The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in ...

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History By Michael H. Hart

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13

14

15

16

17 18 19 20

Person Muhammad Isaac Newton Jesus Christ

Buddha Confucius

St. Paul Ts'ai Lun Johann Gutenberg Christopher Columbus Albert Einstein Louis Pasteur Galileo Galilei

Aristotle

Euclid

Moses

Charles Darwin

Shih Huang Ti Augustus Caesar Nicolaus Copernicus Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

Time Frame 570-632 1642-1727

c. 6BC-c. 30 563BC-483BC 551BC-479BC

c. 4-c. 64 c. 105

1400-1468 1451-1506 1879-1955 1822-1895 1564-1642

384BC-322BC

c. 300 BC

13th c. BC

1809-1882

259BC-210BC 63BC-14 1473-1543 1743-1794

Occupation Secular and religious leader

Scientist Prophet; Spiritual leader

Spiritual leader Philosopher; Teacher

Christian apostle Political official in imperial

China Inventor Explorer Scientist Chemist and biologist Scientist

Philosopher and scientist

Teacher

Prophet

Biologists

Chinese Emperor Political leader Lawyer; Astronomer

Scientist

Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Prophet; Founder of Islam; Wrote the Koran Many scientific and mathematical inventions/theories Founder of Christianity Founder of Buddhism Created Confucianism His writings in the New Testament of the Bible

Invented paper

Inventor of printing (printing press) Discovery of the Americas led to world-wide exploration Theory of relativity Germ theory and preventive inoculation Developed the scientific method; Invented the telescope Wrote over 170 books on astronomy, zoology, geography, etc; Originated the study of formal logic Wrote Elements, greatest textbook on geometry Political figure who led the Hebrews in the Exodus from Egypt; Wrote five books of the Bible (the Jewish Torah); Encouraged the belief of monotheism (belief in one god) Originated the theory of organic evolution by means of natural selection United China by force of arms and instituted a set of sweeping reforms Founder of the Roman Empire Copernican Theory (First to assert the Earth revolves around the sun) Organized the system of chemical theory

Name 21 22

23

24

Person Constantine the Great

James Watt

Michael Faraday

James Clerk Maxwell

Time Frame c. 280-337 1736-1819

1791-1867

1831-1879

25

Martin Luther

1483-1546

26

George Washington

1732-1799

27

Karl Marx

1818-1883

28

Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright

1871-1948 1867-1912

29

Genghis Khan

c. 1162-1227

30

Adam Smith

1723-1790

31

William Shakespeare

1550-1604

32

John Dalton

1766-1844

33

Alexander the Great 356BC-323BC

34

Napoleon Bonaparte

1769-1821

Occupation Political leader

Inventor Inventor Physicist

Teacher and author Political leader Philosopher Inventors Emperor Philosopher

Playwright and poet

Scientist Political leader and

conqueror

General and Emperor 2

Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List First Christian emperor of the Roman Empire Inventor of the first practical steam engine and key figure in the Industrial Revolution Invented the first electric motor; Discovered electromagnetic induction Developed a set of four equations that best express the basic laws of electricity and magnetism Chiefly responsible for the beginning of the Reformation period; The start of Protestantism Military leader and first president of the United States Principal originator of "scientific socialism"; His writings form the theoretical basis of Communism

Invented the first airplane

Ruthless leader who eventually ruled the largest empire in all of history Wrote The Wealth of Nations; Leading figure in the development of economic theory Wrote at least 36 plays (including Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Julius Caesar, and Othello), 154 sonnets, and a few longer poems Introduced the atomic hypothesis into the mainstream of science Conquered and controlled vast amounts of land; Brought together Greek and Middle Eastern civilizations which resulted in cultural diffusion Great military leader; Authorized the sale of land to the USA (known as the Louisiana Purchase)

Number

Person

35

Thomas Edison

36 Anton van Leeuwenhoek

37

William T. G. Morton

38

Guglielmo Marconi

39

Adolf Hitler

40

Plato

41

Oliver Cromwell

42

Alexander Graham Bell

43

Alexander Fleming

44

John Locke

45

Ludwig Van Beethoven

46

Werner Heisenberg

47

Louis Daguerre

48

Simon Bolivar

49

Rene Descartes

Time Frame 1847-1931 1632-1723 1819-1868 1874-1937 1889-1945

427BC-347BC

1599-1658 1847-1922 1881-1955 1632-1704

1770-1827

1901-1976 1787-1851

1783-1830

1596-1650

Occupation Inventor

Government worker Dentist Inventor

Political leader

Philosopher

Military leader Inventor Physician

Philosopher

Composer

Physicist Inventor

Political leader Philosopher, scientist, and

mathematician

Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Developed over 1,000 inventions including the phonograph and the practical incandescent light bulb Discovered microbes Introduced the use of anesthesia in surgery Invented the radio Leader of the Nazi party; Leader of Germany during WWII; Masterminded the Holocaust Wrote over 36 books (including the Republic); Considered one of the great fathers of Western thought Man most responsible for eventual establishment of parliamentary democracy as the English form of government Invented the telephone Discovered penicillin First writer to put together a coherent form of the basic ideas of constitutional democracy Wrote nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, five piano concertos, ten sonatas for the piano and violin, a series of magnificent string quartets, vocal music, theater music, and much more Played a significant role in the creation of quantum mechanics Developed the first practical method of photography Given the title, The Liberator; He led the liberation of five S. American countries from Spanish rule

Invented analytic geometry

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Number 50

51 52

53

54

55 56 57 58 59

60 61 62 63 64

Person Michelangelo

Pope Urban II `Umar ibn al-Kattab

Asoka

St. Augustine

William Harvey Ernest Rutherford

John Calvin Gregor Mendel

Max Planck

Joseph Lister Nikolaus August Otto

Francisco Pizarro Hernando Cortes Thomas Jefferson

Time Frame 1475-1564

1042-1099 c. 586-644 c. 300BC-c.

232BC

354-430

1578-1657 1871-1937 1509-1564 1822-1884 1858-1947

1827-1912 1832-1891 c. 1475-1541 1485-1547 1743-1826

Occupation Artist

Religious leader Religious leader

Political leader

Theologian

Physician Physicist Theologian Monk and teacher Physicist

Surgeon Inventor Adventurer and conqueror Adventurer and conqueror Political leader

Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List His work (paintings, statues, drawings, etc.) profoundly influenced the development of European painting and sculpture Gave the order to start the First Christian Crusades After Muhammad, Umar was the principle figure in the spread of Islam Third ruler of the Mauryan dynasty and considered the most important monarch in the history of India His writings profoundly influenced Christian doctrines and attitudes throughout the Middle Ages Discovered the circulation of blood and the function of the heart Originated the study of nuclear physics Influential Protestant leader who developed Calvinism (importance of the Bible, dedication to hard work, etc.) Discovered the basic principles of heredity Generally considered to be the father of quantum mechanics (developed Planck's theory) Introduced the use of antiseptic measures in surgery Built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine Conquered the Inca Empire of Peru Conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico Third president of the United States; Author of the Declaration of Independence

4

Number 65 66 67

Person Queen Isabella I

Joseph Stalin Julius Caesar

68

William the Conqueror

69

Sigmund Freud

70

Edward Jenner

71

William Conrad Rontgen

72

Johann Sebastian Bach

73

Lao Tzu

74

Voltaire

75

Johannes Kepler

76

Enrico Fermi

77

Leonhard Euler

Time Frame 1451-1504 1879-1953 100BC-44Bc

c. 1027-1087 1856-1939 1749-1823 1845-1923

1685-1750

4th c. BC 1694-1778 1571-1630 1901-1954 1707-1783

Occupation Political ruler Political leader Military and political leader

Monarch Psychologist

Physician Scientist

Composer

Author Historian and philosopher

Astronomer Scientist

Mathematician and physicist

Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Financed Columbus's voyage across the Atlantic Ocean; Instituted the Spanish Inquisition Ruthless dictator of the Soviet Union Played a significant role in the downfall of the Roman Republic; Under his leadership, Roman troops conquered Gaul which provided security for the Roman Empire Led the Norman conquest of England which resulted in the blend of the French and Anglo-Saxon cultures Originator of psychoanalysis Developed and popularized the technique of vaccination as a preventive measure against smallpox Developed the use of X-rays Considered to be one of the two or three composers of all time; First man to successfully combine the differing national styles of music which existed in Western Europe Wrote Tao Te Ching; This book is the basis for Taoism Wrote numerous books ? most famous, Candide; Influenced political thought which ultimately resulted in the French Revolution Discovered the laws of planetary motion Designed the first nuclear reactor One of the most brilliant and prolific scientists of all time; Wrote 32 full length books concerning practical applications of laws of mechanics

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