2020 China Military Power Report
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
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OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
Military and Security Developments
Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
2020
Annual Report to Congress
A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2000, as Amended
Section 1260, ¡°Modifications to Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the
People¡¯s Republic of China,¡± of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, Public
Law 116-92, which amends the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Section
1202, Public Law 106-65, provides that the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report ¡°in both
classified and unclassified form, on military and security developments involving the People¡¯s Republic
of China. The report shall address the current and probable future course of military-technological
development of the People¡¯s Liberation Army and the tenets and probable development of Chinese
security strategy and military strategy, and of the military organizations and operational concepts
supporting such development over the next 20 years. The report shall also address United StatesChina engagement and cooperation on security matters during the period covered by the report,
including through United States-China military-to-military contacts, and the United States strategy for
such engagement and cooperation in the future.¡±
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
PREFACE:
A 20 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE ON CHINA¡¯S
STRATEGY AND ARMED FORCES
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People¡¯s Republic of China
For 20 years, the Department of Defense (DoD) has provided Congress with an annual report on
military and security developments involving the People¡¯s Republic of China (PRC). These reports
have assessed the contours of China¡¯s national strategy, its approach to security and military affairs,
and potential changes in the PRC¡¯s armed forces over the next 20 years, among other matters. 2020
marks an important year for the People¡¯s Liberation Army (PLA) as it works to achieve important
modernization milestones ahead of the Chinese Communist Party¡¯s (CCP) broader goal to transform
China into a ¡°moderately prosperous society¡± by the CCP¡¯s centenary in 2021. As the United States
continues to respond to the growing strategic challenges posed by the PRC, 2020 offers a unique
opportunity to assess both the continuity and changes that have taken place in the PRC¡¯s strategy and
armed forces over the past two decades.
DoD¡¯s first annual report to Congress in 2000 assessed the PRC¡¯s armed forces at that time to be a
sizable but mostly archaic military that was poorly suited to the CCP¡¯s long-term ambitions. The report
recognized the CCP¡¯s objective was for the PRC to become a ¡°strong, modernized, unified, and
wealthy nation.¡± Despite these great power aspirations, the PLA lacked the capabilities, organization,
and readiness for modern warfare. Yet the CCP understood these deficiencies and set long-term goals
to strengthen and transform its armed forces in a manner commensurate with its aspirations to
strengthen and transform China.
DoD¡¯s 2000 report assessed that the PLA was slowly and unevenly adapting to the trends in modern
warfare. The PLA¡¯s force structure and capabilities focused largely on waging large-scale land warfare
along China¡¯s borders. The PLA¡¯s ground, air, and naval forces were sizable but mostly obsolete. Its
conventional missiles were generally of short range and modest accuracy. The PLA¡¯s emergent cyber
capabilities were rudimentary; its use of information technology was well behind the curve; and its
nominal space capabilities were based on outdated technologies for the day. Further, China¡¯s defense
industry struggled to produce high-quality systems. Even if the PRC could produce or acquire modern
weapons, the PLA lacked the joint organizations and training needed to field them effectively. The
report assessed that the PLA¡¯s organizational obstacles were severe enough that if left unaddressed
they would ¡°inhibit the PLA¡¯s maturation into a world-class military force.¡±
Two decades later, the PLA¡¯s objective is to become a ¡°world-class¡± military by the end of 2049¡ªa
goal first announced by General Secretary Xi Jinping in 2017. Although the CCP has not defined what
a ¡°world-class¡± military means, within the context of the PRC¡¯s national strategy it is likely that Beijing
will seek to develop a military by mid-century that is equal to¡ªor in some cases superior to¡ªthe U.S.
military, or that of any other great power that the PRC views as a threat. As this year¡¯s report details,
the PRC has marshalled the resources, technology, and political will over the past two decades to
strengthen and modernize the PLA in nearly every respect. Indeed, as this report shows, China is
already ahead of the United States in certain areas such as:
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