOLDIER III begins with a practice, silent night landing by elements of the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade. A second practice landing is planned for 9 Dec, followed by a full-scale exercise the next day. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: Four additional SAC KC-10s and eleven crews are released to USTRANSCOM for use in the pure cargo role. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 090400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
European Desert Express begins operations. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 090400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
9 December 1990
C+124
Background Events: More than 950 foreigners, including at least 160 Americans, leave Iraq in the first mass departure since Saddam Hussein decided to stop holding hostages.
Intelligence: At 186 sorties, Iraqi air activity is heavier than normal and includes a large intelligence collection effort for the second day in a row. These missions include two MiG-25/Foxbats over Iraqi dispersal fields, a Boeing 727 reconnaissance mission, and a single fighter sortie over southern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: USCENTAF now has all of its order of 5,000 human remains pouches. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Civil Engineers: COMUSCENTAF reports that the RED HORSE team building a cantonment area at King Khalid Military City is short a Harvest Falcon water distribution system, while other engineers installed US aircraft arresting barriers at Al Kharj, since the Host Nation barriers were inadequate. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: Food service equipment and spare parts continue to be a USCENTAF logistics concern. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 090800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: SAC requests the call-up of 14 Air Reserve Component KC-135E units and one KC-10 reserve unit. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 100400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
10 December 1990
C+125
Intelligence: There remain 19 committed and 11 reinforcing Iraqi divisions in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: USCENTAF is still awaiting publication of the AOR flight information document by the Defense Mapping Agency. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 100800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Civil Engineers: The RED HORSE team at Al Kharj has erected five of seventeen K-Span munitions shelters and is making good progress on the others. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 100800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: Purchase of 7,800 additional pallets is approved. Production is scheduled to begin in two weeks with request for supplemental funding ($22M) on hold pending Congressional approval. HQ USAF seeks 463L pallets from allied nations and contributions from Japan to support additional purchases. Present return rates and production capability is deemed inadequate to meet AOR requirements. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 110400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
Air Operations: SAC deploys the 9th RTS Mobile Imagery Processing and Exploitation (MIPE) system to Riyadh. Per CENTAF request, RC-135 operations return to 12/24 hour schedule. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 110400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
In addition to normal surveillance and air defense operations, an F-16 drops simulated leaflets from 4,500 ft and 15,000 ft to refine release parameters and measure leaflet dispersal patterns. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Other Activities: Exercise SEA SOLDIER III conducts a silent, night amphibious assault by four Marine Expeditionary Brigade elements, followed by a heliborne assault. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
11 December 1990
C+126
Background Events: According to the US State Department, nearly all Americans who want to leave Kuwait and Iraq have done so following an American evacuation flight with no Americans on board; this confirms that approximately 310 U.S. citizens have chosen to remain in Kuwait while as many as 200 Americans voluntarily remain in Iraq. (New York Times, 12 December, p A1; The Washington Post, 12 December 1990, p 1)
Air Order of Battle: Twelve F-111Fs from the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, RAF Lakenheath, UK, deployed to Taif, SA. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 120703Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #47)
Support Activities: USCENTAF staff is working to expedite delivery of Christmas decorations to USCENTAF field kitchens, despite cargo movement priorities that blocked their shipment at Dover AFB, Delaware. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 110800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Civil Engineers: The RED HORSE team at Dhahran has constructed three hot-pit refueling pads at Dhahran and is now laying the asphalt taxiways into them. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 110800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports a shortfall of 1,000 bundles of AM-2 matting for constructing aircraft parking and taxi surfaces. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 110800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Air Operations: HQ SAC provides an additional seven KC-10s and fourteen crews for use in the pure cargo role. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 100400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
Airlift of a Czechoslovakian chemical decontamination battalion begins. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 120400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
HQ USAF approves the SAC request to call-up 14 Air Reserve Component (ARC) KC-135E units. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 120400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
The ARC call-up affects 12 of 13 Air Guard units and 2 of 3 AF Reserve units. A total of 130 KC-135Es are being called for with 72 slated for the AOR and 58 covering continental US requirements. One AF Reserve KC-10 ops squadron and its associated maintenance squadron is included. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 150400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
Other Activities: SEA SOLDIER III continues, with over 2600 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade troops ashore. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
12 December 1990
C+127
Intelligence: The Iraqis now have 20 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Meanwhile, they fly an unusually high 213 sorties, including 139 by fighters, 40 transport sorties and 3 for reconnaissance purposes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: The Al Kharj air traffic control (ATC) radar survey is complete. USCENTAF is now awaiting the arrival of a TPN-19 radar from Germany. The ATC radar at King Fahd Air Base is in place and undergoing final installation. Other USCENTAF communications projects include improving E-3 and EC-130 tactical satellite communications, establishing a Control and Reporting Center and Air Support Operations Center at King Khalid Military City, and expanding secure voice communications with allied forces. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 120800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
USCENTAF also reports that the Defense Mapping Agency now expects to publish the AOR/USCENTCOM Flight Document by 24 December. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 120800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: DOD authorizes USCINCTRANS to contract with NATO foreign flag air carriers to the extent necessary (and possible) to meet Desert Shield airlift requirements - recognizing constraints due to the holiday season. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 130400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
Air Operations: U. S. and Saudi AWACS provide continuous coverage of Kuwait and southern Iraq. One hundred and twenty-nine aircraft fly in support of a close air support exercise, while one hundred and forty-one others support four exercise strike packages. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
13 December 1990
C+128
Intelligence: At 188 sorties, Iraqi air activity remains above the established daily average of about 143. Today's air activity suggests preparation for deep strike missions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Also, fire trenches constructed by Iraqi ground forces are noted for the first time in the vicinity of the tri-border area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: 5,000-pound capacity cargo tie down straps are in extremely short supply. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 132013Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #106)
14 December 1990
C+129
Background Events: Testifying before Congress, Retired Gen Charles L. Donnelly, former Commander of U.S. Air Forces Europe, estimates that U.S. air forces flying 20,000 sorties in the first 10 days of a war with Iraq would lose approximately 100 aircraft. He also suggested that the United States could keep Israel out of the war by striking ballistic missile sites in northern and northwestern Iraq. (Aviation Week and Space Technology, 14 Dec 90, p 17)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity decreases markedly to 98 sorties, probably due to the Moslem holy day, aircrew rest, and aircraft maintenance requirements. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Ground Order of Battle: Combat and support personnel of the 2nd Marine Division and 2nd Marine Air Wing begin to arrive in the theater. Meanwhile, the French announce plans to reinforce their 6th Light Armored Division (-), already deployed in north-central Saudi Arabia, with an armored, a mechanized infantry, a helicopter and an artillery battalion. This movement should be complete by 15 January, and will add about 4,000 troops to the 5,000 already in the division. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: HQ USAF approves a Group B Modification for 200 KC-135s to be fitted with a single VHF radio, providing a configuration of one VHF and two UHF radios per aircraft. A team of 44 personnel from Tinker AFB, OK will arrive in Riyadh on 17 Dec and complete 9 tankers per day in order to complete installation on all tankers by the end of Dec. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 150400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
Other Activities: Thirty-four hundred Marines are now ashore as part of SEA SOLDIER III. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: A C-5 repatriation flight with Ambassador Howell and seventy others arrives at Andrews AFB. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 150400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
15 December 1990
C+130
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to 174 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 92 air-to-air, 337 air-to-ground, and 222 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 464 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Ground Order of Battle: Showing the early effects of the new deployments ordered by President Bush, USCENTCOM forces in the theater now total 271,127, including 34,163 in CENTAF. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 274 attack helicopters, 789 support helicopters, 939 main battle tanks, 542 artillery pieces, 63 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 18 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 7th Armored Brigade is reinforcing the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force with 15 helicopters, 140 Challenger tanks, 139 armored fighting vehicles and 24 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: Today's DESERT TRIANGLE mission, this time involving 12 aircraft from the USS Kennedy, gets the usual response from the Iraqi air defense system - nothing. Coalition air forces uncover minor communications connectivity problems in the course of a comprehensive air defense exercise over northern Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
After some delay, due to movement priorities, field kitchen Christmas decorations depart Dover AFB, Delaware. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 160800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
16 December 1990
C+131
Background Events: CIA Director William Webster expresses his conviction that Saddam Hussein will not withdraw from Kuwait until convinced that he “is in peril of imminent military attack.” Until then, Hussein is expected to stretch out the Persian Gulf crisis, possibly by staging a partial pullout or some other move short of the UN demand for a full withdrawal by 15 January. Mr. Webster adds, “I don't believe the military assessments contemplate a quick buckle.” The Iraqis are set up in “a very tough, defensive land position so that much would depend on the effectiveness of an air assault . . . but we know they're pretty well dug-in and shielded.” (The Washington Post, 16 December 1990, p 1)
Intelligence: With the identification of an heretofore unidentified Iraqi armored division in the KTO, USCINCCENT reports that all Iraqi regular army and Republican Guard heavy divisions are committed to or reinforcing the area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Civil Engineers: The USCENTAF Engineer and USCENTCOM/J-4 certify Al Kharj as ready to receive aircraft. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 170800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Support Activities: The initiation of the second phase of USCENTCOM's force buildup prompts the USCENTAF Civil Engineer to hold all construction projects to initial standards, with priority on constructing ammunition supply points, airfield improvements, helicopter support facilities, supply routes and forward supply points. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 10322, subj: Guidance for Programming Construction Requirements, 161409Z Dec 90, In Theater Construction Strategy file, IRIS 00887497/K178.9301-116)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF requests CENTCOM support in obtaining C-5 support to move outsize equipment in support of the F-15E redeployment from Thumrait, Oman, to Al Kharj Air Base, just south of Riyadh. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 160800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: U.S. OPLAN Desert Storm is published. The theater strategy outlined in the plan includes: defensive operations, a four-phase offensive campaign, ensuring the post-war security of Kuwait, enhancing regional security, and redeployment operations. The missions stated in the plan are to neutralize the Iraqi national command authorities, eject Iraqi armed forces from Kuwait; destroy the Republican Guard; as early as possible destroy Iraq's nuclear, biological, chemical and missile capabilities; and assist in the restoration of the legitimate government of Kuwait. The four phases of the offensive plan consist of a strategic air campaign, gaining air supremacy in the KTO, battlefield preparation, and a ground offensive campaign. (HQ USCENTCOM (TS/NF/Limdis), U.S. OPLAN Desert Storm, 16 Dec 1990)
17 December 1990
C+132
Intelligence: Returning to near-average levels, the Iraqi's fly 154 sorties, including two low-altitude intercept sorties in the Baghdad-Basra air-transport corridor. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Meanwhile, Iraqi ground forces in the KTO increase to 21 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions, and continued reserve call-ups bring the Iraqi armed forces to about 1.5 million personnel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: After several weeks of preparatory construction by USCENTAF engineers, 26 F-15Es move from Thumrait Air Base, in southern Oman, to Al Kharj Air Base, in central Saudi Arabia, moving them over 500 nautical miles closer to their potential targets in the KTO. The movement is supported by a C-5 sortie moving outsized equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 180800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Civil Engineers: A series of training classes on the folded fiberglass mat, rapid runway repair system ends, after 151 PRIME BEEF and 1 allied personnel are trained in the system. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 170800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF's highest security police movement priority is for Al Kharj, which currently has “more aircraft than SP's [sic], great expanses of perimeter to secure, and hundreds of third country national contractors on base.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 170800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: The USCENTAF Tactical Air Control Center is reorganized. The reorganization concentrates all planning functions in a new Campaign Plans Directorate. Under Campaign Plans, the Guidance, Apportionment, and Targeting Division (GAT) contains both the Iraqi and Kuwait Theater of Operations planning groups, which are both placed under the direction of Black Hole-experienced officers, Lieutenant Colonels Dave Deptula and Sam Baptiste respectively. (USCENTAF Combat Plans Handout (S), January 1991, GWAPS, NA-20)
Air Operations: CENTAF begins changing aircraft call signs to improve operations security. The Coalition begins Operation Border Look, flying large numbers of AWACS and fighter combat air patrols near the border to condition the Iraqis to the presence of large numbers of aircraft. A two-day dissimilar aerial combat tactics training program begins, to provide training for fighter pilots and airborne warning and control system crews. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
18 December 1990
C+133
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to the highest fighter and the third highest total sortie level observed in December, 156 and 208 respectively, mostly consisting of routine training and transport operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Iraqi ground forces in the KTO now total 22 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Civil Engineers: The USCENTAF Civil Engineer advises subordinate units that they may contract for essential construction, when it is “not practical, possible or realistic” for construction contracting and/or they have mutual agreement with their Saudi counterparts that the Saudi Government will reimburse the US for that construction. (Implementation Plan, USCENTAF/DE, Host/Third Nation Contributions file, IRIS 00887506/ K178.9301.125)
Civil engineering projects are approved and prioritized at the theater level at the twice-weekly meetings of the Combined Civil-Military Engineering Board. At the USCENTAF level, the RCCM (Regional Contingency Construction Management) team validates and recommends priorities for projects, in accordance with USCINCCENT guidance. (USCENTAF/DE, Procedures for Construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Construction Policy file, IRIS 00887497/K178.9301-116)
Logistics: To support the continued buildup in forces, COMUSCENTAF requests 200 tons per day of additional strategic airlift, between C+139 and C+148, to support the movement of 4 units into the AOR. He also adds fuels support equipment and vehicles to his logistics top priorities list for the same purpose. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 180800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Pallet covers are out of stock in the supply system. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 182104Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #106)
Planning: SAC executes the call-up of selected Air Reserve Component tanker units effective 20 Dec. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
Other Activities: CINCSAC notes that the SAC band deployment to Operation Desert Shield is paying dividends. They have already played for thousands of troops and been well received. After a two and one half hour concert at one of the tent cities, the troops were cheering for more. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
19 December 1990
C+133
Background Events: The Secretary of Defense and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff arrive in Riyadh for briefings. The deputy commander of U.S. forces, Army Lt Gen Calvin A. H. Waller, tells the press his troops would not be ready for “combat activities” on 15 January and that he couldn't “imagine” President Bush ordering an offensive that soon. Addressing Waller's comments, the White House Press Secretary suggests that “what he really said is they might not be as ready as they would like to be . . . for all the contingencies. We are assured they will be ready to do whatever they are called upon to do.” (The Washington Post, 20 December 1990, p 1)
Intelligence: The Iraqi's fly 191 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: USCENTAF mortuary affairs personnel meet with the Judge Advocate (USCENTAF/JA) to coordinate the disposition of the personal effects (sic) and AOR summary court martial actions of deceased personnel. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 200800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Air Operations: A SANDY BEACH exercise takes place in Qatar involving sixteen inbound U.S. fighters, six allied fighters, and Qatar's air defense. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z, GWAPS, CSS #31)
20 December 1990
C+135
Background Events: Turkey requests its NATO partners send a multinational force of air units to bolster Turkish defenses against possible border clashes with Iraq. (The Washington Post, 20 December 1990, p 26)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity reaches its second highest level for December and the highest fighter activity level since September, at 210 and 170 sorties respectively. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty-four F-15Cs deploy to Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 210800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Security: COMUSCENTAF requests priority deployment of additional security to Al Kharj, which should occur, he believes, before additional aircraft arrive at the base. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 200800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: As the force buildup continues, COMUSCENTAF reports that the “next 30 days is [the] most important period of sustainment for USCENTAF.” In addition to specific requests for war readiness spares kits and field kitchens, he sets his logistics top priorities as resupply and war readiness spares kits, POL equipment, vehicles, munitions, spare aircraft engines, and communications equipment. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 200800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
HQ USAFE deploys a logistics planner to Incirlik AB to lay the initial groundwork for the reception of US (Proven Force) forces. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Air Operations: Typhoon Russ passes Andersen AFB, Guam. Total Desert Shield B-52 sorties to date are 418 for 4,020 flying hours. Total SAC tanker sorties to date are 13,129 for 57,555 hours and offloaded 338 million pounds of fuel to 25,028 receivers. SAC reconnaissance aircraft have flown 509 operational sorties for 5347 hours to date. Per CENTCOM request, RC-135s resume 24 hour coverage of the AOR. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #84)
21 December 1990
C+136
Background Events: Pentagon officials, traveling with Secretary Cheney, dispute Gen Waller's comments that U.S. forces would not be ready for combat on 15 January. They issue a statement acknowledging that “some parts of the force become ready before others,” but emphasize that Air Force and Navy warplanes would be prepared for combat before ground troops finish taking positions. Along with this emphasis, a senior official cited public speculation that a U.S. attack would start with an air campaign. (The Washington Post, 21 December 1990, p 32)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity falls to 174 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Meanwhile, Iraqi ground forces in the KTO increase again, to 23 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty-four F-15Cs from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, Bitburg, GE, and eighteen A-10s from the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing, RAF Alconbury, UK, arrive at Al Kharj and King Fahd ABs, respectively. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 210703Z Dec 1990, GWAPS, CSS #47)
Planning: USCINCEUR Crisis Action Team telefaxes an advance copy of the preliminary JTF Proven Force OPORD to HQ USAFE. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
22 December 1990
C+137
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 138 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Ground Order of Battle: As U.S. personnel strength in the theater reaches 303,572, the first time over 300,000, the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment closes, the first major ground combat unit of the Phase II deployment to do so. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: In two days USAF civil engineers erect tent billeting for 2,000 people, and most of the maintenance shelters, hangers, fuel storage tanks, runway aircraft arrester systems, and the munitions storage facilities required to convert the Royal Saudi Air Force Airfield at Al Karj from a bare-base into a facility capable of handling 114 aircraft and 4,800 people. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Planning: MAC is tasked to provide a C-141 to transport USS Saratoga casualties from Tel Aviv to Dover. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 230400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
Air Operations: A successful test link is effected between the coalition air defense system in Saudi Arabia and the NATO Airborne Warning and Control System in Turkey. The coalition also conducts an air defense exercise and continues with daily close air support training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
23 December 1990
C+138
Intelligence: Iraqi ground forces in the KTO total 23 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF requests expedited shipments of C-130 propellers to make up for unexpectedly high usage and incomplete spares stocks. Also, a propeller repair shop will be established at Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 230800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Air Operations: For the first time, USAF F-15s and Kuwaiti F-1s conduct combined air-to-air training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
USCINCEUR issues OPORD [DELETED] establishing Combined Joint Task Force - Proven Force, to support multinational force operations (“ . . . to deter conflict and provide combat capability in event of hostilities.”) in the USCINCCENT Area of Responsibility from Turkey. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to CINCUSAREUR, subj: USCINCEUR OPORDER for CJTF Proven Force, 231243Z Dec 90, GWAPS, NA-185)
24 December 1990
C+139
Intelligence: A drop in Iraqi air activity, due mainly to poor weather, confirms assessments that Iraqi pilots are not adequately trained in all-weather operations. There are now 24 committed and 10 reinforcing Iraqi divisions in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252112Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: In light of the arrival, or pending arrival, of 3 additional field kitchens, COMUSCENTAF releases a training kitchen previously requested for deployment to the AOR. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 240800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
COMUSCENTAF also points out that vehicles being moved into the theater by air should be delivered directly to their destinations “to avoid double handling and unnecessary line haul operations.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 240800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Air Operations: In addition to normal reconnaissance, close air support and local-orientation training, 15 USS Kennedy aircraft flew a simulated strike into northwestern Saudi Arabia, against defending Kuwaiti and Saudi Air Force aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
25 December 1990
C+140
Background Events: The Washington Post reports that U.S. military commanders in the Middle East cautioned Secretary of Defense Cheney and Chairman Powell against going to war with Iraq before the American force is fully prepared in early to mid-February. (The Washington Post, 26 December 1990, p 1)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 176 sorties, with fighters accounting for 124. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, “Sitrep (U)”, 262115Z Dec 90)
Thirty Iraqi fighters, from six bases, also conduct simultaneous, countrywide nighttime ground controlled intercept training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: There are now sixteen Patriot SAM batteries in country with the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, six providing Anti Tactical Ballistic Missile defense for major U.S. installations in eastern Saudi Arabia. four more batteries are expected in country by 15 January 1991. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
26 December 1990
C+141
Background Events: Israel indicates that it will not launch a preemptive strike against Iraq, though Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens warns “if we are hit we shall strike back. But there is no need for panic.” (The Washington Post, 27 December 1990, p 1)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 156 sorties, including a reconnaissance flight by a modified Boeing 727. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: Arrival of 11 more F-4Gs at Shaikh Isa Airport, Bahrain, brings the total there to 47. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Support Activities: USCENTAF mortuary affairs requests USCENTAF REAR help in obtaining an additional 5,000 body pouches and 500 human remains transfer cases. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 260800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Civil Engineers: RED HORSE personnel return from Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, after training US Navy Seabeas on using K-Span construction equipment for erecting metal buildings. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Planning: USCINCCENT asserts that the “prevention of fratricide” is of great concern to himself and is the priority of Lt Gen Horner, his air defense commander. To combat the problem, all multinational forces are integrated into the overall command and control structure. U.S. and Saudi air defense forces have established a Combined Control and Reporting Center (CCRC) for the Northeastern Sector of Saudi Arabia. In addition, Syrian, Egyptian, and French liaison officers maintain 24-hour contact with their air defense forces through U.S. supplied communications equipment located in the CCRC. Early warning and weapons status information, as well as notice of friendly aircraft overflight, are passed to their respective headquarters. Another communications channel links the CCRC, through the U.S. air support operations center, to the tactical air control parties located with each nation's forces. Centralized identification and engagement control, visual recognition training during simulated CAS missions, air defense exercises, and coordinated strike and minimum risk route procedures are all being used to prevent fratricide. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
USTRANSCOM receives a JCS deployment order for Navy C-9s. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 270400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
Planning for the beddown of twelve Navy C-9s to support Phase II passenger deployment begins. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 280400Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #72)
27 December 1990
C+142
Leaders: Major General James L. Jamerson, HQ USAFE Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations is appointed JTF Proven Force Commander. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 191 sorties, with fighter aircraft accounting for 151. USCINCCENT believes that Iraq has reached a goal of flying 25 percent of its air sorties at night. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Support Activities: Two 9-1 field kitchens are now operational at Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
COMUSCENTAF reports that 1,800 radios funded by the government of Japan, along with base stations and repeaters funded by the US Air Force, will fill seventy percent of a long-standing communications requirement at the deployed wings. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Security: COMUSCENTAF requests expeditious shipment of 1.3 million sandbags to the AOR for air base defense. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 270800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
28 December 1990
C+143
Background Events: The New York Times reports that Iraq is strengthening its forces along its border with Turkey. (New York Times, 29 December, p 1)
Intelligence: The Iraqi's test launch a single short-range ballistic missile (probably an Al-Abbas Scud) about 735-750 kilometers, between points in southeastern and western Iraq. USCINCCENT reports that the Iraqi's protect their Scuds by dispersing their mobile erector launchers (MELs), moving the MELs mainly at night for launches near sunset or sunrise, and concealing the MELs and Scuds in buildings or in camouflaged, earth-covered trenches. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
115 sorties of Iraqi air activity, include a Mirage F-1 flying within 22 nautical miles of an F/A-18 flying combat air patrol. There is no reaction by either aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty more F-15Es arrive at Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia, from the CONUS. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 290800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Medical: COMUSCENTAF reports that equipment shortages limit the newly-deployed 4th TAC Hospital at King Khalid International Airport to twenty-five operational beds. He urges special efforts to find “opportune airlift” to get medical supplies, particularly decontamination kits, to the theater. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 280800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
29 December 1990
C+144
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity reaches its highest level since the invasion of Kuwait. Sorties total 231, with fighter aircraft accounting for 175. A contributing factor to the higher count is the coverage added to the ongoing AWACS routes by E-2C Hawkeyes working in the northern Gulf. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Operations: In addition to normal close air support training, air defense operations and local orientation flights, thirty-six CENTAF F-111s conduct a mass launch in preparation for large force generation operations. Two New Zealand Air Force C-130s join the ongoing theater airlift effort. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
30 December 1990
C+145
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 219 sorties, including a second day of flights over the northern Persian Gulf and Kuwait in possible coastal defense and fighter sweep operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Air Order of Battle: Nine KC-135s arrive at AOR bases, while twenty-two F-16s deploy to Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia (two aborted for maintenance to follow later). (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep, 310800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
31 December 1990
C+146
Background Events: Iraq orders 17-year-olds to report for military duty, the youngest age-group ever drafted in modern Iraq. (The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1 January 1991, p 1)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 107 sorties. For the second day in a row, there is no Boeing 727 intelligence collection flight over southern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Ground Order of Battle: The Syrian 9th Armored Division closes in theater - fielding: T-62 main battle tanks, artillery pieces, anti-tank weapons and air defense weapons. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Medical: The 4th TAC Hospital now has all 50 of its beds “operational.” (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF FWD to USCINCCENT, subj: Desert Shield Sitrep 310800Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #8)
Logistics: CENTAF requests help in acquiring F-111 ARS antennas since five 48 TFW (deployed) aircraft are NMC-S (not mission capable - supply) for failed antennas. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Two U.S.-Saudi strike packages fly against French Mirage 2000s acting as opposition air defense. In addition, twelve Italian Tornados practice air refueling from a KC-135. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
1 January 1991
C+147
Intelligence: Severe weather restricts Iraqi air activity to 36 total sorties. Iraq now has 24 committed and 10 reinforcing divisions in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitreps, 012115Z & 022115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 116 air-to-air, 385 air-to-ground, and 318 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 549 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Following a delay at Moron AB, Spain, twenty-four F-16s from the 50th Tactical Fighter Wing, Hahn AB, Germany, deploy to Al Dhafra. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 020703Z Jan 1990, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Ground Order of Battle: USCENTCOM forces in the theater now total 334,921, including 39,028 in CENTAF. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 344 attack helicopters, 1016 support helicopters, 1046 main battle tanks, and 650 artillery pieces, 90 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 18 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 7th Armored Brigade is reinforcing the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force with 15 helicopters, 117 Challenger tanks, 111 armored fighting vehicles and 24 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Dec 90, GWAPS, CSS #31)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF top logistics priorities are: resupply/WRSK, POL issues, vehicles, munitions, spare aircraft engines and props, and communications equipment. Logistics assessment is satisfactory. Overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.8 percent. MICAP parts backlog is 305. Days sustainability of rations is 78 for B-rations and 75 for MREs based on 37,500 personnel to support. CENTAF personnel strength in AOR totals 39,028. CENTAF communications priority projects are: airborne radio relay capability for UHF/VHF; E-3/EC-130 TACSAT engineering assistance; ground-air transmit/receive relay sites for AWACS/ABCCC; Land mobile radios (LMR) for wing support; CRC and ASOC beddown at KKMC; Giant Voice alerting systems; allied secure voice program; mini-multiplex equipment; electronic warfare reprogramming; CAMS/SBSS; USCENTCOM flight document; and comm center phase II equipment. (Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: Air campaign priorities for countering an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia remain: counterair, close air support, and interdiction. (Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: A total of 311,644 passengers and 307,742 tons of cargo have been moved in support of Desert Shield to date. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 012100Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Aeromedical evacuations to date (read patient numbers as litter/ambulatory): Cumulative theater - 409/1276; cumulative strategic to Europe - 976/1644; strategic aeromedical evacuation of Desert Shield patients from Europe to Conus - 490/1522. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 012100Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Total missions offloaded in AOR: C-5 1987, C-141 4192, KC-10 287, Commercial 1451, total 7917. Total missions completed to date: C-5 2373, C-141 4824, KC-10 333, Commercial 1663, total 9193. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 012100Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Training, reconnaissance, electronic combat, command and control, air refueling, and airlift sorties flown total 451 sorties. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Jan 1991, GWAPS, CSS #7)
2 January 1991
C+148
Background Events: NATO approves the Turkish request for the protective deployment of the 42 fighter aircraft and 470+ personnel of the Allied Commander Europe Mobile Force's rapid reaction force. (The Washington Post, 3 January 1991, p 17)
Leaders: CJTF Proven Force briefs CENTAF FWD staff on JTF Proven Force concept of operations and coordinated air tasking order procedures for offensive operations conducted by USAFE aircraft from Turkish bases. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Intelligence: Continued poor weather holds Iraqi air activity to 37 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Eighteen F-16s arrive at Al Kharj. (Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 030800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: LANTRIN FLIR windows continue to deteriorate rapidly. In addition to 21 degraded windows previously reported (F-15E), five F-16 windows deteriorated to the point that video reception is degraded and expected to be totally unserviceable in a few more sorties. Other FLIR windows are also showing signs of deterioration. Desert Express flights have not been used for "9AU" (priority parts) shipments to Cairo West and Shaikh Isa so shipments have been held in the US awaiting scheduled flights to these sites - CENTAF notes that they are eligible for Desert Express flights. T-1 commercial satellite comm links is added to the comm priority projects list. Expected closure of all medical assets is expected by C+161. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 030800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Six Navy C-9s flew their first common-user airlift missions today in support of USCENTCOM unit movement. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 030400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 567. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 030800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
3 January 1991
C+149
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to a still-below-average 93 sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
On the ground, USCINCCENT estimates that Iraq has 532,900 personnel, 4,000 tanks, 2,700 armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, and 3,020 artillery pieces arrayed against the 580,000 multinational troops in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Support Activities: The 4th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) reports that maintenance problems with the emergency power units of newly-arrived F-16s stemmed from their arrivals during ongoing sand storms. (Historical Report, 4 TFW (P), Executive Summary, 1-5 Jan 1991, IRIS 00881104/K-WG-4-HI)
Logistics: Newly arrived F-15Es deployed with modules not compatible with chaff and flares currently on station. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 689, with the increase being in air-to-air and air-to-ground training. An exercise was conducted to test ability to rapidly increase from one to four the number of airborne AWACS. The exercise consisted of scrambling air defense alert aircraft to provide CAP of high value assets, generating of one and two hour air defense alert aircraft to 5-minute status, and scrambling tankers to support additional AWACS and CAPS. An air defense exercise was conducted in conjunction with the scrambling of additional air defense assets, simulating attacks against KKMC and Riyadh, and exercising SAM weapon systems. The exercise included Saudi and RAF assets. (Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
4 January 1991
C+150
Intelligence: Most of Iraqi's 48 sorties today are transport missions into the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Support Activities: COMUSCENTAF directs the USCENTAF Staff Weather Officer to begin providing an updated long-range planning forecast every two days. The SWO provided this data both to COMUSCENTAF and the Director of the Guidance, Apportionment, and Tasking Section of the Tactical Air Control Center, Brigadier General Buster C. Glosson. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield Report 1,” 23 May 1991, p 10, GWAPS, NA-76)
Logistics: CENTAF requests expeditious release of mission essential items originating from Defense Logistics Agency depots. Total CENTAF personnel in AOR is 40,708. Lack of air traffic controllers is hampering flight operations at King Fahd. CENTAF/SGAO is preparing a contingency support plan to provide details on actions to be taken by TAC medical forces at D-day. (Msg (S) COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 050800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Daily coalition air defense, strike and close air support (CAS) training programs continue, including 144 CAS sorties in northeast Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 762. An AC-130 and three C-130s are deployed to Mombasa, Kenya to support Operation Eastern Exit, non-combatant evacuation operations from Magadishu, Somalia. Aircraft will redeploy to unit beddowns upon completion. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 050800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
5 January 1991
C+151
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity remains below average levels at 60 sorties, and transport missions account for more than fifty percent of this activity. Analysts note that the lack of normal air activity during the previous four days has increased the number of sorties Iraq could fly in support of offensive or defensive operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Sixteen A-10s and six OA-10s arrive at King Fahd. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: Analysis is needed to determine why ARS antennas are failing at such an accelerated rate. Completed first training class of AOR mortuary augmentees to support expanded operations, if necessary. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: The coalition conducts an extensive air defense exercise, complete with “fakers,” AWACS, airborne combat air patrol aircraft, ground alert combat air patrol aircraft, and air defense command and control agencies. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 771. A second AC-130 is sent to support Operation Eastern Exit. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
6 January 1991
C+152
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity totals 88 sorties, including 64 by fighter aircraft. USCINCCENT believes Iraqi air activity will increase in an attempt to reach operational proficiency prior to 15 January. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: Harvest Falcon equipment is added to COMUSCENTAF's list of top logistics priorities. Mission critical parts total 333 and expeditious shipment of three F-15 rudders and a F-16A bleed air valve is requested. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 070800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Combined U.S. and allied training included dissimilar aerial combat tactics, low-level navigation, surface attack, and air refueling operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 551. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 070800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
7 January 1991
C+153
Background Events: U.S. military leaders reportedly decide against using nuclear or chemical arms to destroy Iraqi military installations or retaliate against Iraqi poison gas or germ warfare attacks. This decision is believed to reflect high confidence in U.S. conventional firepower, as well as a desire not to compound the already unpredictable political consequences of a potential military conflict. (The Washington Post, 7 January 1991, p 1)
Intelligence: Iraqi ground forces in the KTO now stand at 24 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions, armed with 4,000 main battle tanks, 2,500 armored-fighting vehicles, and 3,000 artillery pieces. The Iraqi Air Force is estimated at 700 aircraft plus helicopters; however, pilot proficiency is considered low. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Poor weather holds Iraqi air activity to 59 sorties, including only 17 by fighters. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Ground Order of Battle: The final ships carrying the French 6th Armored Division (7,100 personnel) and the Egyptian 4th Armored Division (13,700 personnel) close at Yanbu, on the Red Sea. Due to time involved in assembly and road-march to Northern Area positions, these units are not expected to be ready for combat until 15 and 11 January, respectively. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30; Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Operations: Exercise FISH BARREL begins with 266 simulated close air support and air interdiction sorties by coalition aircraft. For the first time, six B-52s complete a strike training mission in northeast Saudi Arabia. A CENTAF/USMC/Italian Air Force package conducts simulated strikes against Al Dhafra airfield and an industrial complex in the United Arab Emirates. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Daily flights (one C-141 and one C-5) begin using Eastern European flight routing. Plans are in the making for possible use of Eastern European routing for Navy C-9s. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 050400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
JTF Proven Force is activated at Ramstein AB, Germany effective 0800Z. Concurrently, the Turkish General Staff approves the deployment of a small ADVON to Incirlik AB. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
8 January 1991
C+154
Background Events: According to Congressman Les Aspin (D-Wisconsin), Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, military action against Iraq will come in phases, beginning with an air attack. A ground attack would come as the last phase after it had been determined that Iraqi forces had been sufficiently weakened. He foresees a good likelihood of a quick allied victory. (New York Times, 9 January, p A1)
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to 130 sorties, with fighters accounting for 89. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Twenty-four F-16s arrive at Al Minhad and two EC-130s (ABCCC) arrive at Riyadh. An F-16 on a night interdiction training mission impacted the ground destroying the aircraft and killing the pilot. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 090800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: Currently, there is insufficient airlift to accommodate 53 short tons for J-Stars support. CENTAF requires movement of an F-15 drop tank build-up team from Holloman AFB, New Mexico, to Al Kharj and priority transport of 5 engine spares to Tabuk. All MAJCOMs, depots, and home units are ordered to replenish WRSK, HPMSK, and MSK to full authorization. Expeditious airlift is requested for GBU-27, all countermeasure munitions, and 208 AGM-65/Gs (Mavericks). Request is made for a explosive-qualified military working dog team for Al Kharj. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 090800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Exercise FISH BARREL continues with 575 coalition air sorties, including 285 for close air support training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The twenty KC-10s currently being used for common use lift begin to be incrementally returned to SAC. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 080400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
9 January 1991
C+155
Background Events: Talks between United States Secretary of State Baker and Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz in Geneva fail to reach agreement on a peaceful resolution to the Persian Gulf crisis. (The Washington Post, 10 January, p A1; (New York Times, 10 January, p A1)
Intelligence: At 81 sorties, Iraqi air activity remains lower than normal for the seventh consecutive day. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: An E-3 AWACS and RC-135 arrive at Riyadh. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Ground Order of Battle: The British 1st Armored Division closes in the theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Civil Engineers: USCENTCOM cautions that the reliability and responsiveness of host nation contractors will become “increasingly questionable” as a means to meet construction needs in the forward areas, especially if hostilities commence. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT/CCJR to Service Components, subj: Troop and Contract Construction in Support of Operation Desert Shield in Reference to Problems with Contract Construction in Theater 191800Z Jan 91, IRIS 00887500/K178.9301-119)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF states concern for the lack of countermeasure chaff and flares, and the need for all assets required to complete CENTAF's 30 day requirement to be shipped by expeditious airlift. A limited supply of F-15C wheels exists in the AOR requiring a 6 month extension to the 24 month overhaul criteria. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Shortages of 5000-pound capacity cargo tiedown straps continue to be a problem. While contractors have delivered 20,000 and are supposed to deliver 40,000 more by the end of January, if straps are not returned from the theater the problem will reoccur. (Msg (S), MACCAT to TRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 092031Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Assessments begin to examine the possibility of establishing an express retrograde system for reparables. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 090400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Planning: USCINCCENT now estimates that Iraq is more likely to stand and fight in Kuwait than withdraw. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Operations: Coalition aircraft flew another 575 sorties in support of exercise FISH BARREL, including 211 for CAS training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Other Activities: The 82 Airborne Division's Ready Brigade begins to move to Thumama Airfield, 30 nautical miles north of Riyadh, by theater airlift and surface transportation, to provide rear-area security for coalition forces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
10 January 1991
C+156
Intelligence: Iraqi air activity increases to 130 sorties, with 89 flown by fighter aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: The first E-8 Joint Stars aircraft [is scheduled to arrive] arrives at Riyadh. (Contingency Historical Report, 4409th OSW, Riyadh Air Base Master Chronology, 10 Jan 91, IRIS 00887752/K-WG-4409-SU-RE)
Logistics: One CAFMS terminal arrived damaged, so four vans are operational, providing 44 remote terminal capability. The contract for Japanese-funded land mobile radios has not been executed due to delays in contract validation, so it appears they will not arrive prior to Jan 15. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 110800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: By 13 January CENTAF will establish its air-to-air and air-to-ground combat aircraft at [DELETED] of their tasked loadout [armed-and-ready] posture. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Operations: Coalition theater airlift forces move a 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) task force to King Khalid Military City. Fifty percent of all Patriot SAM batteries are at heightened alert condition in preparation for possible Iraqi theater ballistic missile attacks. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The last KC-10s complete offload in the pure cargo role for MAC and are returned to CINCSAC. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 0110400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
11 January 1991
C+157
Leaders: At CENTAF direction, CINCSAC accelerates his tanker force commitment into the AOR as he approaches the final hours of providing CINCCENT with the requested plus-up of B-52, KC-135, and KC-10 aircraft and aircrews for Operation Desert Shield. His assessment is that pre-hostility levels of 224 tankers and 353 aircrews will be attained on 13 January. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 120400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #83)
Air Order of Battle: Two TR-1s arrive at Taif. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 120800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: CENTAF/DO reduces the GBU-27 requirement by 400. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 120800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Coalition air operations included 250 close air support training sorties, night training operations for several types of combat aircraft, and continued airlift operations in support of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) task force movement to King Khalid Military City. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 788. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 120800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
12 January 1991
C+158
Background Events: Following three days of debate, Congress grants President Bush the authority to go to war against Iraq.
Intelligence: Good weather allows Iraqi air activity to rise to 221 sorties, including simulated air combat, local-area, and over water training for fighter aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Two JSTARS aircraft arrive in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Ground Order of Battle: USCENTCOM theater personnel strength passes the 400,000 mark, at 408,876. Reinforcements for the French 6th Armored Division close at King Khalid Military City, bringing along AMX-30 tanks, AMX-10 armored fighting vehicles, artillery pieces and attack helicopters. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: Communications equipment is dropped from CENTAF logistics priorities. Priorities have been realigned with munitions now topping the list. They revise the priority of preferred munitions stocks/components in the TPFDD to close at points of intended use NLT C+171. Receipt of these assets will provide a significant increase in combat effectiveness and meet 30-day stockpile objectives. Request is made to expedite POL (Jet A-1 and JP-4) resupply ships arrival to 15 Jan. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 130800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: As F-16s begin to augment F-15s on air defense patrols, CENTAF air-to-ground and air-to-air units begin loadout [armed and ready]. Additionally, the newly-arrived, search-and-rescue, local user terminal's ability to locate the emergency beacons of downed pilots is tested. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total sorties flown by CENTAF today is 770. COMUSCENTAF begins to transition from training to wartime posture. They will fly 30 percent of a normal flying schedule, load out all air-to-air units, and load out most of the air-to-ground units. Indications are positive that Oman will approve new airway structures to keep commercial air carriers well south of Iraqi border areas. (Msg (S), COMUSCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 130800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
13 January 1991
C+159
Intelligence: Inclement weather helps restrict Iraqi air activity to 142 sorties, including 61 by fighters and 56 by transports. USCINCCENT assesses that the Iraqi Air Force has had sufficient time to disperse aircraft to any of the 128 airfields in Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Ground Order of Battle: VII Corps Headquarters closes in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: All AGM-65/Gs have been received. Munitions in the TPFFD with a LAD (latest arrival date) of C+170 or earlier are removed from the shortfall list. 1,400 human remains transfer cases are identified for transfer from Ramstein AB, Germany, to Dhahran. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 140800Z JAN 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: USCENTCOM and HQ Joint Force/Theater of Operations staffs approve the “Combined OPLAN for Offensive Operations to Eject Iraqi Forces from Kuwait.” The plan has four phases: preparation, which includes the forward movement of friendly troops to the Saudi-Kuwaiti border; security, which includes breaching Iraqi defenses, securing key objectives in Kuwait and positioning a screening force on the Kuwaiti-Iraqi border; defense, which incudes integrating friendly defenses; and consolidation, which includes the transitioning of responsibility for Kuwaiti security back to the government of Kuwait. The plan is issued to the field on 17 January. (HQ USCENTCOM and HQ JF/Theater of Operations, “Combined OPLAN for Offensive Operations to Eject Iraqi Forces from Kuwait (S), 17 Jan 91, GWAPS, NA-106)
The Turkish government approves the construction of 30 12-person tents to house projected Proven Force personnel at Incirlik AB and Batman AB, Turkey. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Air Operations: Air-to-ground and air-to-air units are loaded out [armed and ready]. Meanwhile, protective air patrols increase and a tanker exercise simulates wartime operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Total CENTAF sorties flown today is 288 - 721 were scheduled but weather required cancellation of most. An F-16 was lost 30 NM south of Al Kharj due to probable oil system failure - pilot bailed out. Load out of aircraft is completed. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 140800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
14 January 1991
C+160
Intelligence: In addition to two intelligence collection flights, the Iraqi Air Force generally flew at reduced levels, concentrating fighter operations on air combat and local area training. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: The USS Roosevelt Carrier Battle Group arrives in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Six RF-4Cs arrive at Shaikh Isa and one U-2 arrives at Taif. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 150800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: Overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94%. Engineering and services emphasis is concentrated on airfield operations and base recovery after attack (BRAAT). Total CENTAF personnel in the AOR is 45,585. CAFMS is activated at Abu Dhabi and Dubai and approved for the Canadian WOC (Wing Operations Center) at Doha. Thirty two air traffic controllers in-processed. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 150800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF publishes wartime rules of engagement (Msg (S), COMCENTAF to USCINCCENT, subj: COMCENTAF Wartime Rules of Engagement: Desert Shield, 142030Z Jan 91)
Air Operations: Total CENTAF sorties flown today is 524. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 142030Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
15 January 1991
C+161
Background Events: President George Bush authorizes military actions to bring about Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait, provided there is no last minute diplomatic breakthrough and that Congress is notified. [source DELETED]
Leaders: The US Ambassador to Turkey receives formal approval from the Turkish Foreign Ministry for the “temporary” deployment of 48 additional fighters to Incirlik AB. This brings to 96 the total of combat aircraft at Incirlik. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
COMUSCENTAF assesses that “we have essentially completed deployment of USCENTAF forces for Desert Shield. We have planned, trained, and are ready to conduct air operations.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Intelligence: Iraqi forces defending the KTO include 24 committed and 11 reinforcing divisions, composed of 42 heavy (armored/mechanized) and 83 light (infantry) brigades, and fielding some 540,000 personnel, 4,200 tanks, 2,800 armored and armored fighting vehicles, and 3,100 artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: U.S. aircraft in the theater now include 195 air-to-air, 477 air-to-ground, and 426 dual-role combat aircraft, backed by 749 support aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Ground Order of Battle: USCENTCOM forces in the theater now total 422,041, including 3,173 SOCCENT, 245,290 ARCENT, 46,523 CENTAF, 52,160 NAVCENT and 73,662 MARCENT personnel. Major weapon systems available to U. S. ground forces in the theater now include 383 attack helicopters, 1,120 support helicopters, 1,110 main battle tanks, 2,426 other armored and armored fighting vehicles, 711 artillery pieces, 121 Multiple-Launch Rocket Systems and 18 Army Tactical Missile Systems. Additionally, the British 1st Armored Division is reinforcing VII Corps with helicopters, Challenger tanks, armored fighting vehicles and artillery pieces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: CENTAF requests immediate action to bring 200 qualified tractor trailer operators to the AOR within 48 hours to meet line haul requirements. Overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94.6 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: Units are flying minimum schedule - coalition aircraft fly 1,200 sorties (of which CENTAF aircraft fly a total of 605 sorties). Air-to-air and air-to-ground units remain loaded out. All airfields are operational. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
2
Chronology of Desert Storm
16 January 1991
C+162 D-Day
Note: Because this chronology is referenced to Greenwich Mean time (Z-time), 16 January 1991 is ascribed as “D-Day.” The coalition's first weapons struck Iraqi targets at 2339Z and a commitment to hostilities occurred almost an hour before with the launching of TLAM cruise missiles at Baghdad. This contrasts with most accounts of the war, which report the war's start as 17 January, based on local Saudi time (Z-time + 3 hours or 0239L).
Background Events: Just before the commencement of hostilities, France announces that its troops will be placed under American command for “pre-determined missions” to liberate Kuwait. (The Washington Post, 17 January, p A27)
Intelligence: Iraq maintains twenty-four committed and eleven reinforcing divisions in the KTO which, while remaining on alert for a possible coalition attack, do not show signs of unusual dispersal. Air transport sorties dominate Iraqi Air Force operations, possibly in support of munitions build-ups at dispersal airfields. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Fifteen of sixteen Patriot and twenty-two of twenty-two ARCENT Hawk SAM fire units are operational. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The Elusive Concept Force (Special Operations Forces) and the first echelon of the Joint Task Force (Proven Force) Headquarters arrive at Incirlik AB, Turkey. Deployment of the Air Force (AFFOR) augmentation package of 48 aircraft is initiated with the arrival of four F-111E from Sigonella AB, Italy. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 170703Z Jan 90, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The arriving JTF (Proven Force) contingent at Incirlik AB, Turkey, consists of 39 headquarters personnel from Ramstein AB, Germany. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
One RC-135 arrives at Riyadh, one U-2 at Taif, six B-52s at [DELETED] and eight B-52s at Moron. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 170800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Support Activities: The USCENTAF Staff Weather Officer (SWO) briefs the Director of the Guidance, Apportionment and Tasking Section (GAT) of the Tactical Air Control Center, Brigadier General Buster C. Glosson, twice daily, and he posts Horizontal Weather Depictions and satellite weather information in the GAT's Iraq and Kuwait Planning Cells. Additionally, for targets scheduled to be hit within the next 48 hours, the Staff Weather Officer (SWO) provides target planning worksheets to the Air Tasking Order cell by 0730Z each day. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield Report 1,” 23 May 1991, p 10, GWAPS, NA-531)
Logistics: Desert Shield cargo requirements now exceed the combined capabilities of available MAC organic aircraft, Civil Reserve Airlift Fleet (CRAF) Stage I, and volunteer civil aircraft, leading the SECDEF to approve activation of CRAF Stage II effective 170240Z. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 170400Z and 200400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Limited jet fuel supplies at Zaragoza Air Base, Spain, require maximum rerouting of airlift flights to other enroute facilities. 463L pallets and nets remain critical at all aerial ports of embarkation. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 170400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Planning: The JCS authorizes the evacuation of American citizens and their immediate family members from Eastern Saudi Arabia and Bahrain on DOD owned or controlled aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitreps, 170400Z and 200400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Ten B-52s will deploy from Wurtsmith AFB to [DELETED] at H+29. The Spanish government approved offensive operations from Moron Air Base. The Turkish government gives approval for the beddown of eight additional tankers at Incirlik AB. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 170400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #83)
Air Operations: The airlift in support of Proven Force begins at Incirlik, Turkey with the arrival of two C-5s. A total of 396,378 passengers and 362,631 tons of cargo have been moved in support of Desert Shield to date. The total number of missions offloaded in the AOR to date is 9,194 and the total number of missions completed to date is 10,693. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 162211Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Coalition air training and support operations continue at ordinary levels and patterns. The Desert Storm air campaign begins at 2339Z (170239L), when USARCENT AH-64s, led by USCENTSOC MH-53s, deliver their first ordnance against two Iraqi early warning radar sites, located about 50 nautical miles north and north north-east of Ar'Ar. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
17 January 1991
C+163 D+1
Leaders: Brigadier General Jamerson, Commander Joint Task Force (Proven Force) arrives at Incirlik AB, Turkey. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT attributes minimal Iraqi Air Force reaction to Desert Storm air attacks as an effort to maximize free-fire zones for ground-based antiaircraft units, and perhaps to a reluctance to engage coalition aircraft in aerial combat. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The coalition observes only 54 Iraqi combat air patrols. Since the majority of SAM attacks on coalition aircraft have been optically aimed, and emissions from Iraqi radars and electronic warfare sites have declined, USCINCCENT assess a “severe degradation in Iraq's capability to detect and/or track ingressing aircraft.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: USCINCCENT/J-3 advises COMUSCENTAF to be ready to receive Tactical Control (TACON) of Joint Task Force [Proven Force, ed.] tactical air and combat search and rescue forces based in Turkey. (Msg (TS) USCINCCENT/J-3 to Joint Staff, subj: Follow-Up Execute Order-USCINCCENT OPORD 001 for Desert Storm, 170001Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CHC #8)
Within hours after the Turkish Parliament empowers the Turkish government to employ “those forces previously authorized at the time and in the manner the government deems appropriate to carry out UN Security Council resolutions,” thirty augmentation aircraft (F-16, F-4G, EF-111A, EC-130, and E-3A) arrive at Incirlik Air Base, and by the morning of 18 January the remaining fighter aircraft are in place. (HQ USAFE/HO, History of Joint Task Force - Proven Force (S/NF), 13 Dec 1991, GWAPS, NA-141)
JTF Proven Force and Elusive Concept forces now consist of one C-130, two MC-130, five MH-53J, and four HC-130; fourteen F-15C, six EF-111, eight KC-135, eleven F-16 and thirteen F-4G Wild Weasel, four F-111E, and three EC-130s. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 180703Z Jan 90, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Some Proven Force operational elements begin forward deployment [DELETED]. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 180703Z Jan 90, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Support Activities: Elements of a USCENTAF Red Horse Civil Engineering Squadron have moved to King Khalid Military City Air Base to augment the construction efforts of a Saudi Contractor hampered by an “instable” labor situation. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: USCINCLANT reports that, since 1 January, he has received an average of only one-third of the daily airlift he needs to maintain the combat readiness of his ships. Consequently, he has a backlog of 52 replacement aircraft engines awaiting shipment, and 578 critical repair shipments failed to move during today alone. (Msg (C) USCINCLANT to CNO, subj: Sustainment Airlift 172200Z Jan 91, NHC, 91719, CNO-DCNO Briefer Files; GWAPS, NA-524 [notes only])
COMUSCENTAF's top logistics priorities are placed on munitions, POL issues, resupply/WRSK, vehicles, Harvest Falcon equipment, and spare aircraft engines and props. Logistics assessment is satisfactory. Overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94.6 percent. He requests expeditious approval for 33 TFW (P) request for depot assistance and repair kits for permanent repair of forward cracks on leading edge of vertical stabilizers on 16 F-15s affected. MICAP parts backlog is 216. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 170800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USCENTCOM halts return of pallets and nets from the AOR, holding them for C-130 movements. Current inventory in the US will support airlift flow for six days based on top nets available, eight days based on side nets available, and thirteen days based on pallets available. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 182227Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT sortie recap (162300Z to 180100Z): USCENTAF-1381, USNAVCENT-415, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-169, Allied-423. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USCENTAF reports that, by 0800Z, 30 air-to-ground packages, eight air-to-air packages, and two reconnaissance packages have been flown against a variety of strategic air defense, telecommunications, command, Scud, airfield and chemical and biological weapon storage targets. Only one F/A-18 is presumed lost. Coalition air forces claim two kills and three possible kills. Approximately twelve enemy aircraft got airborne but were ineffective. One F-111 package had to divert on recovery due to fog at home base. Current operations priorities are offensive counterair and interdiction. COMUSCENTAF's evaluation is that based on information so far the “ . . .campaign has been highly successful” while “ . . . enemy air defenses have been ineffective.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 170800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USNAVCENT vessels launch 116 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles (TLAMs) against Iraq. [By war's end, the Navy would launch 299 TLAMs, of which 284 successfully transitioned to sustained flight, and 75-80 percent of those would strike 174 aimpoints at 38 targets. 257 TLAMs carried unitary warheads, while 27 carried submunitions - ed]. (Andrew P. Borden, Preliminary Assessment of Tomahawk Effectiveness in Operation Desert Storm, Center for Naval Analysis, CRM 91-52, March 1991, pp v, 1-2)
Marine AV-8s silence Iraqi batteries firing on Marine units near the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. Coalition air forces (non-US) fly 18 percent of ATO missions, with the Saudi and Kuwait air forces flying offensive missions beyond the borders of Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Other Activities: The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following incidents: 0210Z, an MH-47 helicopter, damaged by missile fire, lands safely on mattresses at Rafha; 0424Z, a Marine F/A-18 is reported hit by a SAM, causing the airplane to explode, killing the pilot; 1327Z, the emergency locator transmitter (ELT) of a RAF Tornado is initially received by AWACS, but ceased; 0609Z, an emergency transponder squawk and simultaneous bailout call are deemed bogus after a search by two USMARCENT helicopters; 1327Z, a Kuwaiti A-4 pilot ejects and lands in an area deemed high threat for combat search and rescue, but Kuwaiti resistance reports contact with the pilot; 2020Z, an RAF Tornado is reported to have flown into the ground; 2012Z, an F-15E is reported as not arriving over its target and is currently missing; 2050Z, Saudi intelligence reports a Navy A-6 down with its crew captured. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 180630Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
18 January 1991
C+164 D+2
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force conducts limited defensive and no offensive air operations, losing at least five fighters for its trouble. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Except for limited artillery action along the coast and in the tri-border area, no other Iraqi ground activity was noted. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: A Patriot SAM destroys a Scud missile overhead Dhahran, while USCINCCENT reports that current air operations priorities are counterair, interdiction and close air support, with “special emphasis on eliminating remaining Scud fixed and mobile launch systems.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Israeli officials warn that Scud attacks against Israel cannot stand without retaliation. (New York Times, 19 January, p A1)
The JCS directs USCINCEUR to deploy a Patriot SAM battalion to Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 190703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
A-10s report ten kills on mobile Scuds south of As Salman and Mudaysis. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
The first Patriot missiles are delivered to Israel. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 19 Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
The “great Scud hunt” begins with direction that the remainder of the day is to be spent targeting Scud sites. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 4, GWAPS, NA-200)
Air Order of Battle: Three B-52s arrive [DELETED]. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force is reinforced by twenty-four F-16, twenty F-15, four KC-135, two RC-135, and fourteen F-111E aircraft. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 190703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94.2 percent. F-15Es are expending external fuel tanks above forecasted levels. Two A-10s had minor battle damage and one B-52 had fuselage and vertical stabilizer damage. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USEUCOM finalizes Proven Force airlift requirements, which are identified as force module “TTT” in the appropriate movement documents. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Air Operations: COMUSCENTAF current operational priorities are: counterair, interdiction and strategic offense, and close air support. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USCINCCENT sortie recap (180100Z to 190100Z): USCENTAF-1529, USNAVCENT-233, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-122, Allied-316. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Coalition air forces continue the strategic air campaign against Iraq. Twenty-three packages attacked targets in Iraq and Kuwait. Enemy air activity was light with no air-to-air engagements. Four coalition aircraft were lost: an Italian Tornado that proceeded to its target alone, after his three wingmen aborted; a USMC OV-10; a USN A-6E; and an F-4G that ran out of fuel. Four packages of F-117s aborted due to area weather. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USCINCCENT reports his belief that all eight coalition aircraft lost as of 1600Z were downed by Iraqi ground-based air defenses. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Proven Force aircraft (F-111s) conduct their first mission of the war against four Early Warning (EW) sites at Basiqah Northeast, Machurah Dawg North, and Sununi. Elusive Concept forces continue deployment to, and buildup of, a forward staging base at Batman AB and prepare to conduct search and rescue operations in support of Desert Storm. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 180703Z and 190703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USCINCTRANS requests the use of US Coast Guard C-130s to provide aeromedical evacuation support within the US. Five hundred and seventy DOD dependents are repatriated from Turkey and an evacuation of American citizens from Israel by C-141 is in progress. An airfield attack at Dhahran causes only minimal disruption in Civil Reserve Air Fleet operations. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Ten SAC B-52s deploying from Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan, conduct strikes enroute to their deployment location in theater. To date, SAC active and reserve force tankers have flown 16,643 sorties and 72,073 hours in support of Desert Shield and Storm, performing 32,511 air refuelings and delivering 427 million pounds of fuel in the process. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 190400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #83)
Other Activities: USSOCCENT forces stand by for combat search and rescue operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following incidents: 0235Z, an Italian AF Tornado is reported downed 20 nautical miles northwest of Kuwait City with both pilots captured; 0710Z, a USMC OV-10 is reported downed 14 nautical miles northeast of Al Mishab, Saudi Arabia, with the crew captured; 1622Z, an A-6E is reported downed 30 nautical miles south-southeast of Basrah, Iraq, with no contact from the crew. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 211500Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
19 January 1991
C+165 D+3
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force continues to fly a limited number of ineffective defensive sorties. Meanwhile, USCINCCENT estimates that Iraq's 35 divisions in the KTO remain largely immobile in an effort to preserve their strength for future operations. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: The United States deploys two Patriot SAM batteries to Israel, along with the American technicians needed to operate them and the two other batteries already there. Their arrival prompts Israel to say it probably will withhold retaliation for the second night of Scud attacks. (New York Times, 20 January, p 1.)
COMUSCENTAF makes finding and destroying Scuds his primary effort, ahead of other strategic targets and the Republican guard, although poor weather makes bomb damage assessment difficult. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Order of Battle: Seven more B-52s arrive in theater. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: In apparent reference to his 18 January decision to stop returning 463L air cargo pallets to the strategic airlift system, and “being aware of the urgent need for pallet return,” USCINCCENT reports that “we will continue our efforts to return as many pallets and as much associated tie-down equipment as possible.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF adds munitions and F-15 external fuel tanks to his top logistics priorities, and he requests an additional 1,000 nestable F-15 tanks and 1,000 pigtails. To preclude exhaustion of M-117 general purpose bomb stocks by D+9, he also requests priority airlift for a daily resupply rate of 1,200 bombs. The overall mission capable rate is 93 percent. One B-52 and two F-16s that sustained battle damage are repairable. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF evaluates that air operations are proceeding as planned in spite of chasing mobile Scuds and bad weather. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT sortie recap (190100Z to 200100Z): USCENTAF-1275, USNAVCENT-178, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-108, Allied-302. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
B-52s and JTF Proven Force F-111s strike air defense, transportation, electrical and POL targets at Al Mawsil with no losses. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 190703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSCENTAF reports that 26 USCENTAF strike packages attacked a variety of air defense, command and control, chemical production and storage, airfields, military supply and storage, and Republican guard targets, while 3 other packages (295 sorties) aborted for poor weather. A-10s flew 136 sorties against Iraqi forces along the Saudi-Iraqi and Kuwaiti-Iraqi borders. Coalition aircraft claim 2 Fulcrums, 2 Foxbats, and an F-1 shot down, while 2 US F-16s, 1 F-15E, and a RAF Tornado are lost, with none of the crews rescued. Additionally, a Saudi Tornado ran out of fuel following a missed approach in weather. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
US Navy A-6s and A-7s make the first combat launches of the Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM). Also, the USS Louisville, submerged in the Red Sea, fired the first submarine-launched Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) of the war. (Department of the Navy, “The United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm,” 15 May 1991.)
Other Activities: The XVIII Airborne Corps, along with the attached French 6th Light Armored Division, is moving to new positions in the vicinity of Al Rafha. Meanwhile Exercise SEA SOLDIER IV begins in Oman, ultimately to involve a D-Day invasion of 8,000 marines on 26 January. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USSOCCENT MH-53s, based at Rafha, conduct an unsuccessful search for a downed F-16 pilot just west of Tabil, while an MC-130 makes a successful night leaflet drop in Kuwait. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep 200825Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
USNAVSOC calls in three close air support missions during a mission in the vicinity of the Khaleej border station. Also, SH-3 helicopters from the USS Leftwich conduct an unsuccessful CSAR mission for two OV-10 pilots. (Msg (S), USCINCSOC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 200230Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #56)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following incidents: 1445Z, AWACS reported that the pilot of an F-16 with fuel problems bailed out 36 nautical miles west of Jallil airfield (AFSOC helicopters with fighter support unsuccessfully searched the area for the pilot); 1557Z, an F-16 was shot down over Baghdad, but no beacon was received; 1905Z, an RAF Tornado was shot down near Talil, Iraq with no beacon or chute reported; 2203Z, an F-15E was downed near Al Qahm, with no contact after an initial possible voice contact with the crew. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 211500Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
20 January 1991
C+166 D+4
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force continues its limited defensive operations, giving no indication that it is prepared to attempt any type of offensive counterair campaign. USCINCCENT believes that the degradation of Iraqi command and control nodes, indicated by the use of visual spotters along the Saudi-Iraq border, contributes to this paltry effort. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: USCINCCENT gives the Iraqi Scud force his highest targeting priority. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Two Patriot batteries, deployed from Germany, are operational in the vicinity of Tel Aviv and Haifa, Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 200703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSCENTAF cannot make a battle damage assessment of anti-Scud attacks at this time. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Support Activities: Realizing that the ongoing theater airlift of USARCENT forces into north-central Saudi Arabia was operating with incomplete and unrepresentative weather reports, the USCENTAF Airlift Control Center (ALCC) Staff Weather Officer dispatched an Air Force observer team to Rafha. This team worked closely with the Desert Storm Forecasting Unit, at USCENTAF Headquarters, to provide accurate data and to give the Commander of Airlift Forces hourly weather briefings. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield Report 1,” 23 May 1991, p 30, GWAPS, NA-531)
Logistics: Reiterating the need for M-117 bombs, COMUSCENTAF stresses that there is no suitable substitute. He also requests that newly-developed equipment for detecting biological agents be rushed to the AOR. The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94.7 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assesses that the weather and the level of effort locating and destroying scuds is hindering his ability to strike other strategic targets and the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT sortie recap (200100Z to 210100Z): USCENTAF-1223, USNAVCENT-1001, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-517, Allied-1387. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports thirty-three packages (three Proven Force) flown against airfields, military/industrial production and storage facilities, C3, Republican Guard, and GCI sites. Thirty-one A-10 sorties attacked Iraqi forces along the Saudi border. A RAF Tornado is lost on takeoff due to flight control problems. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Proven Force forces attack targets at Kirkuk (including chemical bunkers) and Quayyarah (ammo dumps). One F-111E sustained minor battle damage. Iraqi aircraft responded to the attack and two Iraqi Mirage F-1s were destroyed in air-to-air combat. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 210703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Six SAC KC-135Es are tasked to begin the so-called “Mighty Express” airlift, on 21 January, between Moron Air Base, Spain, and RAF Mildenhall, England, to speed the movement of resupply cargo from the US to the AOR. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 210400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #83)
Other Activities: SOCCENT combat search and rescue forces, which include 5 helicopters, penetrate 110 nautical miles into Iraq, but lose radio contact with a downed pilot before recovering him. As part of ongoing psychological operations, an F-16 drops a leaflet bomb over Baghdad, while Volant Solo EC-130 aircraft continue simultaneous propaganda broadcasts on FM and Iraqi tactical net frequencies. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
In a second combat search and rescue effort, poor weather limits the response of one MH-53. No radio contact is made with the downed crew, but an Iraqi helicopter is observed in the crash area about 30 minutes after the crew ejected. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 211100Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reported the following incidents: 1815Z, the crew of an RAF Tornado encountered controllability problems and bailed out near Tabuk, being picked up by Royal Saudi Air Force helicopters. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 211500Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
To date over 1,000 HARMs have been launched against SAM targets. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 12, GWAPS, N-200)
An MC-130 makes a night leaflet drop near the Kuwait border. A second CSAR mission was flown in daylight with A-10 escort and F-15 CAP. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 211100Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
The US Army fires four ATACMs at SA-2 sites in the KTO. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 11, GWAPS, NA-200)
21 January 1991
C+167 D+6
Intelligence: While USCINCCENT believes the Iraqi Air Force is still capable of offensive operations, it is observed to fly less than 25 sorties and has begun operating from highway strips. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
A bombing attack against the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC) outport facility in Istanbul, Turkey, is the first confirmed terrorist action against a US military facility in the USEUCOM AOR since the beginning of Desert Storm. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 240703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Scud War: According to USCINCCENT, anti-Scud missions consume a “significant portion of coalition air effort.” Additionally, 37 Patriot SAMs are expended in efforts to intercept at least 10 Scuds fired at Riyadh and Dhahran. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports that poor weather continues to hamper Scud hunting efforts, though improving weather will allow his command to gather imagery of Scud locations struck in the last 48 hours. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 220800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: USCENTAF distributes 200 AGM-88 missiles and 1,400 GBU-12 bombs to USMARCENT, 100 Mk-20 bombs to the Italian Air Force, and 500 CBU-87 bombs to the Royal Air Force. COMUSCENTAF removes aircraft engines and C-130 propellers from his logistics top priority list, and assesses that his command has a “satisfactory” level of spares. A-10 retread tires are wearing much faster than new tires, prompting a request for shipment of all available new main tires to the AOR. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 220800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT sortie recap (210100Z to 220100Z): USCENTAF-1394, USNAVCENT-240, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-213, Allied-246. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports that eighty-nine packages struck targets in Iraq and the KTO, with ten packages dedicated to reducing the combat power of Republican Guard forces in the Basrah area. Eight strike packages were canceled due to weather and two additional canceled due to tanker weather aborts. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 220800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (95 sorties), against targets in Northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 220703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Weather in the AOR disrupted the strategic airlift flow for a brief period. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 220400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Other Activities: SOCCENT aircraft remain primarily on combat search and rescue alert, while an MC-130 and an F-16 drop over 1,000,000 leaflets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
In the first successful CSAR mission, one of two F-14 crewmembers is recovered 50 miles north of Mudaysis airfield. A package of MH-53s, A-10s, F-16s, and F-15s missed the pilot position by 30 miles due to the wrong position being passed, so they aborted the mission. However, an A-10 located the pilot and neutralized two Iraqi land rovers converging on the scene. Also, an AC-130 was engaged simultaneously by two surface-to-air missiles while conducting an armed reconnaissance mission looking for Scuds. Its evasive maneuvering resulted in exceeding engine torque and G limits. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 221050Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
22 January 1991
C+168 D+6
Background Events: Carrying out earlier threats, Iraqi forces set fires at two Kuwaiti oil refineries and at the al-Wafra oil field near Kuwait's border with Saudi Arabia. (Philip Shenon, “Iraq Sets Oil Refineries Afire As Allies Step Up Air Attacks; Missile Pierces Tel Aviv Shield,” The New York Times, 23 January 1991, p 1)
Intelligence: Overall, USCINCCENT reports that defense is Iraq's most likely course of action in the KTO. While its air and ground forces have the ability to conduct offensive operations, their focus seems to be on surviving the coalition air assault and retaining the maximum amount of combat power for future operations. In keeping with this, Iraqi ground forces continue to improve their defensive positions in Kuwait, while its Air Force puts up a few defensive flights and its fragmented air defense system provides some tactical warning to ground-based air defense units. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: Iraq launches at least three Scuds at Saudi Arabia and probably launches three others though these last are not engaged by USCENTCOM Patriot units. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Another Scud is fired at Tel Aviv. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The airlift of Patriot missiles (CJTF Patriot Defender) is completed. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 230703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Ground Order of Battle: The US 1st Armored Division closes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: The air sustainment backlog has reached 7,400 tons, so USCINCTRANS requests USCENTCOM to challenge “all, repeat all” airlift requests, and to divert more shipments to sealift, preferably before they arrive at aerial ports of debarkation. (Msg (C) USCINCTRANS to USCINCCENT/CCJ-4, subj: Sustainment Airlift, 220039Z Jan 91, GWAPS, NA-524)
COMUSCENTAF reiterates the need for more airlift to move M-117 bombs. He also states requirements for two TTU-373A/E computer control group test sets to support an additional GBU-10 commitment at Al Kharj, and for expedited shipment of ALQ-119 SASE, electronic counter measures test stations to Al Kharj. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
With the supply of pallets down to eleven days, MAC plans to establish pallet recovery teams. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 222216Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assesses that coalition forces have established air superiority over Iraq and “can fly throughout [the] country with relative impunity.” With improving weather he will place emphasis for the next 2 days on the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
MAC airlift assets are fully tasked in support of Desert Storm. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 230400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT sortie recap (220100Z to 230100Z): USCENTAF-1362, USNAVCENT-189, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-149, Allied-282. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
C-130 theater airlift forces begin moving the 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions to attack positions near Rafha. For the first time, Qatari F-1 Mirages are scheduled to fly in a combined strike mission inside Iraq, but are cancelled due to lack of fuel to reach the target.. Further, to reduce response time for anti-Scud alert aircraft, twelve F-16s equipped with LANTIRN all-weather targeting pods are moved to King Khalid Military City. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (96 sorties) against targets in Northern Iraq. The first attack of seventy-one aircraft air aborted due to weather while the second attack of twenty-five sorties successfully attacked Mosul airfield. The USS Virginia, Spruance, and Philadelphia attacked the Bayji oil refinery with six TLAMs in support of JTF Proven Force. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 230703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSCENTAF reports that weather continues to obscure targets, and Scuds remain the priority target. Twenty-nine strike packages were tasked, but three (one of which was Proven Force) totalling 283 sorties were cancelled due to weather. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Other Activities: An MC-130 makes another leaflet drop. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following incidents: 0409Z, an RAF Tornado and its crew are reported missing 10 nautical miles west of Ar Rutbah, Iraq; 0340Z the USCENTCOM Joint Operations Center reports an AV-8 crash south of Masirah, Oman, with the dead crewman recovered by USNAVCENT; an emergency locator transmitter signal is detected 47 miles west of Kuwait City, but no aircraft were reported missing and no aircraft were flying in that area and the ELT ceased before it was located. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 231500Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
23 January 1991
C+169 D+7
Background Events: Iraq halts distribution of gasoline in order to marshall supplies. (New York Times, 24 January, p A13)
Intelligence: While USCINCCENT reports that there were no air-to-air engagements between Iraqi and coalition aircraft over the past 24 hours (leaving ground-based threats as the only threat to coalition aircraft over Iraq), he still considers defense to be their most likely action in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: Patriot SAM batteries at King Khalid Military City fire three missiles at a false target, while at Dhahran eleven are fired at five unconfirmed targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Later, Iraq fires five Scuds at Saudi Arabia and one toward Israel. Defending Patriot batteries fire three missiles, for two “confirmed kills,” and three others at two false targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Concerned by automatic launches of Patriot SAMs against false targets, and by the “unsupportable ratio” of sixty-two missiles launched to destroy thirteen Scuds, USCINCCENT orders USARCENT Patriot batteries to operate in the manual fire mode, “unless we receive intelligence warning that supports going to automatic mode,” and he makes replenishment of the Patriots his highest supply priority. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The Israeli government reaffirms its decision to postpone any military action against Iraq. (The Washington Post, 24 January, p A1)
Ground Order of Battle: While continuing air and ground movement to attack positions near Rafha, the XVIII Airborne Corps retains only “limited ability to execute combat operations.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that the overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.8 percent and that, at current expenditure rates, he expects to run out of M-117 bombs [DELETED] by 4 Feb. Due to suspected early burst problems with the FMU-139A/B fuzes, he suspends their use. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USCINCSAC expresses concern for the limited supply of CBU-58s available for B-52 strikes. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 240400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #60)
Planning: The Headquarters USAF/XOXWF (Checkmate) targetting cell sends a protective shelter busting plan to USCENTAF via FAX at 1200Z. That same day, F-111Fs attack shelters at Al Asad Airfield to begin a concerted campaign against Iraqi fighters being hidden in protective shelters. (AFXOXW, “Airfield Attack Plan,” 23 Jan 1991, and Talking Paper, Maj Michael B. Hoyes, AF/XOXW, 071845Z Feb 91, both in GWAPS, CHST fldr #8)
USCINCCENT directs that civil affairs operations in Kuwait will be conducted to assist the legitimate government regain control of its territory, restore internal security, protect civilians, coordinate and assist in restoration of essential services, and to assist in removing hazardous materials. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to COMUSARCENT, subj: Commanders Guidance for Civil Affairs Operations in Kuwait, 230645Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS safe #2, CSS folder #60)
The number of C-5s dedicated to transporting HEMTTs (heavy expanded mobility tactical truck) is increased. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 230400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (230100Z to 240100Z): USCENTAF-1679, USNAVCENT-238, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-216, Allied-291. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Twenty USCENTAF and two Proven Force strike packages attack Iraqi airfield facilities and Scud-related targets, while another eleven packages (one Proven Force) hit logistics, weapons production plants, lines of communications and C3 targets. Three TU-16 bombers are destroyed. One package is cancelled due to weather, but generally improved weather allows increased attacks against Iraqi ground forces. The Qatari Air Force flies its first interdiction missions. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force flies 3 strike packages (144 sorties) against northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 240703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
At 1229Z, an AWACS reports a downed F-16 20 nautical miles southeast of Kuwait City. A USNAVCENT SH-3, supported by USNAVCENT and USMARCENT fighters, subsequently recovers the pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 231500Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
24 January 1991
C+170 D+8
Intelligence: Five Iraqi F-1s fly into the northern Arabian Gulf. Two continue south toward coalition ships, and are shot down by a Saudi F-15 at 240935Z. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USCENTCOM has observed twenty-six Iraqi aircraft crossing the Iranian border to apparent sanctuary. The Iraqis are also using fake craters and smoke generators to deceive pilots and hinder battle damage assessment of coalition airfield attacks. Overall, USCINCCENT still considers defense the most likely option of the Iraqi Air Force and the thirty-five Iraqi divisions committed to or reinforcing the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
JTF Proven Force notices reduced Iraqi air defense radar activity on all missions. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 250703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Scud War: Iraq launches six Scuds at targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
In response to a 23 February Joint Chief of Staff directive to move additional Patriot missiles to Israel, a C-5 mission departs Ramstein AB, GE at 240143Z Jan. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 240447Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #71)
Logistics: Overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.3 percent. A battle damaged F-16 is assessed as requiring 2 months or more to replace the wing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: USCINCCENT's air operation priorities remain counterair (Iraqi command and control facilities and airfields), interdiction (Scuds, Republican Guard Forces, leadership centers, artillery and artillery rocket sites, aircraft and Scud shelters, and lines of communication), and close air support in the event of an Iraqi counterattack. Planned targets for the next day include the Republican Guard's Hammurabi Division, Scuds, recovering airfields, undestroyed command and control bunkers, leadership and telecommunications facilities and other production and research facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF concentrates his interdiction effort on the Hammurabi Division of the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (240100Z to 250100Z): USCENTAF-1741, USNAVCENT-455, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-278, Allied-337. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USCINCCENT reports that Scuds retain the highest priority for air attack, but he also places increased emphasis on attacking Iraqi airfield facilities. Using “kill-boxes” to organize their attacks, A-10s continue to strike Iraqi field forces in Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Meanwhile, USNAVCENT aircraft sink an Iraqi patrol boat and a mine layer, and conduct other strikes against naval targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Improved weather provides a high sortie day, with target priorities on Scuds, airfields, and the Hammurabi division. Thirty packages (three Proven Force) were planned and two were diverted from airfields to the Republican Guard and two more “rerolled” from airfields to Scud alerts. A USNAVCENT package against naval facilities was added. A RSAF F-15 shot down two probable Iraqi F-1s while a RAF Toronado and Navy F/A-18 were lost. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force flies 3 strike packages (148 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 250703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The restriction on F-1s from Kuwait, France, and Qatar participating in combat missions due to the risk of misidentification is lifted. However, F-1s will have to be in formation with either a Kuwaiti A-4, French Jaguar, or Qatari F-16 to improve visual identification as a friendly asset. (Msg (S), TACC/DCO to All WOCs, subj: F-1 Participation in Desert Shield Operations, 240740Z Jan 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Other Activities: SOCCENT continues daily F-16 and MC-130 leaflet drops and propaganda broadcasts on commercial and Iraqi tactical frequencies. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242145Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following events: 0432Z, A RAF Tornado is reported missing near Ar Rumaylah, Iraq. The wingman observed two flashes believed to be the aircrew's ejection, but the threat is too high for a combat search and rescue attempt. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 241400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
At 1605Z, The USMARCENT Tactical Air Control Center reports a F/A-18 down 50 nautical miles north of Bahrain and 10 nautical miles north of the USS Roosevelt, with the pilot subsequently rescued by a helicopter from the USS Caron. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 251400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
25 January 1991
C+171 D+9
Background Events: The United States accuses Iraq of releasing millions of gallons of Kuwaiti crude oil into the Persian Gulf. The oil slick is nine miles long, and is flowing from tankers anchored at the port of Nina Al Ahmadi, and from the Sea Island Terminal 10 miles off the Kuwaiti coast. (New York Times, 26 January, p 1)
The independent Soviet news agency Interfax quotes unidentified Soviet Defense Ministry officials as saying President Saddam Hussein had several top commanders shot after heavy losses in the Persian Gulf war. The Iraqi Embassy in Moscow denies the report. (New York Times, 26 January, p 7)
Responding to media stories that it is charging the standard commercial rate plus 50 percent to US citizens flying out of Saudi Arabia on military aircraft, HQ MAC clarifies that its rates are slightly lower than commercial rates. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 252153Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Scud War: The US European Command reports that twenty-eight Patriot SAMs were fired to destroy all seven Scuds launched by the Iraqis against Israel. USCINCCENT reports that four Patriots were fired to successfully destroy two more Scuds launched against Riyadh, though the “low intercept” of one warhead results in one person dead and twenty injured. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Two more Patriot SAM batteries are deploying to Israel from Europe. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 260703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Order of Battle: Two EC-135L arrive at Riyadh. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that the overall aircraft mission capable rate is 93.1 percent, and that an F-16 with a battle-damaged stabilizer was quickly repaired and returned to mission capable status. Halon gas resupply has become critical due to surge sortie rates requiring 7500-lbs per day. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: MARCENT moves its fire support coordination line 5 km into the Kuwait border to preclude the danger from friendly air strikes. [Procedurally, strikes within the FSCL must be coordinated with appropriate ground commanders, ed.]
COMUSCENTAF assesses that “strikes are exacting [a] heavy toll on Iraqi forces.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
USCINCCENT guidance: 26th is Medina Republican Guard (RG) day, 27th and 28th are Adnan RG days. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (250100Z to 260100Z): USCENTAF-1526, USNAVCENT-396, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-138, Allied-347. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The Saudi, British, Canadian, French, Italian, Kuwaiti and Qatari air forces are contributing to the offensive campaign (interdiction and close air support), while the Bahrain Air Force is flying defensive patrols. One hundred A-10 sorties provide close air support to USMARCENT forces. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Four of twenty-eight scheduled packages (three Proven Force) are cancelled (one at JCS direction, one for lack of electronic warfare support, and two for weather), while another is added. Five packages hit Scud-associated targets, while ground attack aircraft concentrated on the Republican Guards. There were no losses. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Forces flies three strike packages (126 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 260703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: The airlift portion of the XVIII Airborne Corps' movement to attack positions near Rafha is going well, but ground transport limitations are hampering the overall effort. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
26 January 1991
C+172 D+1
Intelligence: Some Iraqi fighters joined transport and early warning aircraft in the exodus into Iran, bringing the total of interned aircraft to at least 45. The continued destruction of Iraqi forces by the coalition air campaign leads USCINCCENT to estimate that Saddam Hussein will have to reevaluate his campaign plan in the next 24 to 96 hours. USCINCCENT believes the Iraqis are capable of responding with spoiling attacks against ground and naval forces while escalating the war through the introduction of chemical or biological weapons. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
The exodus of Iraqi fighters to Iran followed four days of intensive attacks on protective shelters at six Iraqi airfields. (Talking Paper, Maj Michael B. Hoyes, AF/XOXW, 071845Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CHST fldr #8)
Scud War: USCINCCENT reports that four Patriots were fired to destroy a Scud launched against Dhahran. Also, multiple night strike “responses” are launched in response to Scud launches against Saudi Arabia and Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Later, nine Patriot SAMs are fired to destroy five of six confirmed Scuds fired at Israel. Iraq simultaneously fires one unconfirmed and one confirmed Scud at Saudia Arabia, the latter of which is destroyed by two Patriots. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Dedicated Scud hunter aircraft and 4 strike packages attack Scud facilities. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Order of Battle: Six more F-117s arrive in the AOR. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Ground Order of Battle: The 1st Infantry Division (-) closes. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF deletes F-15 external tanks from his top logistics priorities list. Also, reporting that his units are experiencing a high usage rate of LAU-118 launchers due to hang fires, he requests rapid movement of 39 available launchers at Clark AB, Philippines, to the AOR, in addition to technical assistance teams to determine if the problem is in the launchers or missiles. The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.4 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF places priority on targetting the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force requests an EC-130E (Volant Solo) to conduct one mission per day from Incirlik AB, Turkey. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to JCS, subj: Volant Solo Support to JTF Proven Force, 270515Z Jan 91, GWAPS, safe #2, CSS folder #60)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (260100Z to 270100Z): USCENTAF-1635, USNAVCENT-403, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-266, Allied-368. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
A strike against an anti-ship missile site in Kuwait marks the first offensive mission of the Bahrain Air Force. Four USCENTAF F-15Cs shoot down three Iraqi MiG-23s at approximately 260130Z. USMARCENT air forces experienced positive results using JSTARS to identify Iraqi logistics sites with moving vehicles and vehicle convoys for immediate air strikes in the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force targeting area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports that air supremacy is achieved as combat air patrols push further into Iraq. Twenty-one packages (two Proven Force) are flown with one package aborting due to tanker availability and one diverted from airfield to Scud storage sites and hydroelectric plants. Bridge attacks are showing effect, with eight down or significantly damaged. Good weather also enabled high sortie rates against the Republican Guards. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force launches two strike packages (95 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 270703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
One hundred and one C-130 sorties are flown in the last 24 hours into Rafha Air Base, bringing the total sorties thus far utilized in moving the 101st Airborne Division there to 462. The last sortie in the movement lands at 260300Z (Msgs (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitreps, 260300Z and 270300Z Jan 91, GWAPS, NA- 523)
F-111Fs from Taif fly a special attack mission against the Al Ahmadi refinery and oiling bouy to stop the flow of oil into the Gulf. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Two F-111s are scrambled to attack a Kuwaiti Army post following a report from the Kuwaiti resistance that a meeting of Iraqi Army VIPs was being held in a residence there - five limos were noted parked in front of the residence and were destroyed in the attack. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Other Activities: Poor weather prevents AFSOCCENT AC-130s from flying their missions, but a command MH-53 reconnoitered burning oil platforms, while a EC-130 harassed Iraqi radio operations. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 270731Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
27 January 1991
C+173 D+11
Intelligence: The fifty-eight Iraqi aircraft so far observed flying into Iran now include a number of Mirage F-1s capable of firing the Exocet antiship missile. While Iraq's command, control and communications (C3) capabilities in the KTO are only “moderately degraded,” USCINCCENT believes that their air defense C3 capabilities are “sorely degraded.” The Iraqi logistic effort seems focused on resupplying first- and second-echelon forces. Overall, the Iraqis are expected to continue defending in place. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: USCENTAF A-10s continue daytime Scud hunts, while F-15s and F-16s maintain nightime ground and air alerts and fly quick reaction strikes in response to Scud launches. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Ten packages strike Scud-related targets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Logistics: USCENTAF requests assistance in conducting an ongoing investigation aimed at improving bombing accuracy with M117 retarded bombs. The 1708 Bomb Wing (Provisional) requires 4632 MAU-103 conical fins, while 33 Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) MC-7 air compressor availability falls below critical level, requiring expeditious shipment of air regulator valves. The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.9 percent. An F-117 that sustained damage to the nose and wing sections engaging the web barrier is classified as a Class B mishap. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (270100Z to 280100Z): USCENTAF-1471, USNAVCENT-502, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-169, Allied-331. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USCENTAF F-111Fs score a direct hit on the manifold controlling the flow of oil from the Al Ahmadi refinery into the Arabian Gulf. USNAVCENT aircraft continue attacks on Iraqi naval targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
In skys “dominated” by coalition air forces, attacks on Scud facilities and airfields continue, with increasing emphasis on the Republican Guards. Twenty-two packages (two Proven Force) fly, with one cancelling for target weather and another for tanker unavailability. Two packages are added. Three packages and additional sorties hit bridges, while four packages, seven B-52 cells and hundreds of other sorties attack the Republican Guards. Four Iraqi aircraft were shot down by USAF F-15s. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (89 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 280703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Five SOCCENT helicopters insert VII Corps Long Range Surveillance Units into tactical sectors. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
KC-10s fly air refueling missions into Iraq (up to 30 degrees North latitude) in support of combat air patrol aircraft over Iraq. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
The USMC cancels their night mission to Baghdad for fear that they will run out of bombs and wouldn't be able to support ground action, even though USCENTAF had offered them all the bombs they would need. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
28 January 1991
C+174 D+12
Background Events: US forces apparently succeed in cutting off Iraq's release of crude oil into the Gulf. (New York Times, 29 January, p A11)
Intelligence: Iraq continues to maintain a limited air defense posture and to deploy its ground forces in static defense. USCENTCOM observed nineteen more Iraqi fighters flying into Iran, bringing the total to eighty. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Scud War: Four Patriot SAMs are fired to destroy a Scud launched at Riyadh, while another Scud is allowed to impact in an unpopulated area of Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Air Order of Battle: Assessing that his psychological operations flights are going well, UCOMAFSOCCENT realigns his forces to support the ground campaign, by moving four MH-60Gs back to King Fahd today, and five MH-53s and two HC-130s back there on 1 February. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 290655Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
Ground Order of Battle: USARCENT announces that “The 1st Armored Division became the first combat ready division in the VII Corps.” The other major VII Corps units also are nearing fully-deployed and ready status. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assesses that the “air campaign remains on track.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
COMCENTAF's priorities are: 1. Defend from air/Scud attack; 2. Kill Republican Guard; 3. Continue strategic campaign; 4. Kill artillery, armor, stocks, command posts in KTO. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
AFSOCCENT (deployed) briefs USCINCCENT on the BLU-82, fuel-air bomb, and anticipates a requirement for eight. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 290655Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (280100Z to 290100Z): USCENTAF-1670, USNAVCENT-300, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-223, Allied-430. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Three F-15 barrier patrols are established along the Iraqi-Iranian border, resulting in the shoot down of an Iraqi F-1 or MiG-23. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
USNAVCENT aircraft conduct several strikes against naval targets in the northern Gulf. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports thirty-eight packages (two Proven Force) flown. Ten (seven included B-52s), two additional B-52 strikes, and hundreds of separate ground-attack sorties pound the Adnan Republican Guard division around the clock. Seven packages struck petroleum targets, and three packages augmented by F-117s hit bridges to cut off supplies to the KTO. Proven Force F-15s shot down a suspected Flogger. One USMARCENT AV-8 is shot down over Kuwait with the pilot listed as missing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 290800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (88 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 290703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Combined MC- and EC-130 psyop campaign flights were assessed as having gone well. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep 290655Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
0747Z - MARCENT rescue coordination center reports a AV-8B missing over its target area 28 miles SSE of Kuwait City. The wingman reports no ejection, no emergency beacon, and no ground impact observed. Navy and Marine aircraft search the area with negative results. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 281400Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
A-10s and F-4Gs attack an SA-3 site NW of Ali Al Salem AB - signaling “the birth of the 'wart weasel'.” (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
29 January 1991
C+175 D+13
Background Events: Baghdad reports that an allied pilot, apparently detained as a “human shield”, is killed in an allied bombing raid. (New York Times, 30 January, p A8)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that, in their efforts to preserve their air forces, the Iraqis have now flown 82 aircraft to Iran, and they are removing aircraft from hardened shelters and dispersing them to other points on their airfields, in some cases in close proximity to buildings housing civilians. He further expects Iraqi forces in Kuwait and southern Iraq to remain largely immobile, and that Saddam Hussein will employ chemical weapons, if he believes those forces are being rendered combat ineffective. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30).
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 93.3 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests delivery of 100 AGM-65G missiles to King Fahd Airport, not later than C+189, and expeditious shipping of 600 GBU-10 bombs and fuzes to Taif Air Base. He is also seeking an expeditious resolution of an F-16 wing flutter problem. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 300800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (280100Z to 290100Z): USCENTAF-1670, USNAVCENT-300, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-223, Allied-430. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Benefiting from good weather, Coalition air forces fly 28 strike packages (two Proven Force), with four packages containing B-52s. Seventeen packages and seven B-52 cells, and hundreds of individual sorties hit Republican Guards and related targets. Joint STARS aircraft provided targetting guidance for F-15Es. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 300800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force conducts 2 strike packages (97 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq, though poor weather prevented the first package (58 aircraft) from attacking facilities at the airfields at Mosul and Qayyarrah due to weather over the target. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 300703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
AFSOCCENT reports that one of its AC-130s finally “got to shoot” during the night. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 300755Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #146)
Other Activities: Exercise SEA SOLDIER IV begins to wind down, after over 6,500 marines are put ashore in Oman. Volant Solo psychological operations precede B-52 strikes against the Iraqi 20th Infantry Division with “personalized” leaflets warning division personnel of the coming strikes and advising them that, “If you want to live, leave now. Do not allow anyone to stop you. Save yourself by fleeing south. If you choose to stay, you choose death.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 292115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
30 January 1991
C+176 D+14
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reassesses the Iraqi ground order of battle in the KTO as twenty-three committed, nine reinforcing, and eight theater-reserve divisions, though the actual strength or composition of those forces remained unchanged. Between late evening 29 January and the early morning of 30 January, the Iraqis launch at least four separate batallion-size attacks along the eastern Saudi-Kuwait border, including one that penetrated to Al Kafji. Tactical air strikes were important to containing or reducing all of the Iraqi attacks. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Logistics: The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 93.4 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 310800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Due to forecast future requirements for CBU-87, USCENTAF recommends maximizing use of MK-20s on armored targets, CBU-52/58 on soft targets, and MK-82s on bunkered targets. No substitute is allowed for CBU-89. (Msg (S), TACC/DCO to All WOCS, subj: Conservation of CBU-87, 300549Z Jan 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Planning: COMCENTAF issues a directive that no bridges on the Kuwait City to Tri-border road are to be struck without Army coordination. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (300100Z to 310100Z): USCENTAF-1421, USNAVCENT-273, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-262, Allied-401. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
As USNAVCENT aircraft continue strikes against Iraqi naval targets, USCINCCENT claims that “coalition air forces continued to dominate the skies over Iraq.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 302115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
COMUSCENTAF reports that twenty-eight packages are flown under clear skies, with nineteen packages and five B-52 strikes concentrating on the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 310800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (93 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Poor weather prevented the first mission (50 aircraft) from attacking Kirkuk and Qayyarrah West airfields. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 310703Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
31 January 1991
C+177 D+15
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that “the Iraqi national command and control structure has been disrupted but is still functional.” But, he also reports that Iraq is conducting a “nonexistent counterair campaign” and that elimination of its radar platoons would finish the most capable remnant of the Iraqi early warning radar system. Pressure from air attacks is such that Iraqi vehicles carry “diesel jugs,” which are ignited to deceive attacking coalition pilots into believing that the vehicles are already burning. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
Indeed, USCENTCOM observes no airborne Iraqi aircraft through the entire day. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Ground Order of Battle: Final combat elements of the British 1st Armored Division arrive in forward tactical assembly areas. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: COMUSCENTAF reports that 10 BLU-82 fuel air bombs are being prepared for shipment to the AOR, and he requests accelerated delivery of 772 BLU-109 and 3000 CBU-87 bombs. The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.9 percent. Three A-10s and an OA-10 that received battle damage are assessed as repairable. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 010800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
MAC pallet recovery teams in the AOR begin collecting pallets, nets, straps, chains, devices and pallet couplers. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 021946Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force priorities for conducting offensive air operations for the next 24 hours are air superiority and neutralization of airfields and communications. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 010703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSCENTAF assesses that, although hampered by the weather, the air campaign remains on track. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 310800Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #7)
Guidance from USCINCCENT: do not target TLAMs except as appropriate on a case by case basis, and you can begin Phase III - shaping the battlefield. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (310100Z to 010100Z): USCENTAF-1520, USNAVCENT-449, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-237, Allied-403. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports thirty-three packages (two Proven Force) flown, with seventeen packages striking the Republican Guard and concentrating on the Hammurabi division. Five non-packaged B-52 strikes also hit RG-related targets, while two packages and one B-52 strike are diverted from RG targets to support the Coalition ground forces in the battles along the eastern Saudi-Kuwaiti border (Khafji). An AC-130 is shot down. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 010800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts 2 strike packages (102 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 010703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Following a B-52 strike on the 30th, leaflets are dropped again on the Iraqi 20th Infantry Division, this time stating, “We told you that you were to be bombed and you were. We are telling you again that you will be bombed tomorrow, leave now/flee south or die.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 312115Z Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #30)
JTF Proven Force psychological operations consists of eleven hours of radio broadcast and one million leaflets printed encouraging Iraqi defection and support for downed coalition aircrews. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 010703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports that an AC-130H (Spirit 03), located 14 nautical miles north of Ras Al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, issued a MAYDAY call at 0420Z. A search by USNAVCENT aircraft and vessels fails to provide any significant information on the missing aircraft. There was no emergency beacon or further contact with the aircraft. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 031400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
1 February 1991
C+178 D+16
Background Events: France agrees to allow American B-52s based in Britain to enter its airspace for raids against Iraq, and to refuel at a French military base enroute. (New York Times, 2 February, p 6)
Intelligence: According to USCINCCENT, “Iraq continues a nonexistent air campaign against coalition air strikes in the Kuwait theater of operations (KTO) and over central Iraq.” On the ground, air attacks held almost all of the 40 Iraqi divisions in the KTO in their defensive positions, with limited movement and resupply operations occurring only at night. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: All 20 Patriot and 24 ARCENT Hawk SAM fire units in the theater are operational. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The SECDEF directs the deployment of six RF-4C reconnaissance aircraft to JTF Proven Force. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 020703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Logistics: As the 18th Airborne Corps positions its units for offensive operations, it establishes a “field landing strip” at Logbase Charlie, planning to move 80 pallets of sustainment cargo per day there from Dhahran by C-130 airlift. [A C-130 can carry five pallets on its cargo deck and one partially-loaded pallet on the ramp portion of its rear ramp-and-door system, ed.] (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 010300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA- 523)
The USCENTAF overall mission capable rate is 92.1 percent. With the command's F-16s experiencing high failure rates with 13th stage engine bleed air valves, COMUSCENTAF requests expedited shipment of 11 valves to the AOR. Four more A-10s received battle damage and are evaluated as being repairable. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
As of 010001Z February, MAC airlift forces have moved 3,686 non-combattant evacuees; offloaded 10,578 missions in the AOR, Turkey, and Israel; completed a total of 12,322 missions; moved 436,954 passengers and 421,194 tons of cargo; and aeromedically evacuated 676 litter and 1,787 ambulatory patients in theater, 1,390 and 2,462, respectively, to Europe, and 267 litter and 642 ambulatory Desert Shield/ Storm patients from Europe to the CONUS. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 31 Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
As of 010300Z February, SAC B-52s have flown 457 strike sorties and SAC tankers have flown 3,699 sorties in support of Desert Storm. Since 2 August 91, SAC reconnaissance aircraft have flown 788 sorties (394 RC-135, 217 U-2, 177 TR-1). The current daily sortie rate for the B-52s exceeds the highest previously planned wartime rates. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's priorities for conducting offensive air operations for the next 24 hours is to maintain air supremacy and deny Iraqi use of airfields and communications facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 020703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The British government will allow the conduct of B-52 operations from RAF Fairford. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (010100Z to 020100Z): USCENTAF-1522, USNAVCENT-447, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-238, Allied-398. USCINCCENT further reports that USNAVCENT aircraft continue their strikes against Iraqi naval targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The coalition continues to dominate the air over Iraq and to hammer Republican Guard units. Forty packages (two Proven Force) and eighth B-52 strikes are flown, including twenty-four packages and hundreds of additional sorties against the Republican Guard and related targets. The use of J-STARS for targeting night missions continues and additional targets consist of airfields, Scud sites, command and control nodes, naval bases, CW bunkers and research facilities, power transfers, and bridges. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
The US VII Corps fired an ATACMs missile at an Iraqi SA-6 SAM site. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (91 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq, one of which was a nuclear facility. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 020703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
An MC-130 flew a successful leaflet drop, while two AC-130 missions resulted in one air abort due to post refueling fumes and the other needed to fly over the range to correct fire control problems. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 020600Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #145)
Other Activities: JTF Proven Force psychological operations consist of 8 hours of radio broadcasts and a new print run of leaflets comparing/ contrasting subsistence support between Iraqi and coalition forces. A leaflet drop is planned for 3-5 February. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 020703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USCINCCENT informs MARCENT that he intends to focus on the battlefield preparation phase and reiterates that they “ . . . must continue to utilize the JFACC concept to integrate all available air assets . . . ” To facilitate battlefield preparation, COMUSCENTAF is to transfer 1,400 GBU-12 components, 1,000 MK-82s, and 200 HARM missiles to the Marines. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to CG I MEFMAIN, subj: Marine Aviation, 011330Z Feb 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
USCENTAF air campaign planners develop a concept for having F-111Fs use GBU-12s to pinpoint attack fixed armor, vehicle, artillery, etc. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
The Saudis announce that their F-15s will commence ground attack missions. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 46, GWAPS, NA-200)
2 February 1991
C+ 179 D+17
Intelligence: Except for two helicopters detected in south-central Iraq, USCENTCOM noted no Iraqi Air Force operations. Further, USCINCCENT believes that Iraq's command, control, communications and intelligence infrastructure has been substantially disrupted, while the country's strategic SAMs were “rendered ineffective,” mainly from destruction of sector operating centers. He also expected further Iraqi probing and reconnoitering activity to identify the coalition main effort and induce an early commitment of coalition ground forces (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: USCINCCENT reports that “F-15Es, F-16Cs and Navy A-6Es continue to show excellent results from nightly Scud CAP [combat air patrol, ed.] missions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Two Scuds, fired at Israel at 021842Z and 022333Z, are allowed to impact in unpopulated areas east of Tel Aviv. Two Patriot SAMs destroy another Scud, fired at Riyadh at 022141Z, though the warhead impacts in a rural area and causes “minor casualties and property damage.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The SECDEF directs the deployment of eight B-52s to RAF Fairford, UK for support of Desert Storm requirements. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 030703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Logistics: The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.4 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 030800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's priorities for conducting offensive air operations, during the next 24 hours, remain on air supremacy and denying Iraqi use of airfields and communications facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 030703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSCENTAF anticipates problems with weather over Iraq and the KTO over the next couple of days. His emphasis will remain on battlefield preparation, with focus on hitting the Republican Guard. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 020800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
COMUSCENTAF asks intel to start looking at the Scud B threat to the forward areas, MARCENT, NAC, 18th AB Corps, VII Corps, and KKMC airfield. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (020100Z to 030100Z): USCENTAF-1492, USNAVCENT-398, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-263, Allied-411. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that real-time targetting information from ABCCC and JSTARS aircraft allow coalition aircraft the flexibility to strike forming Iraqi troop concentrations and convoys before they can mass for any potential offensive operation. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that strategic targets are still being struck from the air, but at a lesser rate. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Forty-six packages (three Proven Force), seven B-52 strikes, and hundreds of ground attack sorties are flown in the KTO, with twenty-six packages and six B-52 strikes concentrated on the Republican Guard. Other targets include bridges and strategic targets. Proven Force F-15s claim a probable kill on an aircraft in the traffic pattern at Qayyarah West. Three coalition aircraft were lost, an A-10 and Navy A-6E in Kuwait, and a B-52 15 NM NW of Diego Garcia on return from a combat mission but with no reported battle damage. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 030800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (109 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. At Tuz Khurmatu, F-16s reported direct hits on dispersed fighter aircraft and an F-4G scored a direct IR Maverick hit on a parked IL-76 Candid. At Qayyarah West, F-16s reported direct hits on dispersed aircraft and POL storage areas. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 030703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Exercise SEA SOLDIER IV ends. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 022115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Ten C-130 sorties move advanced elements of the 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade to Rafha Air Base. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 030300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA- 523)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center (JRCC) reports the following incidents: 0847Z, AWACS reports an A-6 downed by a SAM over the east end of Faylaka Island, with the crew missing; 0926Z, AWACS reports an A-10 down 30 nautical miles southwest of Kuwait City, with no indication that the pilot escaped; 2200Z, a B-52 crashes 15 nautical miles north of Diego Garcia and three survivors are rescued; 2334Z, The USMARCENT TACC reports a AH-1J missing during a medevac mission 51 miles west of Ras Al Khafji, Saudi Arabia, with the dead pilot recovered by a USMARCENT ground force. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 031400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
3 February 1991
C+180 D+18
Intelligence: As in the Khafji action, USCENTCOM analyst expect future Iraqi incursions or large-scale attacks to involve Iraqi vehicles moving in small groups, designed to deceive intelligence gathering, until launching their actual attacks. USCINCCENT also reports that, while Iraqi leadership is still in control, “their flexibility in controlling military operations has probably been significantly disrupted.” Iraqi ground forces continue their defense in depth with elements of forty divisions: twenty-four committed, eight reinforcing, and eight theater reserve. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 032115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: USCENTAF F-15Es report destruction of three Scuds and two mobile erector-launchers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: The SECDEF authorizes the deployment of twelve additional B-52s to Moron AB, Spain, to support Desert Storm requirements, while six RF-4Cs join JTF Proven Force at Incirlik. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 040703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Logistics: Faced by continued shortages in chemical defense overgarments, USARCENT plans to airlift 133,386 sets from USPACOM by 9 February, while another 502,312 will come later by sealift. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 030300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.7 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
The first two BLU-82, fuel-air bombs arrive in the AOR at King Faud Airport. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 040705Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #145)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's priorities for conducting offensive air operations for the next 24 hours are to maintain air supremacy and reduce Iraqi Scud missile and chemical warfare capabilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 040703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The Spanish government approves the deployment of twelve additional B-52Gs at Moron Air Base. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 040400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (030100Z to 040100Z): USCENTAF-1689, USNAVCENT-379, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-301, Allied-407. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports that, as the size of the average strike package begins to decrease, while the sortie count remains essentially constant, the actual number of packages flown begins to increase. Thus sixty-three packages (three Proven Force) are flown, including thirty-nine against Republican Guard related targets, five against airfields, and five against bridges and CW, Scud, and naval facilities. Night attack aircraft continue to work with JSTARS with “notable success.” Hundreds of additional sorties are flown against Iraqi army targets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (101 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Strikes against the Al Mawsil transformer station are aborted due to weather. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 040703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Poor weather at Rafha grounds all 70 C-130 sorties planned in support of the 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade's movement. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 040300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Elusive Force, in Turkey, receives 300 leaflet bombs in support of its psychological operations. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 040703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
After a UH-1 crashes 20 miles west of Ras Al Mishab, at 1524Z, the wingman secures the site for recovery of the 4 dead crewmen. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 041400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
4 February 1991
C+181 D+19
Intelligence: Reporting that “Iraqi naval and air forces pose no challenge to coalition operations,” and that coalition air strikes have forced the Iraqis to bury their tanks under sand and sandbags for protection, and to drain their long-range external fuel tanks, USCINCCENT concludes that “more and more of Iraq's offensive mobility is being lost on a daily basis.” Also noting that he expected the Iraqis to increase their efforts to locate the coalition's main effort and major logistical sites, USCINCCENT estimates that, “if the Iraqi General Headquarters can mount an offensive operation in the west, the attack will take place within the next week while moonlight is still available.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: All 24 USCENTCOM Hawk SAM units (61 launchers) and 19 of ARCENT's Patriot SAM units (124 launchers) are operational. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 042115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: USCINCSAC requests continued support from Spanish Air Force C-130s for SAC intra-Spain airlift movements. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 050400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
The overall aircraft mission capable rate is 93.1 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests priority airlift for 10,000 MK-339 fuzes and ADU-449 adapters to Jeddah New to ensure immediate combat employment capability of approximately 20,000 CBUs arriving by sea. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 050800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assesses that the air campaign is progressing well and on schedule with weather over Iraq and the KTO clearing out today. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 040800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Canadian CF-18s are cleared to fly offensive air-to-ground sorties. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (040100Z to 050100Z): USCENTAF-1734, USNAVCENT-420, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-266, Allied-397. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Forty-five packages are flown. Twenty-five packages and six B-52 strikes and hundreds of additional ground attack sorties are targeted against the Republican Guards. Six other packages hit airfields, while others attacked naval targets, logistics sites, ammo dumps, fuel facilities, NBC targets, bridges and C3. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 050800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (73 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 050703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USCINCCENT wants a shift in the weight of effort from the southeastern to the southwestern border of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and the tri-border area westward. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Aircrews are warned to adhere to safe passage procedures following “two serious, near disastrous” incidents. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/TACCS to ALL WOCS, 260249Z Jan 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Two Army ATACMS are fired at a SA-2 site. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 56, GWAPS, NA-200)
5 February 1991
C+182 D+20
Background Events: Iraq announces the suspension of all fuel sales, bringing further deprivation to the wintry land where food, water, electricity and gasoline are all in short supply due to allied bombing. (New York Times, 6 February, p A11)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that Iraqi forces continue to dig in and use deceptive measures in an effort to blunt the impact of coalition air attacks. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
JTF Proven Force aircrews note a significant increase in Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery fire. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 060703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Order of Battle: Four AC-130s arrive at King Fahd Air Base. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Logistics: King Khalid Military City is now the primary aerial port of debarkation for USARCENT sustainment airlift. COMUSARCENT anticipates that the airfield's capacity and its relative nearness to his units will help reduce the over 4,000-ton backlog of cargo awaiting air shipment to the AOR. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 050300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
USCENTAF's overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.4 percent. COMUSCENTAF's notes that engines and aircraft are accumulating time faster than normal, resulting in shorter lead time on requisitions for time change items. His top airlift priority is 400 CBU-87s and 200 Mk-20s each day starting on C+187 and continuing until sealift can meet their revised 60 day quantities (37,000 CBU-87 and 19,550 Mk-20). One A-10 received battle damage in the left wing and engine nacelle area and is being assessed for repair. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's priorities for offensive air operations during the next 24 hours are maintaining air supremacy and concurrently reducing Iraqi NBC capabilities, destroying munitions supplies, and neutralizing selected segments of the power grid. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 060703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (050100Z to 060100Z): USCENTAF-1729, USNAVCENT-231, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-234, Allied-472. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Contributing to the suppression of enemy air defenses, the USS Missouri destroys 2 Iraqi radar sites with 16-inch gun fire. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitreps, 052115Z Feb 91 and 062115, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that F-16s are being used as “fast FACs” to improve battlefield preparation mission effectiveness, and the F-15 border combat air patrol is reestablished after six Iraqi aircraft flee to Iran. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 052115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Fifty-two packages (three Proven Force) and six B-52 strikes are flown, including thirty-three packages against Republican Guard related targets, and others against airfield, bridge, CW, petroleum, power plant, naval base, and C3 targets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 060800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force RF-4C (Creek Storm) missions gather good imagery of Iraqi aircraft dispersed in residential areas adjacent to Kirkuk and K-1 airfields. (Msg, (S) JTF Proven Force to USCINCEUR, subj: Sitrep, 052203Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #45).
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (130 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 060703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: With over 50 percent of the planned 230 C-130 sorties allocated to moving the 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade now completed, COMUSARCENT expects to close the movement on 6 Feb. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 050300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
USNAVCENT reports no contact with the pilot of an F-18, reported overdue, at 1900Z, 25 nautical miles southeast of Faylakah Island. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 061400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
6 February 1991
C+183 D+21
Intelligence: USCINCCENT estimates that 118 Iraqi aircraft have fled to Iran, and he reports that, the Iraqi reconstitution effort had “not [been] able to duplicate an air defense network similar to the system that existed prior to the start of the coalition air offensive.” He also saw, in prisoner of war reports of Iraqi soldiers having to buy food from Kuwaiti vendors, evidence that Iraq could not supply its forward troops with basic necessities. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: F-15E “Scud Busters” claim kills on four Scuds and mobile erector launchers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Ground Order of Battle: With the closure of the 3rd Armored Division, all major USCENTCOM ground combat units are in theater, except for a brigade of artillery each for the VII and XVIII corps. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.3 percent. COMUSCENTAF directs the substitution of AGM-88 HARMs by AGM-65/D missiles in the airlift flow. He also identifies a requirement for 12 MHU-110 trailers at King Fahd and 6 at King Khalid Military City to facilitate the handling of MK-82 bombs. A battle-damaged A-10 received a new wing, as COMUSCENTAF also requests 4 A-10 attrition filler aircraft by 9 February. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 070800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's priorities for conducting offensive air operations for the next 24 hours are air supremacy and supporting USCENTAF F-111F PGM attacks against hardened aircraft shelters, chemical storage sites, and nuclear research facilities at Qayyarah West, Kirkuk, and Al Mawsil. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 070703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #45)
With 71 B-52Gs and 299 tanker aircraft committed to Desert Storm, as of 061000Z, USCINCSAC plans to obtain additional tankers for deployment to Greece and France by “degrading” 9 “lines” from the strategic nuclear alert force in the CONUS. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 060400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (060100Z to 070100Z): USCENTAF-1537, USNAVCENT-167, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-125, Allied-445. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that the USS Missouri destroys another air defense radar site at 060103Z. F-111s and F-117s carry the brunt of strategic and airfield attack missions, while the remaining tactical air forces concentrate on battlefield preparation. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 062115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Forty packages are flown, including fifteen packages, three B-52 strikes, and two MC-130s (dropping 15,000 lb, BLU-82 FAE bombs) against the Republican Guard and Iraqi infantry divisions in southern Kuwait. Hundreds of additional sorties supplemented the around-the-clock destruction of the Republican Guard divisions. Other packages struck weapons support facilities, bridges, airfields, navy bases, C3, and SAM sites. Coalition aircraft shoot down four Iraqi fixed-wing aircraft and two helicopters (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 070800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force aircraft struck their secondary target of Qayyarah West airfield after encountering adverse weather over their primary targets (missile facility and SA-3 sites). (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 070703Z, GWAPS, CSS #46)
UCOMAFSOCCENT deems the first BLU-82 fuel-air bomb drop a success. Indications are that the Iraqis thought the ground invasion had begun and turned on all their radars, exposing their locations. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 070745Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #145)
The air movement of the 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade into Rafha is complete. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 070300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other Activities: To date, JTF Proven Force psychological operations have included, 313 news items, 162 psyop spots, 52 slogans, and 24 editorials aired; 1,000 language assistance cards printed for distribution to aircrews; and additional video and audio products under development. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 070703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
At 2344Z, an AWACS reported that a UH-1 medevac helo had crashed 20 nautical miles east of Rafha. An XVIII Airborne Corps helicopter recovered four injured and one dead crewmen. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 071400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
An A-10 engages an Iraqi helicopter in flight and destroys it with its 30 mm gun, claiming the first A-10 air-to-air kill. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
7 February 1991
C+184 D+22
Background Events: Convinced that the war with Iraq will be over by the summer, Pentagon planners abandon all plans to rotate troops out of the Middle East while fighting is under way. (Wall Street Journal, February 8, p 14)
Intelligence: As Iraqi aircraft continue fleeing to Iran, USCINCCENT raises the estimate of Iraqi divisions in the KTO to forty-two (twenty-five committed, nine reinforcing, and eight theater reserve.) In efforts to preserve themselves, small Iraqi units reposition on the battlefield, Republican Guard heavy divisions remain in their prehostility defensive positions, and units continue to entrench and camouflage their fighting vehicles. In the first reported such case in either Iraq or Kuwait, USCINCCENT also reports that USCENTAF A-10s receive fire from 37mm and 57mm anti-aircraft guns sited in a residential area of Al Ahmadi, Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: A Scud launched against Riyadh is destroyed by 2 Patriot SAMs, bringing total Scud launches to 29 against Saudi Arabia and 29 against Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: There are now 21 Patriot SAM units in the theater (132 launchers), of which 20 are operational. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitreps, 072115Z Feb 91 and 082115, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Ground Order of Battle: The XVIII Airborne Corps reports all units ready for deep, cross-border operations, while the VII Corps is approaching that status quickly. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.7 percent. COMUSCENTAF notes that delivery dates for vehicles keep slipping and reiterates that they are essential to mission accomplishment and need to be delivered on time, and he requests that all Defense Logistics Agency mission critical parts be shipped as soon as possible via Desert Express. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 080800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's air operations priority for the next 24 hours is on maintaining air supremacy and on attacking chemical/ biological warfare production and storage facilities, nuclear research/ production facilities, CW/BW delivery systems, dispersed aircraft, airfields and C3 nodes. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 080703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (070100Z to 080100Z): USCENTAF-1543, USNAVCENT-405, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-308, Allied-434. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USNAVCENT aircraft continue attacks on remaining Iraqi naval targets. In an innovative development, weather problems prompt the diversion of forty F-111 sorties to complete strikes against revetted armor. Result: destruction of fifty tanks and twelve bunkers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 072115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Forty-three packages (three Proven Force) were flown, with one aborting in flight due to target weather, and another added to hit Scud sites. Twenty packages, five B-52 strikes, and hundreds of additional sorties struck Republican Guard and related logistics and ammo sites. Six packages hit airfields, while others hit bridges, petroleum sites, C3, production facilities, and other targets. US F-15s shot down three Iraqi aircraft fleeing to Iran and a Proven Force F-15 shot down a helicopter. Entering severe wake turbulence during air refueling operations, a KC-135 lost its No. 2 engine, which struck the No. 1 engine, causing it to fall off also. The aircraft recovered safely [DELETED] and is being assessed for repair. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 080800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages. The first package was cancelled due to an AWACS abort. An F-15 engaged a helicopter northwest of Kirkuk with two AIM-7 missiles and the wingman confirmed a hit and fireball. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 080703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
An airlift of French personnel and equipment from Istres, France to King Khalid Military City begins with closure estimated for 8 February. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 080530Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #70)
The USMARCENT Tactical Air Control Center reports that an AV-8B went down at 1340Z and, while the pilot's parachute was observed deployed in good condition and later located on the ground, no further contact was made with the pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 101400Z Feb91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
USCENTAF identifies a problem with missed air refuelings resulting in dumping of fuel and tankers flying missions that aren't required and resulting in inability to use the tankers for earlier or later add-on missions. (Msg (S), TACC/DO to ALL WOCS, subj: Missed Refueling, 070656Z Feb 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
8 February 1991
C+185 D+23
Background Events: In Saudi Arabia, Secretary of Defense Cheney tells American pilots and ground crews in Dhahran that they are part of the most successful air campaign in history, but that ground and amphibious assaults would be needed to flush out Saddam Hussein's dug in troops and expose them to more bombardment. (New York Times, 9 February, p 1)
Leaders: The Secretary of Defense and the CJCS arrive at Riyadh, where the SECDEF has an impromptu meeting with Saudi Prince Bandar. (Contingency Historical Report, 4409th OSW, Riyadh Air Base Master Chronology, 10 Jan 91, IRIS 00887752/K-WG-4409-SU-RE; Memo (U), 4409 OSW(P), subj: 4409 OSW Issues, 10 Feb 91, IRIS 00887752/K-WG-4409-SU-RE)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT reports that neither the Iraqi Air Force nor the Navy can conduct offensive operations. Iraqi aircraft remain openly dispersed around their airfields, though the lack of radar returns indicate that some are decoys. USCINCCENT also believes that eight of twelve Iraqi SA-6 SAM batteries previously identified in the KTO have been withdrawn to protect high value targets or lines of communications from coalition air attack. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
In an indirect assessment of the effects of the air campaign, COMUSARCENT acknowledges that the destruction of Iraqi transportation and command and control systems is “affecting all units in the KTO, though to varying degrees,” and that “the attrition of battlefield systems continues to hamper [the] Iraqi commander's ability to conduct [a] coordinated combined arms defense.” But he otherwise asserts that “Baghdad's ability to communicate with the KTO by secure means is only moderately degraded . . . [and] corps commanders retain command and control.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 080300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.2 percent. COMUSCENTAF identifies a requirement for 52 F-16 main landing gear piston assemblies which are overdue a 2000-hour time change. A second Desert Express aircraft is added to the schedule to decrease the parts backlog. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 090800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are air supremacy and striking petroleum refining and processing capabilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 090703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Judging that the air campaign has done an excellent job of taking out strategic targets and, although hampered by weather, of striking Republican Guard and other KTO targets, COMUSCENTAF intends to exploit improving weather conditions, by continuing the intensive campaign to “significantly attrit” the Iraqi forces. He also believes that battle damage assessment is improving. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 080800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (080100Z to 090100Z): USCENTAF-1547, USNAVCENT-379, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-275, Allied-475. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USARCENT fires an Army Tactical Missile System at an Iraqi SA-6 SAM site. Because of their success on 7 February in attacking revetted armor, F-111s began flying dedicated “tank plinking” missions in the KTO. Now able to operate safely at lower altitudes, allied aircraft increase their effectiveness against enemy armor. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 082115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Of forty packages scheduled, thirty-nine are flown (three Proven Force) and one is cancelled due to weather. Twelve packages, nine B-52 strikes and non-packaged aircraft strike Republican Guard related targets, while other packages hit bridges, airfields, C3, petroleum, and other targets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 090800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 090703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Since 1 February, [DELETED] Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle missions have located infantry fighting positions and other tactical targets for VII Corps. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 080300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Recorded in the “duty log” of the Tactical Air Control Center is the comment that USCINCCENT has expressed displeasure with the term “tank plinking.” Apparently unimpressed with the need for a dignified term of killing such vulnerable targets, other anonymous writers annotate the original entry with recommendations for terms like “tank warping”, “tank tapping”, and “tank popping.” (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
9 February 1991
C+186 D+24
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force does not fly all day and USCINCCENT assesses that, while Iraqi forces in the KTO maintained sufficient combat assets to conduct multi-brigade reconnaissance-in-force and limited-objective operations, they lack the intelligence support, air cover and communications to mass for a large-scale offensive. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: Three Patriot SAMs are launched at a Scud fired at Tel Aviv. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: USCENTAF aircraft in the AOR, by base, as of this date are (number is primary authorized aircraft (PAA)): [King Fahd] 132 A-10, 12 OA-10, 8 AC-130, 2 EC-130 (VS), 16 C-130, 3 C-130 (JACC/CP); [Diego Garcia] [DELETED] B-52, 12 KC-135; [Jeddah New] [DELETED], 62 KC-135, 13 KC-10; [Moron] 22 B-52; [RAF Fairford] 8 B-52; [Taif] 64 F-111F, 18 EF-111, [DELETED]; [DELETED] 42 F-117; [Dhahran] 48 F-15C; [Tabuk] 24 F-15C; [Al Kharj] 24 F-15C, 48 F-15E, 24 F-16A, 18 F/A-16A, 16 C-130; [Doha] 24 F-16C; [Al Minhad] 72 F-16C; [Al Dhafra] 72 F-16C, 7 KC-135; [Shaikh Isa] 48 F-4G, 18 RF-4C; [Riyadh] 11 E-3, 2 E-8, 7 EC-130 (ABCCC), 8 C-21, 10 KC-135, 7 RC-135; [KKIA] 2 EC-135L, 46 KC-135; [Bateen] 6 EC-130 (CC), 16 C-130; [Al Ain] 40 C-130; [Masirah] 16 C-130, 10 KC-135; [Sharjah] 16 C-130; [Thumrait] 24 C-130; [Seeb] 15 KC-135, 10 KC-10; [Cairo West] 15 KC-135; [Abu Dhabi] 12 KC-135; [Dubai] 12 KC-135. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.8 percent. Among several pressing requirements, COMUSCENTAF requests 3 EF-111 aircraft for deployment to Taif, 6 QRC 80-01 ECM pods from Myrtle Beach AFB to King Fahd; accelerated delivery of wing sealant and six engine airframe line rebuild kits to Tabuk; an Air Force member, knowledgeable in fuze problems and capable of evaluating and providing an AF position on contractor proposals, to accompany the FMU-139 fuze contractor technical representative; immediate shipment of 240 AGM-45 missiles to Shaikh Isa by C+196; and shipment of heat transfer fluid for use in AN/ALQ 119-15 ECM pod. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are air supremacy and striking research facilities, power stations and petroleum production and storage sites to counter regeneration of Iraqi C3, electrical power generation and petroleum/chemical production capabilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 100703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (090100Z to 100100Z): USCENTAF-1619, USNAVCENT-393, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-266, Allied-455. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that USNAVCENT aircraft continue their strikes against naval targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 092115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Eight of thirty packages and eleven of twelve B-52 strikes hit Republican Guard positions. Seven packages hit bridges in the continuing effort to cut off supplies, while four packages hit C3 sites, three packages hit petroleum facilities, two hit airfields, and three hit SAM sites and support facilities. Other aircraft continued around-the clock attacks on armor and artillery. A USMARCENT AV-8B is lost and the pilot missing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (136 sorties) against the Bayji petroleum facility and troop concentrations. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 100703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
10 February 1991
C+187 D+25
Background Events: Returning to the United States from Saudi Arabia, Secretary Cheney stated that the bombing campaign needed to continue before a ground attack opened against Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait. (Michael R. Gordon, “Cheney Returning to Washington With the Call for More Bombing,” The New York Times, 11 February 1991, p 1)
Intelligence: USCINCCENT assesses that Iraqi ground activity remains focused on force sustainment and survivability measures, while he reports that prisoner of war reports and other intelligence sources indicate that Iraqi III Corps is experiencing a desertion rate of at least 20 percent. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSARCENT assesses that Iraqi forces in the KTO have less than twenty days of supply on hand, and that the level of resupply is below sustainment level. Further, the attrition of Iraqi battlefield systems continues to degrade their ability to conduct a combined arms defense, particularly at or below the battalion level, though he also asserts that most Iraqi divisions remain mission capable. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 100300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Scud War: USCENTAF F-15Es fly 49 Scud-hunting missions and report 3 Scuds and their launchers destroyed. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.9 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests priority airlift for 3 Spectroil Jr. oil analysis machines. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 110800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assesses good progress in the air campaign, and he expects to focus on “diminishing [the] threat our ground forces will face, particularly from the Republican Guard.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 100800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are air supremacy and striking missile and nuclear facilities at Mosul. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 110703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (100100Z to 110100Z): USCENTAF-1600, USNAVCENT-430, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-305, Allied-450. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
F-111s and F-117s continue to work strategic targets, while remaining Coalition tactical air units support the battlefield preparation mission. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 102115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that smoke reduces visibility in heavily-struck areas in the KTO to as little as 4 miles, though battlefield preparation missions continue. In one instance, 40 F-111s report the destruction of 79 tanks in one night. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Coalition air forces fly twenty-eight packages and eleven B-52 strikes, of which nine and ten, respectively, along with hundreds of individual sorties, strike Republican Guard forces and related targets. Other packages hit bridges, airfields, petroleum, C3 facilities, power plants, weapons plants, and naval sites. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 110800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (135 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Primary target was the Ash Sharqat nuclear research facility. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 110703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
A-6s drop fuel air explosives (FAE) munitions on AAA sites at AL Jaber airfield. (TACC Historian Transcripts (S), p 226, GWAPS, NA-200)
Other Activities: The VII Corps reports that an “air-ground vehicle recognition test was conducted during daylight hours using a stationary M1 and M2 with orange panels. [An] A-10 at 10,000' had no trouble discerning [the] panels. Future tests will [be] done at night and include moving vehicles.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 100300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
11 February 1991
C+188 D+26
Intelligence: The Iraqi Air Force remains on the ground and the Iraqi Navy provides USCINCCENT with “nothing significant to report.” Meanwhile, as the Iraqi Army continues its efforts to survive the coalition air onslaught, USCINCCENT estimates that air attacks have reduced its logistics levels from thirty down to twenty days of supplies on hand, and he reports the movements of certain decontamination units into southern Kuwait as one element of “increasing indications of Iraqi preparations for the conduct of chemical warfare.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 112115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSARCENT believes that “[Iraqi] forces in the KTO remain capable of conducting their defensive mission but their offensive capability is limited. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 110300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Scud War: Israeli Patriot SAM batteries fired three missiles to achieve a “mission kill” of a Scud launched at Tel Aviv. Two USARCENT Patriots also achieve a “mission kill” of a Scud launched at Riyadh. Finally, a Scud fired at Israel was “mission killed” by two Israeli Patriots fired by one battery after the missiles of another “misfired.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Medical: AFSOCCENT forward offers up 800 doses of anthrax vaccine to its personnel. (Msg (S), AFSOCCENT Deployed to COMSOCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 120705Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #145)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 90.8 percent. Three A-10s and one OA-10 arrive at King Fahd as attrition replacements, while earlier-requested EF-111s arrive at Taif. COMUSCENTAF requests an update on a personnel action to assign a senior transportation officer to USCENTAF to develop and execute the redeployment plan at cessation of hostilities. One A-10 sustained battle damage to the right engine and is being assessed for repair. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 120800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
As of this date, 4,970,222 STONS of petroleum have been lifted in support of Desert Shield/Storm. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep, 150400Z Feb91, GWAPS, CSS #70)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are air supremacy, and striking Iraqi C3 capability, petroleum and nuclear production facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 120703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
F-15Es are cleared to drop GBU-12 and will start night tank plinking. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (110100Z to 120100Z): USCENTAF-1543, USNAVCENT-450, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-272, Allied-446. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports that the weather is good and enemy forces are being caught in the open. Forty packages, eleven B-52 strikes, and hundreds of additional sorties struck Iraqi positions. Sixteen packages hit Republican Guard divisions, while eight packages and nine B-52 strikes hit RG logistic and ammo sites. Other packages struck key airfields, petroleum, bridges, SAM sites, communications nodes, and headquarters. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 120800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (137 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Primary targets were missile and nuclear facilities at Mosul. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 120703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
12 February 1991
C+189 D+27
Intelligence: Two Iraqi MiG-21s are discovered among the ruins of the ancient city of Ur, a “no fire” zone for the Coalition. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Otherwise, USCINCCENT finds “nothing to report” on the Iraqi Air Force and Navy, while he estimates that the Iraqis will continue to use urban civilian buildings [in Kuwait] as much as possible for billeting and command posts in order to avoid coalition air attacks.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.0 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests priority shipment of 10 LANTIRN targetting pod adaptors presently at Dover, priority airlift for an AJM-40 inertial navigation system dynamic test station from USAFE to Taif, and early release of 200 FMU-143 fuzes from February production to meet operational commitments. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 130800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
USCINCSAC expresses concern over the movement of aircraft spares to and from Riyadh, and for the decline of the bomber and tanker mission capable rate from 89 to 83 percent. (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 130400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #82)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are air supremacy and striking Iraqi nuclear and missile research, development, and production capabilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 140703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USCINCCENT declares that “[E]ffective immediately, the emphasis of combat operations must shift to preparing the battlefield for a ground offensive.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT/CC to COMUSCENTAF/CC, subj: Preparing the battlefield for ground operations, 120655Z Feb 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (120100Z to 130100Z): USCENTAF-1616, USNAVCENT-299, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-247, Allied-459. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that the day's strikes continued the focus on opening the way for a ground offensive, though they also included strategic strikes and USNAVCENT attacks on Iraqi naval targets. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Confirming that “the brunt of [the air] effort continued to focus on battlefield preparation and attrition of Republican Guards,” USCINCCENT reports that 24 of the previous day's 40 air strike packages, along with 9 of 11 B-52 strikes hundreds of “un-packaged” sorties, hit Republican Guard and other Iraqi positions in the KTO. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 122115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCENTAF reports that Coalition forces “continue to destroy Iraqi physical ability and will to fight.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 130800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (85 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Primary target was the Al Mawsil gas turbine power plant. Enroute to Al Mawsil, F-16s destroyed two B-767/A300 transport aircraft on the ground at Mosul airfield, and two F-15s shot down a helicopter in the vicinity of Al Mawsil. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 130703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Four F-16s deliver one million leaflets via M-129 leaflet bombs (emphasizing the futility of the Iraqi war effort and encouraging defection) in the vicinity of Kirkuk and Al Mawsil. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 140703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
13 February 1991
C+190 D+28
Background Events: Two US laser-guided bombs kill hundreds of Iraqi civilians in an attack on what Iraqi authorities called a suburban air raid shelter, but which US officials insisted was a hardened bunker used as a military command center. (Rick Atkinson and Dan Baltz, “Bomb Strike Kills Scores of Civilians in Building Called Military Bunker by US, Shelter by Iraq,” The Washington Post, 14 February 1991, p 1)
Intelligence: Other than the Iraqi Army's continued efforts to survive under the Coalition's air campaign, USCINCCENT finds little to report on Iraqi military activities. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: To date, Iraq has launched 62 Scuds: 30 at Saudi Arabia and 32 at Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 132115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 90.9 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests accelerated delivery of J79-17 and GE-110 spare engines, immediate delivery of Coolanol 20 for AN/ALQ-119 electronic countermeasures pods, and priority airlift to move empty M-117 bomb pallets from [DELETED] to Guam to ensure movement of M-117 bombs back to AOR. An EF-111 aircraft was lost. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 140800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF evaluates the air campaign as “progressing well with good results” and will shift bombing emphasis to Iraqi front-line units. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 130800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities are: maintaining air supremacy, and a shift to battlefield preparation, airfield interdiction and air defense attacks. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 130703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USTRANSCOM expands the Desert Express service to include a second daily mission. (Msg (S), USCINCTRANS to AIG 11812, subj: Sitrep 150400Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #70)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (130100Z to 140100Z): USCENTAF-1542, USNAVCENT-416, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-266, Allied-478. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Twenty-seven packages, nine B-52 strikes, and hundreds of sorties hit Republican Guard forces, lines of communication, ammo and logistics storage, bridges, command and control, and other targets. Eight packages attack airfields and two MC-130s drop 15,000 lb, BLU-82 fuel-air bombs on Iraqi front line forces. Coalition losses were an EF-111, and a RSAF F-15 and F-5. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 140800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
USCINCCENT reports that two BLU-82 fuel-air bombs dropped on Iraqi positions were a test of their effect on their defensive positions and mine fields. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (125 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 140703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following events: 0710Z, AWACS reports that a RSAF F-5 went down 60 nautical miles northeast of Badanah, Saudi Arabia, with the pilot missing; 1918Z, the Royal Saudi Air Force reports the crash of a RSAF F-15 25 nautical miles southeast of Khamis Mushait, with the pilot killed; 2239Z, an EF-111 is reported overdue, with the wreckage and deceased crewmen discovered later 26 nautical miles northwest of Badanah, Saudi Arabia. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 141405Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
A CJCS call to USCINCCENT results in a requirement to task a daily TARPS mission in the Western Scud area. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Intensifying Scud hunting operations, USCENTAF directs that “F-15E[s] will orbit launch containers until [B]ingo [only enough fuel left to return to base, ed.] and then will expend 1 bomb each on 383 culverts from Tel Aviv to Tehran.” (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
14 February 1991
C+191 D+29
Intelligence: According to USCINCCENT, Iraqi ground forces remain in defensive positions, with even their artillery units afraid to fire for fear of Coalition counterfire. Neither the Iraqi Army nor the Navy provide him with anything to report. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: Two Scuds are fired at Hafr Al Batin, but they never pass into any Patriot SAM firing windows, and they apparently impact without causing any injuries or damage. Meanwhile, F-15Es on night anti-Scud patrols claim the destruction of two, maybe three, missiles. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 142115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 90.2 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests expedited delivery of the first increment of 25,000 Mk-82s to Al Dammam by 25 February in order to sustain combat operations. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 150800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF shifts emphasis to Iraqi units that have not been attrited below 50 percent, with special emphasis on artillery. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 140800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities are on maintaining air supremacy, and on striking nuclear and missile research, development, and production capabilities, and destruction of airfield infrastructure. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 150703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (140100Z to 150100Z): USCENTAF-1468, USNAVCENT-396, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-279, Allied-433. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that F-111s and F-15Es experienced “phenomenal success” in night tank plinking missions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF continues the emphasis on eliminating the Republican Guards and destroying frontline forces, with five of eighteen packages and six of ten B-52 strikes attacking ground force concentrations. Seven packages hit airfields while others hit arms plants, bridges, and depots. Other un-packaged attack aircraft concentrated on infantry, armor and artillery targets. Armed reconnaissance air patrols searched rivers to destroy new pontoon bridges and any bridges found functional. A RAF Tornado was shot down while attacking Al Taqaddum airfield and the crew is missing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 150800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (87 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. During the attacks, Wild Weasel aircraft engaged Tall King, Flat Face, and SA-3 sites at Erbil and Al Mawsil. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 150703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: At 0606Z, an AWACS reports a downed RAF GR-1 20 nautical miles north of Al Taqaddum, Iraq, with no parachutes observed or contact with the crew. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 141405Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
15 February 1991
C+192 D+30
Background Events: While the Pentagon estimates that 30 percent of all Iraqi tanks have been destroyed, along with 35 percent of their artillery and 31 percent of their combat aircraft, a government official says “there is considerable turmoil within the intelligence community” as to the accuracy of the damage estimates. (New York Times, 16 February, p 8)
Intelligence: While prisoner of war reports indicate to USCINCCENT that conditions in southern Iraq, as well as in Kuwait, were leading to desertions and poor morale among deployed Iraqi ground units, he still assesses withdrawal as Iraq's least likely option, with defense and attack being the first and second most likely Iraqi actions over the next several days. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 152115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: An Iraqi Scud, fired at Saudi Arabia falls harmlessly into either the Persian Gulf or an “unpopulated area south of Al Jubayl.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.8 percent. Declaring his munitions priorities as GBU-12, CBU-87, Mk-20, and Mk-82 bombs, in that order, COMUSCENTAF also requests 2 replacement A-10s and an F-16 for aircraft lost today. Additionally, one A-10 received battle damage to its tail and is being assessed for repair. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF changes his operational priorities to: (1) counterair, (2) interdiction, (3) strategic offense (striking unstruck targets and those requiring retargeting due to BDA or intelligence), and (4) CAS. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 150800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities remain on maintaining air supremacy, and on striking Iraqi nuclear and missile research, development, and production capabilities, and destruction of airfield infrastructure. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 160703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (150100Z to 160100Z): USCENTAF-1543, USNAVCENT-491, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-284, Allied-451. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Nineteen packages and ten B-52 strikes concentrated on Republican Guards, artillery, ammo and logistics sites, and weapons production facilities. Other aircraft searched waterways and attacked bridges, pontoon construction, and barge traffic. A-10 and F-15E aircraft patrolled for Scuds to deter launches and individual flights hammered Iraqi armor and artillery throughout the KTO. Two A-10s were lost, with both pilots missing, while an F-16 crashed 17 nautical miles from Al Dhafra, while returning from a mission, killing the pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 160800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (96 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 160703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USCINCCENT guidance is to “keep hitting the Republican Guard, they may be the key to the overthrow of S.H.” (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
COMUSCENTAF restricts A-10s to within 20 NM of the southern border within the KTO. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Other Activities: At 0730Z, the USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reactivates the search for the Saudi F-5 pilot that went down near Badanah, Saudi Arabia on the 13th, following reports of radio calls on the emergency frequency. At 1335Z, AWACS reports two downed A-10s 50 nautical miles northwest of Kuwait City, but responding CSAR forces are unable to locate the crash sites. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 161430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
16 February 1991
C+193 D+31
Intelligence: USCINCCENT assess Iraqi ground forces as still “focused on force sustainment and survivability measures,” the Iraqi Navy as “not . . . capable of offensive operations,” and the Air Force as posing “only a minimal threat to coalition air operations.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: Night-hunting F-15Es claim probable destruction of three missiles and four launchers. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Three Scuds are fired at Israel. One is destroyed by two Patriot SAMs, one is unaccounted for, and one impacts harmlessly in an unpopulated area. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.7 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests Desert Express priority airlift for disk drives from Bergstrom AFB to the AOR in support of the Computer Assisted Force Management System, and for critically short film and paper supplies required by tactical air reconnaissance units. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 170800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 170703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (160100Z to 170100Z): USCENTAF-1382, USNAVCENT-309, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-271, Allied-416. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT confirms that “battlefield preparations, to include mine breaching by B-52s, will remain the primary focus of the air war.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports that the air campaign continues its assault on the capability and will of Iraq to fight. Twenty-seven packages and ten B-52 strikes attack bridges, airfields, Republican Guards, artillery positions, SAM sites, weapons plants, logistics, and communications nodes. One package was cancelled because the target was no longer in the target area. Precision weapons were used successfully in night attacks on enemy armor and artillery. Scud patrols continue around-the-clock. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 170800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
All JTF Proven Force strike packages are cancelled due to adverse weather conditions. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 170703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
A-10 missions are restricted to kill boxes AD5, AE6, AG4, and AH4 east of the 46 10 E line - operational procedures to the west of the line are unchanged. (Msg (S), TACC/DCO to 354 TFW/DO, subj: A-10 AI Mission ROE, 162357Z Feb 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Other Activities: Eighteen AH-64 aircraft of the 11th Aviation Brigade contribute to the aerial attrition of Iraqi forces by destroying up to fourteen vehicles, and by damaging two towers and four buildings. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 170300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
At 1823Z the USARCENT Rescue Coordination Center reports a UH-60 down 60 nautical miles southeast of Rafha. A Army medevac helo recovered the uninjured personnel. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 171430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
17 February 1991
C+194 D+32
Leaders: COMUSCENTAF emphatically directs that there be no more fratricide, and that no more “people” are to be brought into the AOR. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Intelligence: Believing that the Iraqi leadership still thought its theater forces could survive the coalition air campaign with sufficient combat power to achieve a battlefield stalemate, USCINCCENT estimates that they will continue to fire Scuds at Saudi Arabia and Israel (attempting to bring Israel into the war) and to manipulate the news media. In contrast, USCINCCENT confidently predicts that, as a result of his emphasis on the tactical preparation of the battlefield, “the Iraqi forces we will face on the battlefield will be attrited to our overall goal of 50 percent. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 172115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29).
COMUSARCENT assesses that Iraqi units in the KTO “will have sufficient supplies for at least the next 75 days, provided that a ground campaign is not initiated. If a ground campaign is initiated, the availability of logistics will be greatly reduced and could run out within 10-13 days.” Also, while reporting that “coalition air attacks continue to destroy Iraqi battlefield operating systems at all echelons,” COMUSARCENT believes that “the decline in the battlefield operating systems has not substantially degraded the Iraqi ability to conduct a defense or delay, but Iraq's ability to conduct offensive operations has been degraded.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 170300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Scud War: One hundred and eleven Coalition sorties are flown against the Scud threat, and F-15Es report large secondary explosions during an attack against a Scud launch site in western Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 162115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.8 percent. USCENTAF requests that all MICAPs against ALQ-131 ECM pods at Taif and Shaikh Isa and QRC 80-01 and Pave Penny pods at King Fahd be aggressively worked. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 180800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSARCENT reiterates his concerns, first expressed in his 140300Z Feb 90 Sitrep, “over air apportionment priorities and the inability of ground commanders to shape the battlefield with available air support.” To support the continued validity of these concerns, he reports that “Army nominated targets on the ATO are frequently diverted without explanation, ARCENT cannot influence the selection of USAF target boxes, and CAS has been delayed for another day. Corps commanders are concerned over their inability to attrit high value targets (arty and chemical capable systems) which have the greatest potential to inflict friendly casualties.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 170300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain on maintaining air supremacy over northern Iraq, and on the destruction of nuclear and missile research, development and production facilities and command and control. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 180703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (170100Z to 180100Z): USCENTAF-1320, USNAVCENT-397, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-146, Allied-280. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The United Arab Emirates Air Force are scheduled to fly its first combat sorties of the war [weather cancelled - ed], while USCENTAF A-10s supported a two-battalion ARCENT probing attack, and three MC-130s each dropped one 15,000-lb, fuel/air BLU-82 bomb on Iraqi revetments, obstacles and entrenched Iraqi forces on Faylaka Island. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Poor weather in the KTO hampers attacks against artillery and armor and forces the cancellation of eight of twenty-nine scheduled packages. However, over a thousand other sorties do attack targets in the KTO and Iraq, including eight B-52 attacks to breach enemy defenses in southwest Kuwait, and strikes by USNAVCENT aircraft and three MC-130s dropping BLU-82 bombs against Faylaka Island. An F-16 went down in southern Iraq due to an engine malfunction, but the pilot was rescued. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 180800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (134 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. Bad weather forced the first package to divert to and strike their secondary target. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 180703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
24th Infantry Division Apaches strike an early warning site located about 4 nautical miles across the Iraqi border. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 170300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Late in the day, 82nd Airborne Division aircraft destroy six armored vehicles, three artillery pieces and a reinforced infantry platoon. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 190300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
At 1510Z an AWACS reports an F-16 down 10 nautical miles northeast of Al Ubaylo, Iraq. The wingman established contact with the pilot on the ground and determined the area safe enough to conduct a combat search and rescue mission. With overhead fighter support, an AFSOCCENT MH-60 successfully recovered the pilot, with the mission “closed” at 1807Z. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 181430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
18 February 1991
C+195 D+33
Ground Order of Battle: With the closure of its final artillery brigade, all of the VII Corps' combat units are in theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.9 percent. COMUSCENTAF removes vehicles from his top logistics priorities list. Two replacement A-10s arrive at King Fahd Airport. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: USCINCCENT's air operations priorities are (1) to maintain enough air superiority to protect the deployment and employment of friendly forces in the AOR, (2) isolate the Republican Guards and shape the battlefield for a ground offensive, (3) continue to strike Phase One (strategic) targets and, (4) to attrit Iraqi ground forces if friendly forces are engaged. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 190703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSARCENT restates his concerns over the conduct of the air campaign: “Air support related issues continue to plague final preparations for offensive operations and raise doubts concerning our ability to effectively shape the battlefield prior to initiation of the ground campaign. Too few sorties are made available to VII and XVIII Abn Corps. And while air support missions are being flown against 1st echelon enemy divisions, Army nominated targets are not being serviced. Efforts must be taken now to align the objectives of the air and ground campaigns and ensure the success of our future operations.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 180300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (180100Z to 190100Z): USCENTAF-1718, USNAVCENT-575, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-283, Allied-481. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Improved weather allowed coalition air forces to apply full pressure on Iraqi capability to wage war. Forty-six packages, fifteen B-52 strikes, and hundreds of attack aircraft struck Republican Guards, armor, artillery, airfields, transportation, logistics, Scuds, and C3. The United Arab Emirites Air Force flew their first offensive combat sorties in southern Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 190800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
In contribution to the forty-six strike packages, fifteen B-52 strikes and over 800 dedicated battlefield preparation sorties were flown today. Some B-52s continued the effort to open lanes through Iraqi mine fields and other defensive systems. Also, seventy sorties armed with precision guided munitions were targeted specifically against tanks. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (119 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 190703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USARCENT aircraft continue cross-border armed aerial reconnaissance and attack missions. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 190300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other activities: Two SOCCENT MH-60 helicopters rescue a downed F-16 pilot approximately 36 miles north of the Iraqi border. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 182115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
19 February 1991
C+196 D+34
Intelligence: After assessing prisoner of war reports of poor morale and indications of flagging Iraqi political will to stay in Kuwait, USCINCCENT reports that “Iraqi ground forces are incapable of conducting an operational level offensive” and estimates that likely Iraqi actions are, in descending order, defend, withdraw, attack. Further, he estimates that the affects of the Coalition air campaign and dispersal to Iran have reduced the Iraqi Air Force's combat capability to as low as 20 percent. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: Israeli and US forces each launch a Patriot SAM at an inbound Scud, with the Israelis claiming a “warhead kill.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Meanwhile, USCENTAF Scud hunters fly over 90 sorties, claim 6 probable Scuds destroyed, and begin laying mines near Scud launch sites. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 192115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.4 percent. Concerned by the lack of spare engines in the AOR, COMUSCENTAF makes them his second highest logistics priority, while simultaneously removing Harvest Falcon assets from the logistics top priority list. Also, he requests airlift through C+213 for 550 tons of Mk-82 bombs per day, until sufficient weapons begin to arrive by sea. Two replacement F-16s arrive at Al Dafra. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSARCENT believes that recent experience with coordinated air-ground operations, involving A-10s, F-111s, EF-111s and EC-130s, indicate both the importance of such operations, and that “preparations for effective air-ground operations are on track.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 190300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (190100Z to 200100Z): USCENTAF-1655, USNAVCENT-484, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-303, Allied-440. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Twenty-seven packages and nine B-52 strikes combined with unpackaged attack sorties to pound Iraqi forces. Seven packages attacked airfields, five attacked Republican Guards, four attacked artillery, four attacked arms plants, and four attacked ammo storage sites. Other packages went after bridges and C3 sites. B-52s concentrated on breaching Iraqi frontline defenses. One OA-10 was shot down and the pilot taken prisoner. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
24th Infantry Division helicopters contributed to the theater air war, by destroying three Iraqi early-warning radars and five anti-aircraft artillery sites. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Other Activities: At 0622Z an AWACS reports a downed OA-10 65 nautical miles west-northwest of Kuwait City. Another A-10 in the area established communications with the downed pilot who reported that enemy troops were 100 yards away and that he had to sign off. Arriving at the scene, the A-10 pilot saw vehicles and personnel on the ground, but could not contact the downed pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 191430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
20 February 1991
C+197 D+35
Intelligence: As USCINCCENT continues to assess the Iraqi Navy as incapable of conducting offensive operations, and the Iraqi Air Force as only a minimal threat to coalition air operations, hundreds of Iraqi soldiers surrender to ARCENT probing attacks and a captured document indicates that Iraqi leaders in the KTO were being held personally responsible for the defections of subordinates. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: USCENTAF A-10s report the destruction of two probable Scud transporter-erector-launcher vehicles. As of 201600Z, USCINCCENT reports thirty-three Scuds have been fired at Saudi Arabia and thirty-seven at Israel. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 202115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.4 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF assess that bad weather will not prevent coalition air forces from applying maximum pressure on Iraqi forces, but the accuracy of their attacks will suffer as they resort to radar and the Global Positioning System for guidance. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 200800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 210703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (200100Z to 210100Z): USCENTAF-1399, USNAVCENT-417, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-164, Allied-405. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Despite weather cancellations of over 500 sorties, USCINCCENT reports that coalition air forces continued to focus on battlefield preparation targets and to “restrike selected strategic targets.” USMARCENT aircraft dropped napalm on three Iraqi fire trenches to test its effectiveness in burning off their oil, and two SOCCENT MC-130s each dropped a BLU-82 fuel/air bomb. Also, and for the first time ever in combat, Marine fixed-wing strike sorties are launched from a helicopter assault carrier (LHA). (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 212115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Weather hindered but did not stop operations. The day's major attack packages struck airfields, railroad yards, bridges, supply depots, and air defenses. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 210800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (135 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. One F-16 is lost over Turkey due to mechanical failure. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 210703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSARCENT reports that his aviation battalions continue their attacks on Iraqi forces. Elements of the 24th Attack Helicopter Battalion struck an early warning radar site near As Salman Air Base, 62 nautical miles inside Iraq, destroying 2 radar antennae, a van, 2 anti-aircraft guns and several vehicles. Two other raids, nearer the border, claimed 6 armored vehicles, 5 anti-aircraft systems, supplies and transportation assets destroyed. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 210300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other Activities: At 1610Z, AWACS and the USMARCENT Tactical Air Control Center report a USMARCENT CH-46E crash-landed 50 nautical miles northwest of Khafji, Saudi Arabia. Ground forces recovered all 4 personnel, with one injured. Also, at 1935Z, the 682 Air Support Operations Center reported a missing OH-58C 55 nautical miles south-southeast of AS Salman, Iraq. The USARCENT Rescue Coordination Center directed 4 helicopters to the wreckage, with both crew members found dead. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 211430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
21 February 1991
C+198 D+36
Intelligence: A terrorist bomb does minimal damage to the US/Spanish pipeline providing jet fuel to Moron, Zaragoza, and Torrejon. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 220703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Scud War: ARCENT forces destroy three targets approaching King Khalid Military City (KKMC) with six Patriot SAMs. The targets were two Scuds. A third Scud launched at KKMC misses the city by 30 kilometers and is not engaged by the Patriots. A single Patriot later destroys a fourth Scud fired at Bahrain. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.5 percent. COMUSCENTAF reiterates the need for priority airlift of munitions in preparation for a possible ground campaign. He also requests expedited shipment for 119 500-gallon seal drums from USAFE to Riyadh, and for various pieces of communications and computer-connectivity equipment. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 220800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 220703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (210100Z to 220100Z): USCENTAF-1511, USNAVCENT-435, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-257, Allied-424. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports 89 percent of all coalition combat sorties target Iraqi forces and Republican Guards in southeast Iraq and Kuwait. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports that eleven of twenty-four packages, eleven of fourteen B-52 strikes, and hundreds of attack aircraft hunted and hit artillery, infantry, and armor positions. Other aircraft attacked airfields, Scud facilities, C3 nodes, and CW/BW bunkers and facilities. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 220800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (131 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 220703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
22 February 1991
C+199 D+37
Scud War: USCENTAF and USMARCENT aircraft claim eight probable Scud mobile erector-launchers and four Scuds destroyed. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: The first two of five South Korean C-130s enter the theater airlift effort. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Ground Order of Battle: Noting that the closure of the XVIII Airborne Corps' 196th Artillery Brigade marks the arrival of the last USCENTCOM combat force in the AOR, General Schwarzkopf declares “we are now in position to attack and destroy the enemy and will do so when ordered.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.9 percent. COMUSCENTAF requests that a Texas Instruments LGB technical representative be sent to the AOR to provide additional ballistics data for the GBU-24, and to help solve guidance problems experienced with the GBU-10 and -27. He also requests air shipment of GBU-10 and -12 Paveway II components from Europe to the AOR, and for 2 hard target penetrator munitions (GBU-28) with appropriate tech data from Eglin to Taif on C+203. An A-10 received battle damage to the aft section of the aircraft and collapsed a landing gear on landing. Damage assessment is pending. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 230703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (220100Z to 230100Z): USCENTAF-1614, USNAVCENT-445, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-402, Allied-445. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Good weather enabled coalition air forces to fly over 1300 sorties against the Iraqi forces, hitting armor, artillery, infantry, airfields, bridges, C3, Scud facilities, and CW targets. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts 3 strike packages (126 sorties) against targets in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 230703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
USARCENT aviation units conduct reconnaissance missions and pre-battle preparations. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 230300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other activities: After a hiatus of several days, due to adverse winds, a SOCCENT MC-130 recommences the daily leaflet-drop program. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 222115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
23 February 1991
C+200 D+38
Intelligence: Estimating that the Iraqis still have 2,669 tanks, 1,961 armored vehicles and 1,660 artillery pieces in the KTO, USCINCCENT expects Iraqi forces to “continue their defensive posture . . . conserve resources, conceal positions, and emphasize survivability in anticipation of an imminent coalition ground offensive.” He expects these preparations to include reviewing and refining counterattack plans, positioning reliable fighting units¾Republican Guard infantry or commandos¾to block the retreat of the Iraqi first echelon, and deploying decontamination units and chemical munitions to forward positions. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: USCENTAF flies almost ninety anti-Scud sorties, with one attack producing secondary explosions lasting for three minutes. Iraq launches a Scud toward Kfia, Saudi Arabia, but it posses no threat to coalition “assets” and is not engaged. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
A second Scud is fired at Tel Aviv, but it too misses its target and is not engaged by Patriots. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.2 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 240703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (230100Z to 240100Z): USCENTAF-1643, USNAVCENT-436, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-484, Allied-478. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that, as coalition ground forces begin moving to their final lines-of-departure for the invasion of Kuwait and Iraq, Coalition air forces “continue [their] devastating pressure on Iraqi forces in the KTO as well as [poise] for optimum support of a ground campaign.” USCINCCENT's rough estimate of the day's battle damage assessment includes 178 tanks, 97 armored personnel carriers, 202 trucks/ vehicles, 201 artillery/multiple rocket launchers, 66 revetments/ buildings/bunkers, and 2 anti-aircraft artillery/surface-to-air missiles destroyed. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 232115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
In an effort to exert maximum pressure on enemy forces, COMUSCENTAF schedules over 3,000 coalition sorties for the first time in Operation Desert Storm. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 230800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Coalition air forces continue to prepare the battlefield. Thirty-nine packages and fifteen B-52 strikes concentrated on airfields, artillery, armor, infantry, and breaching enemy defenses. Hundreds of un-packaged sorties strike enemy artillery and armor. One USMC AV-8B was lost near Kuwait City and the pilot is missing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts two strike packages (98 sorties) against the Taji tank repair buildings in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 240703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: At 1700Z the USMARCENT Tactical Air Control Center reports a downed AV-8B 28 nautical miles west of Kuwait City. The wingman reported an explosion, but received no voice or beacon and observed no chute. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 241430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
24 February 1991
C+201 D+39 G-Day
Background Events: The coalition invasion of Kuwait and Iraq begins at 240100Z (240400L)
Intelligence: Neither the Iraqi Air Force nor the Navy respond to the coalition ground assault. Resistance on the ground is light and uncoordinated, and USCINCCENT believes that prisoner-of-war reports that units would surrender in mass appear to have been accurate. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29).
Assessing the state of Iraqi forces just before the onset of the ground offensive, COMUSARCENT estimates that they have lost approximately 53 percent of their artillery, 42 percent of their armor and likely large numbers of personnel at all echelons. As a result, he believes that “Iraq's capability to maneuver and conduct multi-division offensive and counteroffensive operations is reduced. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 240300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Scud War: Iraq fires individual Scuds at Riyadh and King Khalid Military City. Two Patriot SAMs destroy the first Scud and one destroys the second. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Another Scud is launched at Riyadh and is destroyed by two Patriot SAMs. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
From its anti-Scud experiences, the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) reports that the Iraqis often launched their Scuds under the protection of low cloud ceilings, which greatly restricted coalition quick-reaction air attacks. (Historical Report, 4 TFW(P), Executive Summary, 24 Feb-2 Mar 1991, IRIS 00881869/K-WG-4-HI)
Air Order of Battle: [The last] three Republic of Korea Air Force C-130s arrive at Al Ain. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 94.3 percent. COMUSCENTAF's top logistics priorities are munitions, POL issues, and resupply/war readiness spares kits. He also requests the status of a shipment of computer systems needed to support Kuwaiti restoration. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: After maintaining the “degree of air superiority necessary to protect deployment and employment of friendly forces in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq,” USCINCCENT's next highest air operational priority is now close air support, followed by interdiction and strategic offense. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF's operational priorities are changed to: (1) counterair, (2) close air support, (3) air interdiction, and (4) strategic offensive attack. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS # 6)
With primary emphasis of the day's over 3,100 scheduled sorties placed on supporting friendly ground forces, COMUSCENTAF reports that “I have directed stringent target identification measures in [an] aggressive effort to ensure [that] munitions are delivered only on enemy forces.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 240800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours remain on maintaining air supremacy over northern Iraq and on the destruction of nuclear and missile research, development and production facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 250703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (240100Z to 250100Z): USCENTAF-1648, USNAVCENT-442, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-436, Allied-536. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The extent and importance of coalition air supremacy is obvious from the start of the ground campaign. SOCCENT helicopters penetrate deep into Iraq to infiltrate Special Forces reconnaissance teams. An entire brigade of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) moves by helicopter to take forward operating base COBRA, located about 35 km southeast of As Salman, Iraq, securing it at 240740Z. Other units quickly penetrate Iraqi forward positions and drive deep into Iraq and Kuwait, always supported by a massive close-air-support (CAS) and combat-air-patrol (CAP) umbrella. Over 3,000 sorties were flown as a prelude to the start of offensive ground operations, including more than 1,200 against armor, artillery and infantry, and others against “selected” airfields, bridges, arms plants, nuclear-biological-chemical and command, control, and communications sites. Forty-three B-52s struck Iraqi defenses and infantry positions in the KTO, and more than 400 sorties were allocated to CAS. The Coalition also initiated a revised counterair plan to seal off the KTO from any reemergence of an Iraq air-to-ground threat, by maintaining continuous combat air patrols from the Red Sea to the Gulf and throughout Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 242115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT reports that low ceilings and rain showers over parts of the KTO hampered air operations early in the day. The rapid advance of ground troops into Iraq and Kuwait required retargeting of preplanned close-air support and battlefield air interdiction missions, including inbound B-52 strikes. Light resistance throughout the front relegated most air-to-ground sorties to “kill zone” targets well behind enemy lines. A rough estimate of the day's battle damage assessment from pilot reports indicated that 76 tanks, 66 armored personnel carriers, 151 trucks/vehicles, 98 artillery/multiple rocket launchers, 60 revetments/ buildings/bunkers, and 8 anti-aircraft artillery/surface-to-air missiles destroyed. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Coalition air forces flew the largest number of sorties to date with the majority in direct support of allied ground forces. Also struck were bridges, headquarters, storage depots, production facilities, and airfields. The Canadian Air Force flew its first offensive/interdiction missions of the air campaign. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducts three strike packages (127 sorties) against industrial sites and SAM training areas in northern Iraq. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 250703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Other Activities: Two JTF Proven Force F-16s dropped leaflet bombs (400,000 leaflets) in the vicinity of Kirkuk and Mosul. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 250703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Both the VII and XVIII Corps reported effective close air support in conjunction with their line breaching and air assault operations, respectively. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 250300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
USSOCCENT air units exfiltrate two USARCENT special forces teams from positions behind Iraqi lines. One team, under fire from Iraqi forces, employs close air support to break contact and cover its withdrawal. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCENTAF directs that “ . . . it is better to return with bombs than to risk hitting friendlies.” (Msg DCO to All WOCs, subj: Fratricide, 241352Z Feb 91).
They also direct that “ . . . close air support and air interdiction missions are not weather cancelled by some decision maker removed from the scene. The time has come for the flight lead to make every reasonable effort to attack the target and get his flight back home. Our ground guys are depending on every sortie. From now on, it is up to every aviator to make it happen.” (Msg (S), DCO to All WOCs, 241827Z Feb 91) (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Following the escape of 2 MiG-23s and a possible VIP 737 to Iran during two periods of non-coverage as a result of Navy F-14s returning to the ship without notifying anyone, USCENTAF directs that F-15Cs will “orbit Baghdad” until the war ends. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS,NA-215)
25 February 1991
C+202 D+40 G+1
Intelligence: USCINCCENT finds nothing to report on Iraqi Air Force activities and, based on piecemeal Iraqi field operations, he assesses that the Iraqi corps commander could not execute a division-level counterattack and is controlling only the movement of brigades. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Scud War: Two Scuds are launched, but they go too wide of any target area to be engaged by Patriot SAMs. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 252115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Iraq launches two more Scuds. The first, fired at Dhahran, is not engaged, while the second misses Qatar and is not engaged. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Support Activities: An Air Force weather forecaster, attached to the XVIII Airborne Corps, contributed importantly to the successful extraction of a USARCENT Long-Range Surveillance Team (LRST). The LRST called for an emergency extraction, just as increasing winds and dropping visibility associated with a passing front made the mission unlikely to succeed. But, heeding the timing estimates of the forecaster, the involved aviators delayed their takeoffs, so as to arrive at the pickup zone just as the passing of the front allowed the weather to improve enough for an immediate and safe extraction. (Air Weather Service, “Air Weather Service Contribution to Winning the War-The Value of Weather Support: Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield Report 1,” 23 May 1991, p 31, GWAPS, NA-531)
Logistics: The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 91.5 percent. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: COMUSCENTAF places primary emphasis on “accurate and timely support for coalition ground forces. Stringent target identification requirements for CAS missions continue to be stressed.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 250800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
CJTF Proven Force's priority for conducting offensive air operations for the next 24 hours is to maintain air supremacy over northern Iraq and strike nuclear and missile R&D and production facilities. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 260703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (250100Z to 260100Z): USCENTAF-1518, USNAVCENT-556, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-382, Allied-425.
USCINCCENT's “rough” battle damage assessment for the day includes 170 tanks, 62 armored personnel carriers, 155 other vehicles and 103 artillery pieces destroyed by coalition air. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT also reports that coalition air forces continued their massive campaign of close air support, interdiction and strategic strikes against Iraq. Over 500 close air support sorties supported fast moving armored forces. Poor weather renders many British, French and Canadian sorties ineffective, though F-111 and F-15E precision strikes “again took a heavy toll on Iraqi armor and artillery.” “As weather deteriorated,” USCINCCENT reports, “increased reliance was placed on radar bombing by front line fighters.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Coalition air forces continue to support rapidly advancing coalition ground forces. Lower ceilings in the KTO required coalition air forces to vary their tactics. A USMC AV-8B was shot down, with the pilot rescued, and a USMC OV-10 was lost, with the aircrew missing. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Bad weather cancels two of three planned JTF Proven Force strike packages, and it degrades the third. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 260703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
2100Z, JSTARS reports movement north from Kuwait city. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
At 250702Z the 1st and 2nd brigades of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) completed their 86 nautical-mile air assault into Landing Zone (LZ) Cobra, near As Salaman, Iraq. At 250702Z the 3rd Brigade flew 120 nautical miles, to take LZ Sand, just across the Euphrates River and southeast of Al Khidr, Iraq. Meanwhile, 110 CH-47D sorties are used in the logistic buildup of LZ Cobra. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 260300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other Activities: Support personnel and equipment for the C-130 Volant Solo propaganda broadcast aircraft arrive at Incirlik. The first mission is planned for 28 February. Meanwhile, planning continues for USCINCCENT directed leaflet drop to counter Iraqi collateral damage propaganda. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 260703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
At 1025Z the USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center receives a report of a possible downed aircraft 30 nautical miles south of Kuwait City. Later confirmed to be a USMARCENT OV-10, the aircraft's wreckage is located, but no contact is made with the 2 crewmen. At 1156Z a Saudi Air Force helicopter is reported missing 30 nautical miles west of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. A passing motorist located the crash site near King Fahd medical center with 3 deceased in the wreckage. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 251430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
26 February 1991
C+203 D+41 G+2
Air Order of Battle: A Volant Solo aircraft arrives at Incirlik. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 270703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Medical: USCENTCOM now has 16,536 operational medical beds in the theater. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: Heavy rains and morning fog restricted USARCENT air unit movement and aerial resupply missions, while simultaneously water-logging several ground main supply routes. But, USARCENT does not anticipate any major supply problems in the immediate future. (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 270300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
The USCENTAF overall aircraft mission capable rate is 92.8 percent. COMUSCENTAF removes munitions and POL issues from his logistics top priority list, leaving only resupply/WRSK. A B-52 sustains battle damage to the aft section of the aircraft and a F-16 receives battle damage to the underside of the aircraft, both are being assessed for repair. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Planning: CJTF Proven Force's offensive air priorities for the next 24 hours are unchanged. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 270703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (260100Z to 270100Z): USCENTAF-1673, USNAVCENT-664, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-405, Allied-417. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
USCINCCENT's "rough" battle damage estimate for the day includes 13 bridges, 128 tanks, 38 armored personnel carriers, 401 trucks and numerous other Iraqi targets destroyed from the air. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to AIG 904, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
With over 3,200 scheduled sorties, COMUSCENTAF continues to provide the maximum support possible to coalition ground forces, in spite of problems caused by smoke and weather yesterday and today. Utilizing a “push” CAS system, when CAS sorties are not used, they are diverted to air interdiction of Republican Guard forces south and west of Basrah. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 260800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Fifty-two packages and twenty-two B-52 strikes hit bridges, airfields, production and storage facilities, and command and control sites. Over 350 missions were flown in direct support of coalition ground forces destroying artillery and armor as Iraqi forces repositioned. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 270800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducted three strike packages (116 sorties) against missile research and development, and nuclear production facilities in the Mosul and Al Mawsil area. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 270703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
COMUSARCENT also reports “integration of close air support into [the] corps fight continues with great success.” (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 260300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
Other Activities: The daily psychological operations campaign continues as F-16s drop leaflet bombs over the Iraqi 49th Infantry Division. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 262115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
27 February 1991
C+204 D+42 G+3
Background Events: President Bush, declaring that “Kuwait is liberated” and “Iraq's Army is defeated,” orders the suspension of offensive military operations against President Saddam Hussein's battered army. The suspension begins at midnight eastern time, and will continue as long as Iraq does not attack allied forces or launch missile attacks on any other country. Iraq must honor all twelve U.N. resolutions on Kuwait, free all prisoners of war and detained Kuwaiti citizens, and give the allies the location of all land and sea mines that Iraq had laid in the region. (New York Times, 28 February, p A1)
Scud War: USCENTAF A-10s and USMARCENT F/A-18s report destroying 10 and 4 Scud missiles on their launchers, respectively, with the USMARCENT aircraft also claiming 2 probables. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Order of Battle: All 21 Patriot and 24 HAWK SAM fire units present in the AOR are operational, but they find no targets to engage, though one HAWK battery does capture 120 enemy prisoners of war. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Logistics: The overall mission capable rate is 93.1 percent. USCENTAF instructs those munitions ships due to close in the AOR after 4 March to return to their ports of embarkation. Those ships scheduled to arrive by 4 March are being placed in safe haven. Vehicle shipments which are not underway are cancelled. Recommendation is made for home unit installation mobility teams to augment in-place specialist to manage redeployment activities. An F-16 sustained battle damage to the left wing and lower intake, preventing the nose gear from extending for landing. Damage assessment is in progress. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
USCENTAF reports that the total number of communicators in the theater is 2,148 and includes combat communications, ground Tactical Air Control System, Stratfor, Comalf, and air traffic controllers. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Planning: USCINCCENT estimates that “over the next 24 hours, the Iraqi Army in the Kuwait Theater of Operations will be destroyed.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (270100Z to 280100Z): USCENTAF-1651, USNAVCENT-671, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-147, Allied-471. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Despite poor weather and visibility in many parts of the AOR, over 450 close air support sorties support fast moving ground forces as Iraqi units crumbled under the combined air-ground assault. Interdiction sorties patrolled rivers and roads, took out bridges and causeways, and attacked bottled-up convoys of retreating Iraqi forces. Low ceilings and rain again caused reliance on aircraft radar delivery systems in much of the KTO. As USMARCENT forces reach their final objectives, their Air Combat Element reduces flight operations to the “sustained rate,” while maintaining airborne combat air patrols and on-call close air support flights. With most of Kuwait in coalition hands, C-130 Airborne Command and Control aircraft move their orbits north to improve communications. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
Coalition air forces concentrate on the close air support mission, though interdiction sorties are still flown against enemy hardware, airfields and ammunition facilities. An AV-8 and an F-16 are lost with both pilots. An OA-10 with battle damage crashed on landing killing the pilot. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
JTF Proven Force conducted three strike packages (119 sorties) against the Taji steel fabrication plant. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 280703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
Deep attacks by USARCENT 11th, 12th and 101st Aviation brigades account for over 80 armored vehicles, 54 transport vehicles, several air-defense systems and other targets destroyed. The 101st Airborne Division's 2nd Brigade lifts 85 nautical miles almost due east from Landing Zone Cobra to take Objective Tim, where the 12th and 101st Aviation brigades immediately establish forward air refuelling points (FARPS). (Msg (S), COMUSARCENT MAIN to AIG 11743, subj: Sitrep, 280300Z Feb 91, GWAPS, NA-523)
GBU-28 is dropped on Taji bunker. (CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
Other Activities: Four JTF Proven Force F-16s dropped 14 M-129 leaflet (900,000 leaflets) bombs on elements of the Iraqi 38th and 2nd divisions. (Msg (S), USCINCEUR to AIG 7824, subj: Sitrep, 280703Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #46)
The USSOCCENT mobile command post deploys to Kuwait Airport in nine helicopter sorties. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 272115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center reports the following events: 0345Z, an AWACS reports a downed USMC AV-8B 25 nautical miles north of Kuwait City, with no contact with the pilot; 1200Z, and AWACS reports a downed F-16 26 nautical miles west-southwest of Basra, with one of two Army helicopters making an unsuccessful rescue attempt shot down; 2133Z, two OV-1s attempted to land at Hafar al Batin when the lights went out, one ran off the runway and the other crew went five miles out and bailed out. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 281430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
28 February 1991
C+205 D+43 G+4
Background Events: The ceasefire goes into effect at 280500Z.
Air Operations: USCINCCENT Sortie Recap (280100Z to 010100Z): USCENTAF-575, USNAVCENT-187, USMARCENT (fixed-wing)-30, Allied-200. (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Mar 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
At the direction of the President, offensive air operations cease at 0500Z. (Msg (S) USCINCCENT to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Frago 028 to USCINCCENT Opord 91-001 for Operation Desert Storm, 280500Z Feb 91, CC/DO TACC Current Ops Log (S), GWAPS, NA-215)
USCINCCENT reports that “allied air forces concentrated on killing enemy hardware and supporting ground troops in the final battles before the cease fire went into effect.” Using all-weather systems to overcome poor visibility and low ceilings, coalition aircraft “hit bridges and causeways to keep trapped Republican Guards and other remaining Iraqi ground units bottled up. Despite “often stiff resistance,” other aircraft hit armor and vehicle movements, while deep strikes hit ammo storage, chemical/ biological storage, railroad, missile production and “numerous” airfield targets. With the end of offensive ground operations, USCINCCENT plans to continue Scud suppression patrols over Iraq, maintain the air defense posture at “near full strength,” and to hold a “healthy percentage” of his air assets in “various stages of alert.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 282115Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #29)
COMUSCENTAF reports that all combat operations scheduled after 0500Z are cancelled, but 25 percent of the ground attack aircraft are maintained on alert and surveillance, reconnaissance, air defense, and Scud-response missions continue. US AWACS surveillance flights continue. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
COMUSCENTAF also reports that air interdiction against military headquarters, airfields, and ammo/arms production facilities and close air support were flown until 280500Z when the cease fire went into effect. Defensive CAPs, reconnaissance, Scud response, and AWACS sorties continue to be flown. Remainder of ground attack aircraft are on 2-hour alert, with ten A-10s providing 30 minute alert capability. (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 010800Z Mar 91, GWAPS, CSS #5)
Evaluating coalition air operations, COMUSCENTAF reports “I am extremely pleased with [the] performance of coalition air forces. Never in [the] history of warfare have air forces of so many nations been as effectively integrated. Coalition air forces had spirit of cooperation that made this possible. Air forces played [the] central role in Operation Desert Storm, neutralizing [the] Iraqi Air Force; destroying integrated air defense system, command and control structure, nuclear, biological, and chemical production capability, and capability of producing long range missiles; and severely attriting Iraqi ground forces. We also stand ready to conduct follow-on operations, as needed.” (Msg (S), USCENTAF to AIG 9671, subj: Sitrep, 280800Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #6)
Other Activities: At 0540Z, the USARCENT Rescue Coordination Center reports a UH-1V missing 10 nautical miles south of Rumaylah, with a search in progress. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to COMUSARCENT MAIN, subj: Sitrep, 281430Z Feb 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
1 March 1991
C+206 D+44
Air Operations: USCINCCENT reports that surveillance orbits and defensive combat air patrols continue, while close air support assets “assumed a short fuse ground alert posture.” Six A-10s were scrambled around mid-day due to the threat of a possible confrontation on the battlefield. Tensions subsided and the situation was under control by the time the aircraft arrived. Reconnaissance as well as A-10, F-15E, and F-16 Scud response missions continued. Summarizing the air campaign, he reports that, “in the 43 days of the airwar, coalition forces flew over 110,000 sorties, ending the period with an overall aircraft mission capable rate of 93.4 percent.” (Msg (S), USCINCCENT to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 012115Z Mar 91, GWAPS, CSS #28)
As of 280000Z Feb, B-52s from all forward operating locations, except Andersen AFB, Guam, have flown 1,645 strike sorties against Iraq, while SAC tankers have flown 11,834 sorties, to offload 531 million pounds of fuel in support of Desert Storm. Since 2 Aug 90, SAC reconnaissance aircraft have flown 1,083 sorties (516 RC-135, 296 U-2, and 271 TR-1). (Msg (S), CINCSAC to JCS, subj: Sitrep, 010400Z Mar 91, GWAPS, CSS #81)
As of 010001Z March MAC has moved 3,803 non-combattant evacuees; offloaded 12,945 missions in the AOR, Turkey, and Israel; completed a total of 15,317 missions; moved 482,997 passengers and 519,458 tons of cargo; and aeromedically evacuated 1,000 litter and 2,197 ambulatory patients in the theater, 2,115 and 3,352, respectively, to Europe, and 713 litter and 1,488 ambulatory Desert Shield/Storm patients from Europe to the CONUS. (Msg (S), MACCAT to USTRANSCOM, subj: Sitrep, 31 Jan 91, GWAPS, CSS #105)
Other Activities: The USCENTAF Joint Rescue Coordination Center tracked 56 combat incidents, launched 13 rescue missions to rescue 77 personnel, and ultimately recovered 3 individuals. (Msg (S), USCENTAF/JRCC to USCINCCENT, subj: Sitrep, 101900Z Jul 91, GWAPS, CSS #24)
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