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Spectrum QuestionsChapter 01- The Revolt of 1857Explain the economic cause behind the revolt of 1857, and what conditions led peasants, artisans, and zamindars alike to join the revolt.List the political and administrative causes for the revolt. (2 + 1)List the religious causes for the revolt, and an associated act. (3)List 4 reasons why sepoys specifically were unhappy and revolted.Indicate the broad geographical extent of the 1857 revolt. (Page 3)Indicate the civilian response.What was the response of modern, educated Indians?What was the role of Emperor Bahadur Shah in the revolt? (Page 5)Name the people who led the revolt in: Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Bihar, Faizabad, and Jhansi.What were some of the causes for the failure of the revolt? (6)What was the most enduring contribution of the revolt of 1857? (Page 9)List 3 changes brought in by the British after the revolt.Chapter 02- Religious and Social Reform Movements‘The socio-cultural regeneration of the India of the 19th century was occasioned by the colonial presence, but not created by it.’ Comment.Outline some common characteristics shared by the 19th century social reform movements, covering issues like ideological and social base, key ideas, coverage of issues beyond religion etc. (Pages 14, 15)Which GG was responsible for abolition of Sati?Whose name is associated with Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856? What was the ‘Wood’s Dispatch’? (Google; 6 points)Write a note on Raja Rammohun Roy. (Page 24)What were the twin objectives of the Tattvabodhini Sabha? Who was its leader?What was the reason behind the split in Brahmo Samaj in 1865? In 1878? (Page 23)What was the Prarthana Samaj? How was it different from the Brahmo Samaj? Where was it based, and who was the founder? What were the key features of the Young Bengal Movement? Why did it fail?Mention positive and negative effects of the 19th century reform movements in India.What was the most harmful effect of the 19th century religious reform movements?Write short notes on: Raja Rammohun Roy, Debendranath Tagore, Keshub Chandra Sen, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Akshay Kumar Dutt, Jyotiba Phule, Gopal Hari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitwadi’, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Sri Narayan Guru, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Narendranath Dutta, Dayanand Saraswati, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, Sri Narayan Guru, M. Malabari, Sri Narayan Guru, Raghunath Rao, Syed Ahemd Raibarelvi, Syed Ahmed Khan, Dudu MianSummary of various social reform movements:NumNameYear/ PlaceFounderKey idea(s)HINDU1.Dharma Sabha1830Radhakant DebOrthodox Hindu; status-quoist2.Paramhans Mandali1849/ MaharashtraBelieved in ‘one God’, caste removal, women empowerment etc.3.Prarthana Samaj1863/ BombayKeshub Chandra Sen/ RanadeSocial reform, but don’t come into conflict with orthodox Hindus (unlike Brahmo Samaj)4.Satyashodhak Samaj1873/ MaharashtraJyotiba PhuleCaste consciousness; first movement with leadership from low castes; Raja Bali used as symbol5.Arya Samaj(Publication: Satyarth Prakash)1875Dayanand Saraswati“Back to the Vedas”, end priestly domination, promote inter-caste and widow marriages, no idol worship6.Seva Sadan1885M. MalabariParsi; take care of marginalized women7.Ramakrishna Movement1897/ CalcuttaNarendranath Dutt (Vivekananda)Spread the universal message of Vedanta, love all religions, service of humans = service of god8.Bharat Dharma Mahamandala1902Madan Mohan Malviya (didn’t found it, but important figure)Orthodox Hindu; status-quoist; formed by combination of several state units9.Servants of India Society1905Gopal Krishna GokhaleNon-religious, aimed at raising cadres for nation-buildingLOWER CASTE10Sri Narayan Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) movement1902/ KeralaNarayan GuruStarted among Ezvahas of Kerala (toddy-trappers, untouchables); urged them to join schools, administration11Aravippuram MovementNarayan GuruSNG installed Shiva idol at a temple in Kerala (Aravippuram) despite being lower caste as a protest measure12Justice Movement (political party)1917/ MadrasCN Mulaidar/ T. Nair/ P. TyagarajaSecure jobs for non-Brahmins in legislature13Self-respect movement1920sEV Ramaswami NaickerRejection of Brahminical religion; formalizing weddings without priests14Temple entry movementVaikom: KV KeshavK. Kelappan1924: Vaikom satyagraha; joined by Jatthas from Panjab and Madurai1931: After CDM, in Travancore; in 1936, Maharaja said okay, enterMUSLIM15Wahabi/ Walliullah movement1840s (initially against Sikhs, later Brits); fizzled out by 1870s under Brit repressionSayyed Ahmed Raibarelvi, influenced by Shah Waliullah Later, also:* Shah Abdul Aziz* Tithu MirOrthodox Muslim revivalist16Faraizi movement1840sHaji Shariat Allah/ Dudu MianOrthodox Muslim revivalist (end liberal influences)17Ahmadiya movement1889Mirza Ghulam AhmedEquivalent to Brahmo Samaj- universalist, against orthodoxy, opposed to Jihad (but pro-mysticism)18Aligarh movementSyed Ahmed KhanSpread modern education and social reform among Muslims, but stay true to Islam (Aligarh university etc.)19Deoband SchoolOrthodox, but mainly just opposed to Syed Ahmed Khan, so even supported INC; no proper philosophyPARSI20Rahnumai Mazda Yasnan Sabha1851Restore Parsi religion to its pristine puritySIKH21Singh Sabha movement1873/ AmritsarEducate Sikhs, counter proselytizing by Christians and Hindu revivalists22Akali movementLiberate Sikh Gurudwaras from Udasi Mahants; later won and set up SGPC; later turned communal (why?)WESTERN HINDU23Theosophical movement1875 (US); 1882 (Adyar, Tamil Nadu)Madam Blavatsky/ Annie BesantStudy philosophy of Upanishads and Vedanta; allied with Hindu renaissance; however, limited to a small segment of westernized Indian due to complex and airy ideasChapter 03: Moderate Phase and Early Congress (1858-1905) (Page 42-53)Describe 6 factors that aided in the growth of modern nationalism in India (Page 42-45)Describe the Vernacular Press Act (1878)Describe the Arms Act (1878)What was the Ilbert Bill controversy?(Note: the above 3 are good examples to use as pre-INC political agitations)Name the important pre-Congress organizations started by: Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Justice Ranade, Anand Mohan Bose, and Pherozshah Mehta. Badruddin TyabjiNumNameYearPlaceFounders / Aims1.British Indian Association1851 BengalPetition British government to separate executive from legislature, abolish salt duty, stamp duty etc.2.East India Association1866LondonDadabhai Naoroji3.Poona Sarvajanik Sabha1867PoonaRanade4.Indian Association of Calcutta1876CalcuttaSurendranath Banerjea, Ananda Mohan Bose5.Bombay Presidency Association1885BombayPherozshah Mehta, Badruddin TyabjiWho was Kadambini? (Page 47)Name 5 prominent early moderates in the INC (right at the start) and their contributions.What were the methods of political work of the early moderates?What were their key aims?What were some of the key demands of the early moderates regarding the economy?What were the ‘3 Ps’ propounded by the early moderates? (Page 55)Outline the key demands of the moderate nationalists between 1885 and 1892.When did these demands start to change and why? (Page 50)What was the key slogan of the moderates at this time? Who came up with it?What was a key failure of the early moderates? (Apart from trusting the British) (Page 51)Chapter 04: National Movement- 1905 to 1918 (Page 54-80)What were the reasons for the growth of militant nationalism in the late 1890s? (Page 54; Check)What was the immediate cause of the Swadeshi movement? (Page 56)Why did the British want to partition Bengal in the early 1900s?Who was the Viceroy then?Along which two broad lines did the British want to partition Bengal? When and where was the first formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement made? (Page 57)Was the Swadeshi movement limited to Bengal? (Page 57)What was the Congress position regarding the Swadeshi movement?Why are the INC sessions of 1906 and 1907 important?After 1905, why did the influence of extremist leaders grow in Bengal?Beyond boycott, what were the extremists/ militant nationalists advocating regarding the course of the Swadeshi movement? (Page 58)What were some of the new forms of political struggle that emerged in the course of the Swadeshi movement? (Page 58)Outline the Muslim response to the Swadeshi movement, and the reasons for it. (Page 60)When and why was the Muslim League created?When and why was the partition of Bengal annulled? Name two important developments associated with the annulment.What were some of the reasons that the Swadeshi movement fizzled out by 1908? (3)Describe the social base of the Swadeshi movement.Did the Swadeshi movement touch any hitherto untouched sections of Indian society and involve them into the political struggle?List some key difference between the moderates and the extremists, covering their social base, ideological inspiration, envisaged relationship with Britain, thoughts about involvement of the masses etc.What was the main failing of the moderates? (Page 63)What was the biggest negative effect of the extremists’ modus operandi? (Page 63- 2 points; CHECK)What were some of the reasons for the 1907 Surat split? (Mention in terms of events during the last two Congress sessions before the split)What were the differences in vision of the extremists and the moderates regarding how to carry the Swadeshi movement forward?After 1908, why did the national movement decline for a while?List 5 government acts between 1908 and 1910.Name 2 extremist leaders who forever quit nationalistic politics after the Swadeshi movement.Why did revolutionary terrorism rise? What were the failings of the extremist leaders in this regard?Write a note on the early revolutionary terrorists in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab. What were their main aims? Methods?BengalNumNameYear/ PlaceFounder/ OthersKey idea(s)1.Anushilan Samiti; journal: Yugantar1902/ BengalPromotha Mitter/ Rashbehari Bose, Sachin Sanyal, Prafulla Chaki, Khudiram BoseLimited to giving physical and moral training to supporters; not very significant till 1907-08; in 1906, members Barindra Kumar Ghosh started ‘Yugantar’, which advocated revolutionary terrorism. Rash Bose and Sachin Sanyal tried to create rev. terr. Activity in other states such as Punjab and Delhi; Chaki and Khudi threw bombs at a carriage they thought had a judge, but killed a memsaab instead; Rash and Sanyal threw bomb at Viceroy in Chandni Chowk2.Journals: Keshari, Mahratta1890s/ MaharashtraBal Gangadhar Tilak/ Chapekar brothers (murdered Plague commissioner of Poona, Rand)Tilak propagated a spirit of militant nationalism, including violence, through Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, and his newspapers. Nasik, Poona, Bombay emerged as bomb manufacturing hubs3.Mitra Mela, later merged with Abhinav Bharat (after ‘Young Italy’)1897; merge in 1904/ MaharashtraSavarkar4.Journal: PunjabeePunjabLala Lajpat RaiOpposed land and irrigation taxes, frequent famines etc.; journal advocated self-help at any cost, including violence5.Anjurnan-i-Mohisban-i-Watan; journal: Bharat MataLahoreAjit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle)Opposed land and irrigation taxes, frequent famines etc.Both this and (4.) died out after 1907 because both Lajpat and Ajit were deported6.Indian Home Rule SocietyLondon, 1905Shyamji KrishnavarmaAlso brought out the journal The Sociologist, and set up the India House7.Journal: Bande MataramParisMadam Bhikaji Cama8.BerlinVirendranath ChattopadhyayList two important events in 1906 that preceded and directly contributed to the final shape of the Minto-Morley reforms (Page 69)List the key features of the Minto-Morley reforms, with regards to: (a) composition of the Imperial Legislative Council, (b) power of the council regarding legislation, and (c) one key difference between the provisions at the central and provincial level.Who was Satyendranath Sinha?What was the response of the moderates, the extremists, and the revolutionaries to the First World War? (Check)Mention some pre-Ghadar Party nationalists actions in foreign lands (end of Page 68) (3 points)When was the Ghadar party established?What were the ex-professions of Ghadrites?Name some of the prominent Ghadrites.Which Act was passed to curb Ghadrite activity?Describe the area, pattern, and leaders of revolutionary activity during the First World War.What were some of the key features of the overall action plan of the Ghadarites?What was the Komagata Maru incident, and when did it take place?What effect did it have on the Ghadar movement?Critically evaluate the Ghadar movement (strengths and weaknesses)List 3 reasons why there was a temporary respite in revolutionary activity after the First World War. (Page 73)After having been imprisoned in 1908 for 6 years, upon his return, what were the tactics employed by Tilak to gain re-entry into the Congress and get back onto the nationalist scene?Describe the key features of the Home Rule Movement (backdrop, leaders, demands, role of Congress, social base)What was the main programme of action adopted by the Home Rule Leagues?What was the main demand of the HRLs?Why did the masses readily participate? (P. 74)Name 2 newspapers ran by Annie Besant.What were the geographies where Tilak/ Besant operated?What was the Muslim League’s stand? What was the impact of Gandhi’s arrival on the HRLs?What was the response of the Government to the HRLs?Why did the HRL agitation fade out by 1919?What were the two most enduring contributions of the HRL movement? (Page 76)What were the 2 very significant developments at the 1916 Congress session?Write key points of the Lucknow Pact.Why did moderates and extremists decide to come together again?What were the reasons for the shift in Muslim league’s stance around 1916? (4)What was the importance of Montague’s 1917 statement?Chapter 05: National Movement, 1919-39Era of Mass NationalismList the 3 main reasons for the nationalist resurgence after the end of the First World War.List the key provisions of the Government of India Act, 1919, with regards to the changes It brought in the legislature and the executive arrangements at the provincial and central levels. (Page 85)What were the major drawbacks of the GoI Act of 1919?What was the Rowlatt Act? When and why was it passed?Who was the Viceroy then?What was Gandhi’s stand on the Home-Rule agitations?Between 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in 3 Satyaghrahas. Name them, and explain each one. (Page 91)NumNameYear/ PlaceKey idea(s)1.Champaran Satyagraha1917/ BiharEuropean planters used the tinkathia system, which forced peasants to grow indigo on 3/20th of their total land. Indigo prices were dropping due to synthetic substitutes, but planters were demanding high rents and illegal dues before allowing peasants to shift to other crops. Gandhi convinced government to abolish tinkathia, and as a compromise, agreed that the planters will only pay back 25% of the illegal dues that were taken so far2.Ahmedabad Mill Strike1918/ GujaratDiscontinuation of plague bonus; Gandhi asked workers to strike and demand a 35% wage hike. Fast unto death; mill owners agreed3. Kheda Satyagraha1918/ GujaratCrop failure, but government didn’t follow its own revenue code (that said that if produce is less than 25% of normal, no taxes); Gandhi protested, authorities said only those could afford to pay should do soWhat was the Tinkathia system? Where?Describe the Rowlatt Satyagraha. (Page 92)What was the name of the commission that was set up to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh massacre? What was its verdict? (Page 92)List the conditions in the country in 1920 that led to the emergence of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements.Why were the 2 Congress sessions in 1920 important?What was to be the programme of the Non-Cooperation movement? (P. 91)List some of the local struggles that emerged across India in the course of the NCM. (Page 95)What was the government response to the NCM? (2 important points- P. 95)Why and when did the NCM come to an abrupt end? (P. 95)What happened to Gandhi after the withdrawal of the NCM?List 3 reasons why Gandhi decided to withdraw the NCM. What was the contribution of the NCM with respect to the masses?What direction did the Congress take immediately after the NCM?Were the Swarajists identical to erstwhile moderate nationalists? (P. 98)Describe the evolution of the Swarajists, with emphasis on happenings in 1923, 1924, 1926, and 1930. (Page 99)What was the aim of the ‘Public Safety Bill’ of 1928?List one criticism of Gandhian constructive work.List some of the successes and weaknesses of the Swarajists.“The 3rd decade of the 20th century marked a watershed in modern Indian history in more ways than one”. Comment. (1 very important development- Page 101/ 102)Why was there a revival of revolutionary terrorism in the 1920s?What were the two broad geographical strands of revolutionary terrorism in the 1920s?Name the 3 founders of HRA.Describe the Lahore Conspiracy Case.Describe the key incidents in HRA’s history (1924, 1925, 1928 (2), 1929, 1931)Which 2 bills were Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt protesting against when they threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly? (Page 104)Which was the most famous revolutionary terrorist group in Bengal in the 1920s? (Page 105)Evaluate the successes and failures of the 1930 Chittagong Armory Raid.Under what ‘banner’ was this conducted? (P. 105)Who established the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha? (Page 106)What was an outstanding aspect of the new phase of terrorist activity in Bengal under Surya Sen? (Page 107)When and why was the Simon commission appointed?Reactions of Congress and Muslim League to the Simon Commission.Name 2 parties that didn’t oppose the Simon Commission.What was the ‘Birkenhead Challenge’?What were the 6 main recommendations of the Nehru report?What were the ‘Delhi Proposals’?List some of the concessions granted in the Nehru report to both Hindu and Muslim communalists.Why were the younger sections of the Congress unhappy with the Nehru Report?Which organization did Nehru and SC Bose set up as a result? What was the ‘Delhi Manifesto’? Viceroy?List some of the main reasons that Gandhi chose salt satyagraha as the ideal way to start the CDM.What were some of the local responses to the call for CDM? (Ryotwari areas, zamindari areas, Central Provinces, Peshawar, Sholapur, Dharsana, Chittagong, Bihar, Bengal, Gujarat, Maharashtra)Who was known as the ‘Frontier Gandhi? (Page 122)What were some of the effects of the salt satyagraha and the various local forms of civil disobedience that it led to? (Page 123)Compare the Muslim participation in the CDM with the NCM.Outline the government response to the CDM.Write a note on the First RTC.Write a note on the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact).What was its main achievement?Was the G-I pact a weak retreat from the Indian nationalists? What were the main differences between the NCM and the CDM? (one is about classes- see Page 126)What was the significance of the Karachi congress session of 1931? Aside from ratification of the G-I pact, what were 2 main resolutions passes at this session?List 4 reasons why the second RTC was a failure (P. 128)What was the response of the Congress to the 2nd RTC?What was the government’s response to this reaction?What was the popular response to all this?When did Gandhi finally call off the CDM?Describe the Communal Award.What was the Poona Pact? When was this?Describe Gandhi’s actions after the Poona Pact.Describe Gandhi’s views on caste and untouchability (Page 131- check)Why did Gandhi resign from the Congress in 1934? (Page 134)Describe the Government of India Act of 1935, with reference to: (a) Nature of the federation, (b) federal level executive and legislature, and (c) provincial level executive and legislatureDescribe the first and second stage debates after the CDM. (Page 137)Describe 2 major impacts of the 1937 elections.Describe the work of the Congress ministries after the 1937 elections.Describe the Congress’ initiatives in agrarian reform, and limitations.Describe the Congress ministries attitude towards labour during its tome in power.When and why did the Congress ministries resign?“Communalism was the channel through which the colonialists expanded their social base”. Comment.List the 3 stages of development of communalism.What were some of the reasons for the rise of communalism in India? (Page 109- 3 main reasons)Describe the communal element in the Swaraj split. When did it happen? Who were the leaders on the 2 sides of the split?What were the events of 1937 that led to the rise of extreme communalism?Describe the deliberations of the second RTC.What was the ‘minorities pact’?Chapter 06: National Movement- 1939 to 1947 (Page 145-173)What were the two basic conditions that the nationalists put forth before India was to cooperate in the war effort?What was the response of Gandhi, Bose, and Nehru to the war question?What was the government’s response to Congress demands?When did the Muslim League issue the Pakistan Resolution?What was the ‘August Offer’?Why did Gandhi launch individual satyagrahas towards the end of 1940s? Who was the first person to offer such satyagraha?What was to be the demand of the satyagrahis? (Page 148)What was the ‘Dilli Chalo’ movement?When and why was the Cripps mission sent?What were its main recommendations? (4)Outline the objections of the Congress and the Muslim League to the Cripps recommendations.List 2 main reasons why Gandhi thought that the time was ripe to launch the QIM.What was the government’s response?What was the popular response to this? (Underground movements, parallel governments in Ballia, Midnapore, Satara etc.; covered almost every section of Indian society) Describe the causes of the 1943 famine. (3)Describe the Rajagopalachari formula.Describe the Desai-Liaqat pact.Describe the Wavell Plan, and Congress and League’s reactions to it.Describe the 1945 elections (why then?), campaign strategy, INA issue.Describe the 3 upsurges in 1945 and 1946. What common features did they share?What was the potential of these upsurges? (Page 162)Why did the Congress not support these upsurges?What were the results of the 1945 elections? What was their significance? (Page 163)What were the 2 main reasons for voting along strict communal lines? (P. 163)Describe the Cabinet Mission Plan. (Page 165)Describe Attlee’s statement on February 20, 1947.What was the Mountbatten Plan?“Acceptance of partition by the Congress was only a final act of the process of step-by-step concessions to the League’s championing of a separate Muslim state”. Explain. (Page 173)N.NameYearKey idea(s)1.August Offer1940Reason: Hitler’s astounding success made Brits afraidOffer: Dominion status, Constituent Assemble after the war (‘mainly’ in Indian hands), no constitution to be adopted without consent of minorities2.Cripps Mission(‘Blueprint for India’s partition’)1942Reason: Mainly a propaganda devise for US, USSR, and Chinese consumption, who were all pressurizing Britain to solicit Indian support for the warOffer: Indian union with Dominion Status, free to decide relationship with Commonwealth; constituent assembly, with members nominated by provincial councils and princes (not elected); any province willing to stay out and have a separate constitution would be allowed to do soCongress rejected this because of absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power, dominion status, secession option, and nomination (rather than election) by princes3.Rajagopalachari formula1944Formula for Congress-League cooperation; tacit acceptance of League’s demand for PakistanMuslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence, and join Congress at the center in a provisional governmentPostwar plebiscite in Muslim-majority provinces to decide on partitionJinnah opposed; wanted any potential plebiscite in Muslim-majority areas to only be based on voting by Muslims, and not the entire population of that area4. Desai-Liaqat Pact1945A sort of parity was decided on between the Congress and the League, with far-reaching consequences. INC and ML were to field an equal number of candidates for the government, cabinet of ministers will have reservations for Muslims, and 20% seats were to be reserved for minorities (no deal reached because all this was done without the knowledge of other leaders in both parties, and they didn’t agree after finding out)5.Wavell Plan/ Shimla Plan1945 (May; after the war)War was over, but Japanese threat was still there. Elections were coming up in Britain, and allies were also pressurizing Britain to grant independence so they could co-opt IndiaOffer: Apart from GG and Commander-in-Chief, all members of the executive council to be IndiansCaste Hindus and Muslims will have equal representation in the councilGG could exercise veto only on advice of ministersParties to submit a joint list of reps to exec council, which would function as interim governmentDidn’t work out; League wanted veto, said anything to do with Muslims should need 2/3rd majority from Muslims, and that Congress shouldn’t field any Muslim candidates (i.e., all Muslim candidates to the council would be nominated by the League). Congress said this was an attempt to reduce them to the status of a Caste Hindu partyTalks broke down, thus gave League implicit veto; this strengthened League’s position, as reflected in election results in 1945-466.Sept. 1945Announcement that a constituent assembly will be convened after the elections, and that the Government was working according to the ‘spirit’ of the Cripps offer; elections were announcedWhy? (USA and USSR emerged as superpowers, and wanted independence for India; Britain’s economy was shattered, people demoralized, no longer a major power; new Labour government in Britain; last elections in India were held in 1934 (center)/ 1937 (provinces); elections were inevitable7.Cabinet Mission (Separate Grouping)Feb 1946Given the war-weary bureaucracy, RIN mutiny, and international pressure, Brits realized they had to go. Now, all they wanted was a graceful exit, and to co-opt any successor states into commonwealth. Now, they expressed a preference for a united IndiaPlan:Rejection of a demand for full-fledged Pakistan (why? P. 165)Grouping of existing provinces (A, B, and C)Constituent Assembly to be elected by provincial assemblies (proportional representation) and princely states will nominateAll provinces, then groups, would form constitution, then all will sit together and make central constitutionCommon center will control defense, communication, and external affairsProvinces will have residuary powersProvinces could come out of their group after the first general electionCongress wanted grouping to be optional, and princely states to elect their reps (and not nominate as contained in the proposed plan); Muslim League wanted compulsory grouping, with a view to future secession; both, however, accepted in June 1946. But league backed out in July, and issued a call for ‘direct action’; from August, communal riots broke out at an unprecedented scaleFearing mass action by Congress, Wavell now asked Congress to make interim government, even without the League (a stark departure from his stance at Shimla). He also quietly (later) brought in the LeagueHowever, the League didn’t attend informal constituent assembly meetings, and continued agitation for Pakistan. Congress appealed to the Viceroy to demand resignation from League members 8.Attlee’s statementFeb. 1947To shock both sides into action, Attlee said Britain will hand over power to either the CA in February 1948, or if CA wasn’t representative, to Provincial Governments (clear hints of partition). Congress was okay with this, League launched Civil Disobedience Mission to overthrow coalition government in Punjab9.Mountbatten PlanJune 1947Divide India, but make Pakistan as small as possible; freedom would come on August 15, 1947, initially to a dominion state Chapter 07: Administrative Changes“A new stage of colonialism set in India in the second half of the 19th century”. Explain. (CHECK- Page 179)After the revolt of 1857, why did the British think of revamping their administration in India? Which level did they want to focus on most and why?Describe the administrative changes brought about in 1858 at the central government level.What was the effect of this policy on the governor general?Describe the changes introduced by the Indian Councils Act of 1861 to the executive and legislative councils at the level of central government. What were its drawbacks?Describe the changes introduced by the Indian Councils Act of 1861 to the provincial government.What was the significance of Mayo’s Resolution of 1870?What was the significance of Ripon’s Resolution of 1882? Discuss its success or failure, as is appropriate. (Page 182)Describe the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Decentralization (1908)Discuss the significance of the resolution of 1918 with regards to local self-government. (Page 184)Discuss the impact of GoI Act of 1919 on LSG.Discuss the impact of GoI Act of 1935 on LSG.Describe the policy of the British towards Muslims immediately after the revolt of 1857, and after 1870.What was the attitude of the British towards social reform? (Page 188)Describe the Indian Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891.Chapter 09: Development of PressWhat was the significance of the Charter Act of 1813 with regards to trade? (Page197)What were the ‘Licensing Regulations of 1823’? (Page 204)Who was known as the ‘liberator of the Indian press’, and why? (Page 204)Describe the struggle by the early nationalists to secure press freedom.What was the main precursor to the introduction of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878? (Page 205)Who introduced the above act?What were its main features?When was it repealed?When were the ‘Defense of India Rules’ imposed? (Page 207)Chapter 10: Development of EducationWhich act incorporated for the first time the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences? (This Act also sanctioned Rs. 1 lakh annually for the promotion of education)What were the key points of Macaulay’s minute of 1835?What was the ‘downward filtration theory’?What were the key points of Wood’s Despatch of 1854?Hunter’s Education Commission, 1882Saddler University Commission, 1917Explain the Wardha Scheme of Education. What year?Free, universal, and compulsory education up to 14 years of age was first proposed by which commission? (Page 215)Chapter 11: British Social and Cultural Policy in IndiaAt the beginning of the 19th century, why did the British start intervening in the social and cultural spheres in India? List 3 reasons. (Page 217)Describe the philosophy of the conservatives, paternalistic imperialists, and radicals in Britain around then. (CHECK)Why did the British shift from their policy of ‘hesitant modernization’ in 1858? What was to be their approach from here on?Whose name is associated with introduction of civil services in India?Whose name is associated with reform of judiciary in India? (Page 222)What was the ‘Cornwallis Code’? (Page 223)Outline the positive and negative aspects of judiciary under the British in India. (Page 224)Outline the key features of Pitt’s India Act of 1784.Which Act ended the company’s monopoly over trade in India? (Page 225)Which Act introduced competitive examinations for entry to the civil services, ending the company’s patronage? (Page 226)Chapter 12: What was the mandate of the Butler committee of 1927? (Page 229)Chapter 13: Civil Rebellions and Tribal UprisingsBengal and Eastern IndiaS.No.NameTimeAreaLeadersCauses1.Sanyasi revolt1770sImposition of ban on visits to holy places; Sanyasis organized raids on company2.Chuar uprising1766-1772; then 1795-1816MidnaporeFamine, enhanced land-revenue demand, economic distress3. Ho rising1820-37Chotanagpur4.Kol Mutiny1831ChotanagpurLarge-scale transfer of land from Kol (Munda) headmen to outsiders like Punjabi and Muslim merchants5. Kandh uprising1837-56Patna Chakra BisoiKandhs were revolting against British attempts to put an end to the practice of human sacrifices6.Santhal Hool1854 onwardsRajmahal hillsSido and KanhuOppression by revenue officials, police, moneylenders, landlords, and other outsiders (‘dikus’)7.Ahom Revolt 1828AssamGomdhar KonwarBritish had promised to withdraw from Assam after first world war, but didn’t => rebellion8.Khasi uprising1830sNortheastern statesBrits wanted to build a road through Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills; people revolted9.Pagal Panthis1825-1840sBengal to Garo hillsSemi-religious; opposed exploitation of tenants by landlords10. Faraizi revolt1838-57Eastern BengalDadu Mian (son of Haji Shariat Allah)Advocated radical religious and political changes; organized people to throw British out from Bengal11. Munda revolt1890s (Birsa was killed in 1900)ChotanagpurBirsa MundaArmed uprising against intrusion of revenue farmers and moneylenders, axnd destruction of traditional systems of common land holdingsWestern IndiaS.No.NameTimeAreaLeadersCauses1.Bhil uprising1817-46KhandeshSewaramFear of agrarian hardship under East India Company2.Cutch rebellion1819Cutch, GujaratRao BharamalBrits deposed ruler Rao Bharamal, and then imposed high land revenues3.Waghera rising1820Baroda4.Koli rising1830sGujarat5.RamosiSatara- Western Ghats (hill tribes)Chittur Singh6.Surat salt agitations1844GujaratGovernment withdrew duty7.Kolhapur/ Savantvadi revolts1844MaharashtraGadkarisGadkaris were a hereditary martial class, but disbanded by British. So, revolt.South IndiaS.No.NameTimeAreaLeadersCauses1.Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram 1765Northern SarkarsEIC acquired territory and demanded huge tribute => revolt2.Poligar’s revolt1856MalabarOppressive land revenue system3.Divan Velu Tampi’s revolt1810sTravancoreOveruse of subsidiary alliance arrangement4.Rampa revolt1879Coastal AndhraNew restrictive forest regulationsNorth IndiaS.No.NameTimeAreaLeadersCauses1.Wahabi movement1830sSyed Ahmed of Rai BareillyIslamic revivalist movement (back to the Prophet’s times); first jihad was declared against Sikh kingdom of Punjab; after 1849, the British became the sole targets2.Kuka revolt/ Namdhari revolt1870sPunjabBaba Ram Singh/ Bhagat Jawahar Mal/ Baba Balak SinghStarted as a religious purification movement, but later turned into a political one; advocated abolition of caste amongst Sikhs. One of the earliest users of NC and CD.Chapter 14: Peasant Movements, 1857-1947Discuss the condition of the peasantry under the British rule.Describe the following: Deccan Agriculturalists Relief Act (1879), Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)Describe the main features of the changed nature of peasant movements after 1857. What was the main aim of these revolts? (Page 239)Describe their weaknesses.During the 1930s, which event influenced the peasant movements? (Page 241) Why is 1937-1939 considered the ‘high watermark’ of the peasant movement and activity?Describe the reasons for the AIKS split during the Second World War.In Telangana, what did vethi refer to? (Page 244)What were the major combined achievements of these peasant movements?Peasant MovementsS.No.NameTimeAreaLeadersCauses1.Indigo revolt1859-60BengalDigambar Biswas, Bishnu BiswasPlanters gave the farmers advance sums and made them enter into fraudulent ‘forward contracts’; eventually, ryots revolted and refused to grow Indigo. They went on a no-rent campaign, and organized a force to counter planters’ attempts to evict them. Bengali intelligentsia helped them; by 1860, planters were routed 2.Pabna Agrarian Leagues1879Eastern BengalEnhanced rents beyond legal limits; forced evictions. Peasants organized joint funds and fought court cases; main form of struggle was legal resistance, and very little violence was used.3.Deccan Riots1874Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur, Satara1864- end of American civil war led to crash in cotton prices; 1867- bad harvests; in 1874, this worsening situation led to a social boycott movement against the ‘outsider’ moneylenders. Later, this turned into agrarian riots, where the debt bonds and deeds of moneylenders were burnt. Led to passing of Deccan Agri. Relief Act in 1879.4. Kisan Sabha Movement1920sAwadh (Rai Bareilly, Faizabad, Sultanpur)Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra DwivediAfter 1857 revolt, Brits gave Awadh taluqdars their lands back; these taluqdars now subjected the peasants to high rents, summary evictions (bedakhali) etc.In this backdrop, World War 1 led to a hike in food prices, and around this time, Home Rule Leagues became active. In this atmosphere, Kisan Sabhas were organized. These asked peasants not to till bedakhali lands, and not offer beggar/ hari. In 1921, the movement became violent, and thereafter fizzled out. 5.Eka (Unity) Movement1921United Provinces Madari Pasi, and other lower-caste leadersAround the time of NCM; against high rents; members of Eka movements conducted a symbolic religious ritual in which they vowed that they would pay only the recorded rent (but would pay that on time), and would refuse to do forced labour6.Mapilla Revolt1921Malabar(NCM time) §Mapillas were Muslim tenants; most landlords in Malabar were Hindus. Mapillas joined the Khilafat movement and demanded lower rents and security of tenure. However, in 1921 one of their respected leaders was arrested; this made the movement violent, with the Mapillas initially focusing on torching symbols of British authority. However, this quickly acquired communal overtones, with the peasants attacking Hindu landlords. This isolated the Mapillas from the Khilafat movement, and by December 1921, all resistance fizzled out.7.Bardoli Satyagraha1926SuratIn 1926, authorities increased the land revenue by 30%. Under Patel (who got the title ‘Sardar’ here), the Bardoli peasants refused to pay the revised assessment until the government appointed a tribunal. After rising tensions, government did appoint a tribunal, which recommended only a 6% hike. 8.Indian Kisan CongressSabha1936LucknowSwami Sahajanand Saraswati, NG Ranga9.Tebhaga Movement1946North BengalPrincipally among Rajbanshis, a low caste of tribal originsDemand was for 2/3rd share of the harvest to the sharecroppers (bargadars), instead of the usual half. Movement dissipated under repression, calls for Bengal’s partition, and communal riots in Calcutta10.Telangana Movement1946Hyderabad StatePeasants organized to take on the Razakars; resistance fizzled out after Indian storm troopers took over Hyderabad Chapter 15: Working Class MovementsDescribe the attitude of the early nationalists towards labour.When was the AITUC formed? In what backdrop?How did the government deal with the increasing strength of the trade union movements in the late 1920s/ early 1930s?What was the Meerut Conspiracy Case of 1929? ................
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