Functional Independence Measure - JC Physiotherapy

MEASUREMENT SCALES USED IN ELDERLY CARE

FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE MEASURE AND

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT MEASURE

Functional Independence Measure

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale assesses physical and

cognitive disability.1 This scale focuses on the burden of care ¨C that is, the level

of disability indicating the burden of caring for them.

Scoring

Items are scored on the level of assistance required for an individual to perform

activities of daily living. The scale includes 18 items, of which 13 items are

physical domains based on the Barthel Index and 5 items are cognition items.

Each item is scored from 1 to 7 based on level of independence, where 1

represents total dependence and 7 indicates complete independence. The scale

can be administered by a physician, nurse, therapist or layperson. Possible

scores range from 18 to 126, with higher scores indicating more independence.

Alternatively, 13 physical items could be scored separately from 5 cognitive

items.

Time

It takes 1 hour to train a rater to use the FIM scale, and 30 minutes to score the

scale for each patient.

Clinical application

The FIM scale is used to measure the patient¡¯s progress and assess rehabilitation

outcomes. This scale is useful in clinical settings of rehabilitation. The FIM

was carefully designed and developed with the consensus of the US National

Advisory Committee, with close attention to definitions, administration and

reliability. Manuals, training and videos are provided (further information can

be found at ). The FIM has been used in a number of countries,

including the USA, Canada, Australia, France, Japan, Sweden and Germany.

Studies of large samples have been published, including a study of 93 829

subjects.2 The FIM has been used extensively in rehabilitation, including that

for stroke and multiple sclerosis. Scores are responsive to change and also reflect

the patient¡¯s discharge destination.

FIM and FAM

The Functional Assessment Measure (FAM) includes FIM items but also adds 12

new items, mainly covering cognition, such as community integration, emotional

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MEASUREMENT SCALES USED IN ELDERLY CARE

status, orientation, attention, reading and writing skills, and employability.3

The FIM scale on its own had ceiling effects, so the FAM was proposed, which

extends the coverage of the FIM. This scale was originally intended for patients

with brain injury, but is in fact useful in all rehabilitation settings.

FIM + FAM is completed by a healthcare professional for the patient.

UK FIM + FAM

This scale was developed in the UK, and was last modified by the UK FIM+FAM

Group in 1999.4 Some of the items used in the original FAM from the US

Developmental Group in California were considered to be too vague. For this

reason the UK version was developed after modification of the original FAM.

The UK FIM + FAM Group was coordinated by the Regional Rehabilitation

Unit at Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK.4 This group has improved

the consistency of scoring. The original 30 items and 7 levels remain the same

as in the original version.

UK FIM + FAM SCALE

Self-care

1. Eating

2. Grooming

3. Bathing/showering

4. Dressing upper body

5. Dressing lower body

6. Toileting

7. Swallowing*

Sphincters

1. Bladder management

2. Bowel management

Mobility

1. Transfers: bed/chair/wheelchair

2. Transfers: toilet

3. Transfers: bathtub/shower

4. Transfers: car*

5. Locomotion: walking/wheelchair

6. Locomotion: stairs

7. Community mobility*

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MEASUREMENT SCALES USED IN ELDERLY CARE

Communication

1. Expression

2. Comprehension

3. Reading*

4. Writing*

5. Speech intelligibility*

Psychosocial

6. Social interaction

7. Emotional status*

8. Adjustment to limitations*

9. Use of leisure time (replaces employability in original version)*

Cognition

10. Problem solving

11. Memory

12. Orientation*

13. Concentration (replaces attention in original version)*

14. Safety awareness (replaces safety judgement in original version)*

*

FAM items

Seven levels for each item

Level

Description

7 Complete independence Fully independent

6 Modified independence Requiring the use of a device but no physical help

5 Supervision

Requiring only standby assistance or verbal

prompting or help with set-up

4 Minimal assistance

Requiring incidental hands-on help only (subject

performs > 75% of the task)

3 Moderate assistance

Subject still performs 50¨C75% of the task

2 Maximal assistance

Subject provides less than half of the effort

(25¨C49%)

1 Total assistance

Subject contributes < 25% of the effort or is unable

to do the task

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MEASUREMENT SCALES USED IN ELDERLY CARE

Scoring principles

¡ñ Function is assessed on the basis of direct observation.

¡ñ Admission scoring is done within 10 days of admission.

¡ñ Discharge scoring is done during the last week before discharge.

¡ñ Scoring is done by a multi-disciplinary team member.

¡ñ The subject is scored on what they actually do on a day-to-day basis, not on what

they could do.

¡ñ Do not leave any score blank.

¡ñ Score 1 if the subject does not perform the activity at all, or if no information is

available.

¡ñ If function is variable, use the lower score.

Reproduced with the permission of L Turner-Stokes from Turner-Stokes L, Nyein K,

Turner-Stokes T et al. The UK FIM+FAM: development and evaluation. Clin Rehabil. 1999;

13: 277¨C87.

REFERENCES

1 Hamilton BB, Granger CV, Sherwin FS et al. A uniform national data system for

medical rehabilitation. In: Fuhrer MJ, editor. Rehabilitation Outcomes: analysis and

measurement. Baltimore, MD: Brookes; 1987. pp. 137¨C47.

2 Stineman MG, Jette A, Fiedler R et al. Impairment-specific dimensions within the

Functional Independence Measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997; 78: 636¨C43.

3 Hall KM, Mann N, High WM et al. Functional measures after traumatic brain

injury: ceiling effects of FIM, FIM+FAM, DRS and CIQ. J Head Trauma Rehabil.

1996; 11: 27¨C39.

4 Turner-Stokes L, Nyein K, Turner-Stokes T et al. The UK FIM+FAM: development

and evaluation. Clin Rehabil. 1999; 13: 277¨C87.

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MEASUREMENT SCALES USED IN ELDERLY CARE

FALLS RISK ASSESSMENT TOOLS

Falls in the elderly represent a complex phenomenon and are rarely due to a

single cause. A variety of factors are associated with risk of falling among older

adults, including the following:

? physical factors such as history of previous falls, poor gait or balance, muscle

weakness, functional limitation, poor vision, arthritis, postural hypotension,

sensory deterioration and neurological disorders

? pharmaceutical factors ¨C use of medications

? psychiatric factors ¨C cognitive impairment

? environmental factors.

Assessment of falls risk may include the following:

? use of multi-factorial assessment tools that cover a range of falls risk factors.

This could enable screening of high-risk populations and targeting of

interventions

? functional mobility assessments that focus on postural stability, including

strength, balance, gait and reaction times.

Effective assessment of fall risk requires a holistic approach, and includes review

of many complex and interconnected factors. Falls could be the result of one or

more complex and interrelated physiological systems impairments as well as

environmental factors. The falls risk increases rapidly with advancing age above

65 years. It is difficult to determine what factors affect balance and contribute to

falls, and which factors could be addressed to reduce falls.

Choice of tool

This is difficult. A variety of tools have been assessed and evaluated for their use

in predicting falls risk. Different tools have been used in a variety of settings ¨C for

example, in the community, at home, and in long-term or acute care.1 Some of

them have focused on balance and gait assessments, while others have focused on

risk factors. Target populations within a given setting have varied in studies ¨C for

example, those with cognitive impairment, and studies limited to small samples

or recurrent fallers. Few tools have been tested more than once in more than one

setting. Therefore no single falls risk assessment tool can be recommended for

implementation in all settings.

The choice of tool in a particular clinical context should reflect the purpose

for which that tool needs to be applied. For example, the screening of a high-risk

population requires a tool that is quick and easy to use, with good sensitivity

and specificity. If the aim is to reduce risk, the tool should be reliably able to

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