Loudoun County Public Schools



AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEWItems that appear on previous published AP examsINTRO & RESEARCHbehaviorism (learning) (2)behaviorism (observable behavior)Biomedical psychologycognitive psychology (study problem solving) (2)cognitive psychology-how we store and process infocommunity psychologistscontrol group (identify) (2)cross sectional research designdebriefing required if deception is used in researchdependent variable (identify) (3)dependent variable—measured by experimenterdifference between cause and correlationdouble blind studyethical guidelines for animal researchethics guidelines deception allowed if necessaryethics guidelines in researchevolutionary psychology: human mating preferences based on genderexperimental method—establish cause and effectexperimental research (example)experimental research (set up)factor analysis—cluster traits with “extroversion”Gestalt psychology-concerned with perceptionGestalt: whole is different from sum of partshumanist psychology—free willhumanistic psychology: self-actualizedindependent (variable)industrial organizational psychologists (3)informed consent (ethics)longitudinal researchlongitudinal study (disadvantage)longitudinal study—same group over timemeaning of percentile scoremedian (compute)Milgram obedience linked to ethics guidelinesmode (compute)normal distribution (68% one standard deviation)normal distribution, 50 % at or below meanoperational definitions required for experimentorganizational psychologistspositive correlation (example)positively skewed distribution (mean higher than median)primary prevention-keep disorders from developingrandom drawing for sample—each has equal probability of being chosenreliability (two halves of a test)representative samplescattergram—match to datascatterplot (correlation)scatterplot showing positive correlationscore distribution positively skewed, low variability—test too hardsignificant difference—not due to chanceskinner psychology—objections—doesn’t consider internal thoughts/feelingssocial desirability bias (questionnaires give inflated responses)standard deviation… figure based on set of scores (2)statistical inference (from sample to general population)statistical significance (meaning)variation in frequency distributionsverification of research (repeated study)Watson-behaviorismBRAIN AND BIOLOGYacetylcholine—Alzheimer’saction potential—shifts in electrical charge of neuronaction potential—sodium and potassium ions move across cell membraneaggression—gender differencesamygdala—damage, inability to detect facial expression of fearantagonist drug—blocks action at synapsesautonomic: sympathetic and parasympatheticbipolar and ganglion cells—relay visual informationBroca’s area—damage: can’t produce speechcerebral cortex—decision makingchild’s gender—determined by fatherdopamine—Parkinson’sendocrine system—glands/hormones (2)endorphins—pain killersfiring of neurons—all or nonegenetics…hippocampus—memoryhypothalamus—hunger and eating/tumor there would create obesity (2)left frontal lobe—make and carry out plansleft hemisphere—speechleft temporal lobe—hearingleft visual field—processed in right visual cortexmedulla—controls breathingMRI—brain image, gives detailed picture of structuremyelin sheath—speed up action potentialnatural selection—evolutionary process that preserves traits and advances adaptation of an organismneuron in resting state—inside is negative compared to outsideoccipital lobe—vision (3)parasympathetic system—establish homeostasis after fight or flightparasympathetic—decrease heart ratePET—measures glucose levelsPET—radioactive substance in brain, to examine activityPET—reads metabolic activityphenotypic traits—hair, eye color, heightPKU—inability to metabolize certain proteinspons—function & locationreceptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons,effectors—sequencereflex behavior—controlled by spinal cordreticular activating system—arousal levelsreuptake—absorption into terminal buttons of sending neuronright hemisphere—spatial reasoningsympathetic nervous system—activated by sudden fearsympathetic nervous system—increase in respirationterminal buttons—where neurotransmitters are storedthalamus—all senses except smellWernicke’s area—damage, can’t understand speechSENSATION AND PERCEPTIONabsolute thresholdabsolute threshold for hearingaccommodation—allows eye to focus on objects at various distancesafterimage—red to greenbinocular cue—retinal disparitybipolar cells (vision)blind spot—brain fills in missing info, so you aren’t awareblind spot—where optic nerve exits the retinaclosure (perceptual process)cochleaconduction deafness—hammer, anvil, stirrupcones—color visioncortical cells-respond to specific visual informationdepth perception—takes two eyesdifference thresholdear—bones in middle ear transfer sound info from tympanic membrane to oval windowfigure-ground illusion—example fovea—visual acuitygate-control theory of paingestalt principles—perceptual organizationhabituation (you get used to something that used to bother you)inner ear—balancelinear perspective—examplelocating soundsopponent-process theory (afterimaging)phi phenomenonpitch—frequencyprimingred-green—common color blindnessretinal disparity—needs two eyes to see depthrods in retina more sensitive in dark, not in the foveaselection attention (2)semicircular canals (ears)—balancesensory neurons—most in the lipssize constancy (2)synesthesiataste aversion—animals develop aversion for taste associated with sicknesstaste qualities—bitter, sweet, salty, sourtop-down processingvision—transduction, retinavisual cliff—depth perception (2)CONSCIOUSNESS AND DRUGSalcohol tolerancealcohol-depressant (2)barbituates—decrease behavior and mental activitycircadian rhythm (2)hypnosis—dissociationhypnosis—heightened suggestibilityhypnosis—treat pain / diverts attention from the painnarcolepsy—treated with amphetaminesneurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholineopiate—pain relieverREM—lowered muscle tonesleep apneawithdrawalLEARNINGclassical cond—biological predispositionclassical cond—contemporary interpretation, include cognitive processes like expectancyclassical cond—identify CSclassical conditioning—examples (2)classical conditioning—how it worksclassical—identitfy CS & UScontinuous reinforcement—responses extinguish quicklyextinction (3)Kohler—insight in chimpslatent learning (2)law of effect--Thorndikenegative reinforcement (2)operant cond—response, reinforcementoperant—rewardoverjustification effectPavlov—salivation / CR and URpunishment—soon after behavior most effectivereinforcement—should not be delayedRescorla’s model of classical conditioning—one event reliably predicts anothershaping behavior—example (3)social learning—modeling, imitation, observation (2)variable ratio—most resistant to extinctionMEMORY, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGEalgorithm (2)anterograde amnesiaattention—transfer info from sensory to short termavailability heuristicbabbling—prelinquisticbelief perseveranceChomsky—inherent language acquisition devicedeep structure—sentence structure (Chomsky)divergent thought (2)encodingepisodic memory (3)extrinsic motivationframing (effect on recall)functional fixedness (2)heuristics (2)levels of processing—encoding meaningmetacognition (2)morpheme (2)phonemesprimacy effectprocedural memory (2) prototyperehearsal—transfer to long termretrievalself-serving biasserial position effect—forget middle of list (3)short term memory—limited capacityWhorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis—lang. effects the way we think (2)MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESSapproach-approach conflictapproach-avoidance conflictcatharsis (aggression)critical period—imprintingdisplay rules—when appropriate to show emotiondrive reduction theory (2)drive theoryEkman—research in facial expression & lyingfacial expressions—universal (3)general adaptation syndrome—defgeneral adaptation syndrome—stages (ARE)homeostasis (4)incentive theoryinstinct—def (2)intrinsic vs extrinsic motivationJames Lange theory of emotionslearned helplessness (2)locus of control—internal & externalMaslow’s hierarchy of needs (2)performance—effect of difficulty and arousalpolygraph—unreliable, why?rooting behaviorSchachter Singer—cognitive labeling theory (3)self actualizationself efficacy (2)self esteem—set realistic goalsstress—effect on immune systemtemperament—infants’ emotionstype A personality—cardiovascular disease (2)]ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus—if damaged, eat moreDEVELOPMENTAL AND GENDERaccommodationAinsworth Strange Situation—attachmentandrogenyCognitive development milestonesconservation continuity vs discontinuityegocentrism—PreoperationalErickson’s stages of development (2)Gilligan—criticism of Kohlberg (gender) (3)Harlow experiment (3)homosexuality—twin studies support genetic predispositionKohlberg’s stages of moral development (2)Kubler-Ross—stages of death & dyingobject permanence (2)parenting styles—permission, authoritarian, authoritativePiaget’s stages of cognitive development (2)primary sex characteristicssecure attachment—predicts social competencestimulus generalization—learning categories?PERSONALITYcriticism of Freud—empirically unverifiabledenialego—role (2)id (2)locus of control—cognitive perspectiveMMPI—info about clinical disorderspersonality inventory—t-f testprojection (3)projective testsprojective--inkblotsreaction formationRorschach—inkblotssublimationsuperegotrait theory—criticism (underestimate situational variations)trait theory—focus on lasting nature of characteristicsINTELLIGENCE AND TESTINGAchievement vs aptitude tests (2)aptitude test—potential to learnBinet—predict children success in schoolconstruct validitycreativity—ideas are original and valuablefactor analysisfluid intelligence (2)IQ correlation for identical twinsIQ formula (2)meaning of 100 IQ scorepercentile rankPKU—deficient liver enzyme, mental retardationpredictive validity (3)psychologist can share scores only with written permissionself-report inventories—personality testsSpearman’s concept of gstandardization of tests—purposetest-retest validityvalidityABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGYabnormal behavior—criteriaantisocial person. disorder (2)anxiety disorders—types (2)autism—impaired interpersonal communicationcompulsionconversion disorderdependent person. disorderdepressiondopamine—excess=schizophreniahallucinations (2)hallucinations—symptom of psychosishypochondriasisnarcissistic person. disorder (2)obsessions—defOCD (2)panic disorderparanoia—distrust of otherspersonality disorders—function ok in societyschizophrenia—symptoms, disorganized thinking, delusionssocial phobiasomatoform disorders (3)Unit Twelve TREATMENT AND THERAPYanxiety hierarchy & relaxation—specific phobiaaversive conditioningbehavioral—reinforced responses (2)behavioral—reward good behaviorbiofeedbackclient centered—role of therapistcognitive –change way patient interprets events (2)cognitive—change irrational beliefscognitive—examplecognitive—formation of schemasdeinstitutionalization—new policy and drug therapies (2)diathesis-stress approachdrug for schizophrenia—block neurotransmitter sitesECT—major depression (2)Freud—dream analysis to get to unconsciousgroup therapy—advantageslight exposure therapy—seasonal affective disorder (2)lithium carbonate—bipolarneuroleptics—linked to Tardive dyskinesiaoperant conditioning—token economyplacebo effectpsychoanalytic—unconscious conflictspsychodynamic—free association, dreams, transferenceRational Emotive Therapy—change irrational thoughts that underlie anxiety (4)self help & support groups—based on humanistsystematic desensitization (2)systematic desensitization—anxiety disordersystematic desensitization—behavioraltransference—psychoanalysisUnit Thirteen: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYactor-observer biasAsch conformity studyAsch conformity—effect of dissenter (2)attraction—proximity and similarity (3)attribution theory (2)cognitive dissonance (4)deindividuationdiffusion of responsibility (3)foot-in-the-door phenomenonfundamental attribution error (3)group normgroup polarization (2)instrumental aggressioninterdependent self systemjust-world hypothesismere-exposure effectMilgram obedience--% who obeyed Milgram obedience—perceived authorityMilgram obedience—role model who doesn’t obeyphysical attraction=good personalityself-fulfilling prophecy (3)social facilitation (2)social loafingstereotype ................
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