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LOCATIONSSG1. Locate selected features of Latin America and the Caribbean.ATLANTICOceanATLANTICOceanA MountainsUMountainsONMountainsTMountainsIMountainsAMountainsNMountainsS MountainsERDAMARREISGULF OF MEXICOATACAMA DESERTD MountainsEA MountainsSMountainsN MountainsMMountainsCARIBBEAN SEAPacific OceanPanama CanalAMAZON RIVERHAITIBOLIVIAVENEZUELAPANAMACOLOMBIAMEXICOCUBABRAZIL90805-414655A QUICK GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICAEnvironmental issuesSsg2. Discuss environmental issues in latin America. 1289050-361950AIR POLLUTION IN MEXICO CITYCausesEmissions from factories and automobiles (cars, trucks, etc.)Overcrowding – Over 19 million peopleMountains trap the air pollution which causes it to build upSMOKE + FOG = SMOGEffectsAcid rainDamages vegetation atmosphere (Ozone layer)Illnesses and diseasesSolutionsLimit driving Carpool or use public transportation More car inspectionsClose factories when pollution rates are highDestruction of the Rain Forest in brazilRainforests are the “lungs of the earth” because they use CO2 and convert it into OxygenCausesRoad buildingFarming (slash and burn)Cattle ranchingLoggingMiningNew buildingsEFFECTSClimate changeHabitat loss for millions of speciesLong term changes to soilSOLUTIONSCreation of laws to limit cutting down of treesSetting up protected areasLittle money is spent to enforce lawsOIL-RELATED POLLUTION IN VENEZUELAOil provides 50% of government revenue ($$$)5th largest oil producer in world – USA gets a lot of oil from VenezuelaCAUSESOil spills and tanker leaksOil removal from undergroundWaste from oil wellsEFFECTSEnvironmental damage – sinking land (flooding); killing fishEconomy issues – fishermen cannot earn livingIncreased carbon dioxide – leads to health problems and global warmingSOLUTIONSBuilt dikes to prevent floodingNew government policies and clean up oil pitsSSG3. EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF LOCATION, CLIMATE, DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCESLocation, climate , & natural resourcesMexicoVenezuelaBrazilCubaLOCATIONSouth of USABetween Pacific Ocean (west) & Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (east)Location impacts climateNorthern South America, surrounded by Guyana (east), Brazil (south), & Colombia (west)Coastline along Caribbean Sea & Atlantic OceanNear Panama CanalEast coast of South America along Atlantic OceanAmazon and other rivers flow throughout BrazilClose to Panama CanalOnly 7% of land is arableIsland nation 90 miles south of FloridaSurrounded by Gulf of Mexico in NW, Atlantic Ocean in NE, and Caribbean Sea in S.700 miles long28% of land is arableCLIMATETropics mountains, deserts, plains, and plateausCentral Plateau – arable farmland usually with enough rain for a variety of cropsSome parts tend to be hot and dryHot, tropical climate year roundHigher elevations in the Andes Mountains may see temps. below freezingRainfall is lowest along coast (16 in) and increases with elevation (100+ in.)Very large tropical rain forestMostly hot and tropicalTropical with influence from trade windsRainy season from May to October and dry season from November to AprilWarm to hot all yearNATURAL RESOURCESOil (10th in the world)SilverFruitsVegetablesCoffeeCottonFishing (Lake Maracaibo and coast of Caribbean)Little arable landOil (6th in the world)Iron oreCoffeeOrangesPapayasSugar caneSoybeans and soybean products Plants & animals of Amazon rain forestSugarCoffeeFishFruitTobacco products (cigars)BeachesImpact on population distribution131445247657 major seaports for easy shipping around worldShare border with USA making trade by railroad and truck possibleUSA is main trading partner Most people live in the Central Plateau region because of arable farm land and manufacturing centers. 75% live in urban (city) areas.Sale of oil provides 1/3 of Mexico government budget; this can be bad when oil prices fallProduce 15% of silver sold in worldMany Americans go on vacation there (tourism).155575-704854 major ports for easy trade around world88% live in urban areas along the coastMost people work in service jobs (education, health care, hotel, transportation, and trade).A lot of poverty but also has a large middle classFishing and farming provide some employmentSale of oil provides almost 50% of government budget; this can be bad when oil prices fall7 major seaports for easy trade around the worldExports include: cars, transportation equipment, and items listed aboveTourism is a large industry (Amazon rain forest, festivals, and attractions)Most people live along the eastern, coastal areas of the country (80% live within 200 miles of ocean)20764529400585% of people live in urban areasLocation and climate make it a target for hurricanesEasy access to fishingTourismSS6G4. DESCRIBE THE CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLEWHO LIVE IN Latin America and the CaribbeanEthnicityThe native population blended with the Europeans who conquered and settled in the area. Spain claimed more territory than anyone else. Over time, the native culture blended with the Spanish culture. This created an ethnic group called mestizos. Slaves from Africa were brought to Latin America. Just as with Native Americans, the cultures blended and created an ethnic group called mulattoes. Today, people with European ancestry often have better jobs and opportunities. Native Americans, blacks, and mestizos are demanding equality.religionMajor religion – Roman CatholicismBrought by EuropeansNative Americans have blended their traditions with the Roman Catholic beliefs (“Day of the Dead”).African religions have also influenced religion in the region. Santeria is practiced in Cuba.In Peru & Bolivia, natives continue to practice traditional beliefs and ceremonies.languageBecause Spain conquered and claimed a large part of the territory, most of the countries speak Spanish. Portugal laid claim to Brazil, and Portuguese became the national language.French, English, Dutch, and hundreds of native languages are also spoken in Central & South America and the Caribbean.literacyAbout 90% of the people in Latin America and the Caribbean can read and write. Haiti and Guatemala have the lowest literacy rates. This affects the standard of living in these countries. Many of the people live in poverty.MexicoFederal (shared powers)Presidential DemocracyRepublic - Congress (Bicameral legislative body makes decisions for the citizens)Citizens ages 18 and over voteMany freedoms – speech, assembly, trade, & enterprise (entrepreneur)Court system is NOT independent of the President20732756162675CubaUnitary (strong central)Autocratic Communist Dictatorship“President” – appointed by legislatureCitizens ages 16 and older may vote for the candidates approved by the Communist Party of Cuba (the ONLY party)Few freedoms635003629025BrazilFederal (shared powers)Presidential Democracy Republic - Congress (Bicameral legislative body makes decisions for the citizens)Citizens ages 18 to 70 are required to voteMany freedoms – speech, assembly, trade, & enterprise (entrepreneur)Personal property rights may not be protected; courts are not fair and consistent2349500981075Ss6cg2. Explain the structures of national governments in brazil, Mexico, & cuba.Ss6e1. Analyze different economic systemsCuba - CommandGovernment owns most land & businesses and makes almost ALL decisions56.5Brazil – Mixed MarketStrong agricultural, mining, manufacturing, & service jobs; government controls healthcare, postal service, and some large industries (steel)29.81000CommandmarketSS6H1. Impact of European contact on Latin America5839460-3175AZTEC Civilization before the Spanish invasionMost powerful civilization in region at the timeFamous for artwork and architectureSacrificed animals and humans to their godsHad their own farming, mathematical, and calendar systemsEnded in 1521 when conquered by Spanish who destroyed most of the civilization and its culture1270143852Hern?n Cortés, ConquistadorConquered the Aztec Empire (1519 – 1521), opening the door to Spanish occupation for the next 300 yearsFeared his soldiers & sailors would desert in fear, so he burned all their ships when they landed in MexicoBefriended the native people who did not like the AztecsMontezuma II, Aztec ruler, welcomed Cortes, but Cortes and his men took the Aztec leader as a hostage and tried to rule the area while he held Montezuma captiveCortes was away for a time, and his men began to fight with the Aztecs. The conquistador finally defeated the Aztecs. Spain sent more troops & settlers to Mexico and destroyed the city of Tenochtitlan. Mexico City was built in its place.Montezuma IIRuled Aztecs from 1500 to 1520Very popular leader with his people but not liked by outsidersWelcomed Cortez and his men; gave them gifts of goldHeld prisoner during Cortes’s occupation of his palaceDied in 1520 when a fight broke out between Spanish troops and Aztec warriors29400576835282624635INCA CivilizationLived along western coast of South America from early 1400s to 1533Many accomplishments: gold, silver, and bronze pieces and artwork, textiles, roads, terracing (farming), mathematics, and accountingUnable to defeat the SpanishSome aspects of culture still exist – language, terraces, and textileFrancisco Pizarro & AtahualpaSpanish Conquistador Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler, Atahualpa by trapping him and is men. Atahualpa was held for ransom. The Incas paid the ransom, but Pizarro did not release Atahualpa. Instead, he was executed, marking the end of the Inca Empire.Spanish settlements grew throughout Peru.Gold and silver were shipped back to Spain.Pizarro grew rich and built a palace in the city he founded, Lima. Spanish leaders grew jealous of him and killed him in 1541.-302910209423064770Columbian exchangeNamed for Christopher ColumbusIntroduction of crops, diseases, animals, and ideals from Europe to the New World and vice versaEuropeans introduced slaves from AfricaBetween 50 and 75% of people in some tribes died to European diseases.The horse changed the culture of the indigenous people in the New World, allowing them to travel further and faster and work harder.SS6H2. Explain the development of Latin America & Caribbean from European Colonies to Independent nations0167053Influence of African slaveryEuropeans were wealthy and powerful from their conquests in Latin America and Caribbean.A cheap labor force was needed to continue mining gold and silver to grow the cash crops. Native people could not survive the European diseases nor the harsh working conditions. Many fled to the mountains or jungles to avoid the Europeans.Africans were brought to the New World by ship. Many died from starvation and disease. Those who survived worked long hours in poor conditions.For 300 years, businesses grew, but so did the number of slaves. Slave labor was used to build the countries of Latin America, but the wealth usually went back to Europe. Slavery continued into the 1800s. As countries gained their independence, they abolished slavery.Many of the people today in Latin America and the Caribbean are descendants of African slaves and Europeans.Influence of Spanish & Portuguese on language & religionSpanish is the major language spoken throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. It is used in government and business. Native and African languages did not die out completely. When indigenous people fled from the Europeans, they were able to preserve their languages. Portugal ruled Brazil for over 300 years. Portuguese is the primary language of the country; because of their large population, almost as many people speak Portuguese as Spanish.Spain and Portugal brought Roman Catholicism to the area. They sent missionaries to the area to help convert the natives to Christianity. In many cases, indigenous people were forced to say they were Christians. Privately they continued to practice their traditional beliefs. Over time, they mixed those beliefs with Catholicism.-39072096716The Independence Movements**1804- St. Domingue (Haiti) became the first colony to FIGHT for and win its independence.**Former slave: Tousasaint L’Ouverture led the rebel groups and then named himself, “dictator for life”. **L’Ouverture died before the won their independence, but he is credited for it. **Simon Bolivar- called “The Liberator” and “George Washington of South America”** Won freedoms for most of South America: Columbia, Panama, Venezuela, Peru, BOLIVIA (hint, hint-last name), and Ecuador. **Miguel Hildago was a Catholic priest that did not like the way the people were being treated. Called for slaves to be freed, Spain to give back all land to native people, and Spain to stop taxing so heavily.**was killed before Mexico gained independence, but he is called the “Father of Mexican Independence”. SS6H3: analyze important 20th century issues in Latin America and the CaribbeanBIG CHANGES FOR CUBA:**In 1950’s Fidel Castro led a group to overthrown the corrupt government of dictator, Fulgencio Batista. The rebels won in 1959. IMPACT OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION**Fidel Castro became a dictator and established a Communist Government during the Cold War. He lied about becoming a democratic nation. KICKED out all Americans.**Castro then sided with the Soviet Union and helped aim nuclear weapons on the U.S. (Cuban Missile Crisis).**The U.S. responded with the Embargo against Cuba- 54 years later, it is still in place!**Many Cubans fled to the U.S. in hopes of a better life. Castro was a very tough dictator and life was hard!**WHEN Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Castor lost a huge ally and financial supporter. Cuba is still struggling today due to this loss. Modern Day Rebellion**1994 after the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) was signed; the Zapatista Movement began in, Chiapas.**protested poverty, NAFTA, and land ownership laws.**Guerilla warfare: small group of fighters who use surprise attacks to defeat a stronger force. **Due to the revolution the government has put into place several reforms to improve the lives of the Native people in Mexico. ................
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