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Coachella Valley Music and Arts FestivalThe Music and its EffectsMel BartaTour 170Tom DelamereNovember 30, 2009IntroductionFestivals have played an integral role in celebrations throughout history. Originally referring to annual religious gatherings, the title of festival now applies to recurring celebrations of many kinds, usually having to do with arts (music, dance, literature, theatre, visual art), culture (local, regional, national, global) or religion. A festival differs from a special event because it occurs regularly (usually annually) as opposed to a one time only event. Music festivals can be one day or many days, be related to world music, folk music, rock music or any other genre, and take place in most countries. It is important to observe and analyze the effects that music festivals have on the host community. These effects and impacts can be of a social and cultural, economic, political and environmental nature CITATION Del \l 4105 (Delamere, 2008). Effects on the area are usually both positive and negative, and the lasting question is one of balance between them.History Of Rock Festivals1905059690It is nearly impossible to think about the history of rock music without thinking about Woodstock. Held in New York state in the summer of 1969, it was billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Music and Peace”. With over 500,000 attendees and thirty-two acts, that three day festival is most certainly a pivotal and legendary moment in the development of rock and roll music and performance. The Woodstock festival also had an incredible effect on the culture of the late 1960’s, bringing the “hippie” community to the forefront of American consciousness and spawning several artistic endeavours, including the epic 1970 Woodstock documentary and a song by Joni Mitchell, made famous by Crosby, Stills and Nash CITATION Ros09 \l 4105 (Rosenburg). Many other festivals have been important to the music industry, for economic growth, exposure and artistic enhancement. Notable and influential rock festivals include Isle of Wight (1970, 600,000 attendees); Glastonbury (1970-present, 1,500-250,000 attendees; Reading and Leeds festivals; (previously the Carling weekend, 1961-present, 7,000-150,000 attendees) and our focus example: Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival CITATION Mar09 \l 4105 (Marshall). History Of CoachellaThe Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival began in the fall of 1999 at the Empire Polo Field in Indio, California. Concert promoters, Goldenvoice, who were rebelling against the Ticketmaster controlled auditoriums of southern California, went to Indio, a desert community in the Coachella Valley. With daytime temperatures over 100°F, the 25,000 attendees of the first year sweated in the sun to the sound of bands such as Tool, Rage Against The Machine and Morrissey. Experiencing financial difficulties, Goldenvoice was unable to put on a festival in 2000, but attempted a final effort in 2001. Paul Tollett, president of Goldenvoice, resorted to asking his friend Perry Farrell to reunite his band Jane’s Addiction for the headlining act, making the one-day festival a success CITATION Tho07 \l 4105 (Thomas, 2007). An annual event since 2001, Coachella has been extended to three days and moved to April in an attempt to avoid the intense heat. Promoters have capped water prices at two dollars to avoid manipulation of a captive audience. Even with these measures being taken, many people suffer from dehydration or heatstroke, sometimes in connection with alcohol consumption or recreational drug use. It is this author’s experience that especially when visiting from a cooler climate, peak temperatures of over 115°F without shade in an active crowd can be exhausting if not dangerous.Camping was initiated in 2003, with mixed successes. Rioting before and after a reunited Rage Against The Machine in 2007 caused the Los Angeles Police Department to have a presence on the ground and overhead in helicopters. 2007 had the highest number of people attending, 156,000 and camping, 26,000. Camping includes karaoke, movies, a general store and showers, line ups for which can be several hours. Despite long lines and riots, Shane Murphy, who has attended this festival four times, says, “One highlight of Coachella for me, is camping. Seeing people you saw the year before, and meeting new people from all over the world. The music is why I go... but the people camping are what separates Coachella from any other concert” (personal communication, November 8, 2009). Besides the main focal point of the music, Coachella has many visual arts represented, particularly sculpture and interactive installation art. Many of the artists return for consecutive years, displaying sonically or visually stimulating pieces which are evocative and often have a social or political message. One of the more fascinating exhibits from past years was the sonic garden, where people could wander through an area coming close or touching poles which emitted a musical tone. When several people were walking through the “garden” at once, there was an element of musicality which blurred the lines between music and art at the festival. Another feature in 2006 was a collection of painted and decorated outhouses, for display purposes only, of course.Coachella: Sociocultural ImpactsSusie Netzley is the manager of Denny’s 24 hour restaurant in Indio, California. She experiences the weekend of Coachella very differently than those who attend the festival. For more than three days and nights, her restaurant, and indeed her town, are inundated with concertgoers. Her restaurant is a meeting place for festival attendees who are in a strange town and sometimes even a strange country; “We get ‘em from Australia, Europe, New York, Canada. They come from everywhere, and they all come here to Denny’s” CITATION Tho07 \l 4105 (Thomas, 2007). This influx of visitors has a significant effect on the city of Indio and its 59,000 residents. These Americans live in a city with extreme social stratification. Condominiums and mansions of the wealthy businesspeople and retirees surround a core of minimum wage workers in poverty. According to the U.S. Census, 21.8% of the population of Indio lives below the poverty line. A festival whose budget is over $15 million dollars could seem like an impossible number for many of those hospitality, agriculture and entry-level tourism workers. This evidence of financial disparity, as well as the varied racial profile of the community which includes many African Americans and Hispanics, may cause tension with the festival attendees, organizers and promoters. Looking at the culture within the festival, a negative impact may be recreational drug use and risky sexual activity. Many people who do not regularly use drugs or “hook up” with people they do not know well could be less vigilant in such an atmosphere and risk overdose, STIs, or unplanned pregnancy.On the positive side of the social spectrum, Indio takes great pride in its nicknames “The City of Festivals”, and “The Date Capital of the United States” CITATION Cit09 \l 4105 (City of Indio, 2009). In showing this approval, the city honours two of its most important industries. The agrarian culture of the area exists in cohesion with the celebratory aspect of festivals and cultural endeavours are partially funded by the influx of outside money that occurs during the Coachella Festival and other festivals throughout the year, including Coachella’s sister festival for country music; Stagecoach, which is also promoted by Goldenvoice. Coachella: Political StatementsMany artists have used their Coachella performances as a soapbox from which to deliver a message. Often this message is within the lyrics or conversations the artist has with the crowd when they are on stage. These political messages can be policy protest based, as in the decriminalization of marijuana, encouraging support for a specific politician or a more general message. Many performers in recent years have supported the U.S. Armed Forces or decried the war in Iraq, and the administration which supported it. When Rage Against The Machine played the closing set at Coachella 2007, they emphasised the lyrics of Killing in the Name Of: “Some of those who work forces/ are the same that hold office”. In other words, the band was trying to say that many people are sheep who are being controlled by a violent and corrupt government, under the leadership of George W. Bush.-114300128905Roger Waters of Pink Floyd made another bold political statement in 2008 when he “dispatched an inflatable pig across the crowd” CITATION Gre08 \l 4105 (Gregory, 2008). The pig depicted Uncle Sam with two bloody cleavers, and was captioned “don’t be led to the slaughter” on one side and “fear builds walls” on the other. Waters also made strong statements in favour of Barack Obama’s campaign before the democratic caucus that was to decide between Obama and Hilary Clinton CITATION Gre08 \l 4105 (Gregory, 2008). In an odd accident, the wires holding the pig snapped, and Waters promised a reward for the return of the pig, which eventually descended into an elderly woman’s backyard. It is likely she did not fully appreciate the free tickets to the next year’s Coachella.Coachella: Economic EffectsMusic festivals include a lot of performance time for the cost of a ticket. Not only are they good value, but many attendees realize that it is difficult to put a dollar amount on incredible experiences, Coachella being no exception. In these times of economic recession, many festival promoters have been concerned about ticket sales and revenue, but the international festivals of a similar standing as Coachella (Reading, Leeds, Sasquatch, Glastonbury, Bonnaroo, All Points West) are selling at similar volume to recent years CITATION Phi09 \l 4105 (Phillips, 2009). Other smaller festivals are not doing as well, with tickets sales below previous years, partially due to reduced budgets for talent, marketing and production.The town of Indio experiences one exceptional weekend of opportunity to sell goods (food, supplies, and presumably a vast amount of beer and liquor) and services, particularly in the accommodation sector. This is also Indio and the Coachella Valley region’s opportunity to create repeat business from the 18-24 year age group, many of whom are, or will be on boards, leading corporations, taking family vacations, buying real estate and eventually retiring. Many tourism associations and business groups think that reaching out to concertgoers is a good idea, but nobody is willing to take on the responsibility to implement this idea CITATION Pie08 \l 4105 (Pierceall, 2008). It is also logical that the financial benefit of outside money improves infrastructure in the city of Indio as well as surrounding communities. The festival itself brought in upwards of $13.8 million in 2008, from ticket sales, food and beverage purchases and merchandise sales CITATION Phi09 \l 4105 (Phillips, 2009). In 2009, Paul Tollet of Goldenvoice, relented on allowing sponsors such as PlayStation to be a part of the festival, to ease the economic strain on Goldenvoice and its parent company AEG CITATION Phi09 \l 4105 (Phillips, 2009).Coachella and the EnvironmentThe Coachella Valley experiences environmental strain during the festival simply due to the huge increase of population for that weekend. People walk over the polo fields, smoke and drive their cars to and from the event, which puts a stress on the air quality and the congestion of roads. Beyond that, Coachella Festival is in a desert, any water consumed or used for washing has been piped in for miles. Energy is finite as well, and although statistics are unavailable, it is predictable that operating five simultaneous stages with that amount of light and sound for three days must be astronomical in wattage.-1238251938655Beginning in 2007, Coachella aggressively promoted environmental awareness. The Energy FACTory booth presented a biodiesel conversion exhibit, energy creating pedal bikes where you could cool off with a fan and charge your cell phone, and an ethanol cooker for popcorn. Goldenvoice offered lifetime tickets to the winners of a carpooling contest called Carpoolchella which was extremely successful. They created an exchange program for bottles where you collected ten empty water bottles and could exchange them for one full water bottle. This also answered complaints from earlier years of concertgoers wading through a sea of water bottles. Several other environmental solutions were strongly encouraged, through the work of Goldenvoice and volunteers. It should also be noted that the Coachella Valley derives most of its power from wind turbines which line the I-5 highway in and out of the valley. These are marketed as a visual icon of the festival’s commitment to environmental issues.Festivals and the Tourism Industry: Musical MotivationsFestivals offer an excellent opportunity to visit an unfamiliar area or city. It is impossible to leave the Coachella Festival without having a lasting impression of the festival, the town, the state and the country. Having a festival in your community is a great way to publicise the attractions your area has to offer without taxpayers funding the advertising. A special event may bring attendees to your community once but having an annual festival gives people such as Shane Murphy a yearly tourism destination.190501405255People attend music festivals because they like the music being performed, but also for the sense of community. When camping at Coachella, many people get to know their weekend “neighbours” and often stay in contact past the duration of the festival. Many attendees are international, and have further spending to do in the United States, which is a bonus for national tourism. Other people see it as a really excellent party and could not care less about the bands on the main stages if they get to dance in the desert tents. These are some of the common motivations but of course each individual has their own reasons for attending Coachella or any other festival.Performer PerspectivesPerformers at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival generally have a very positive view of the festival. There is a tradition of reuniting one major band each year beginning in 2001. Jane’s Addiction frontman Perry Ferrell is the only performer to play at all ten festivals to date. He has contributed as a solo artist (DJ Peretz) and with bands such as Satellite Party and special guest of other bands such as The Nightwatchman CITATION Tho07 \l 4105 (Thomas, 2007). This record is unusual, only 18 other artists have been asked to perform at Coachella more than twice, and very rarely are these appearances in consecutive years.ConclusionMany people are affected by a music festival’s presence in an area or community. Attendees, performers, promoters, organizers, volunteers, and the tourism sector in general could experience positive effects caused by a music festival such as Coachella, however, residents of the host community may experience the event more negatively. These effects are seen in the social, cultural, political, economic and environmental dimensions. By stimulating spending in a host city, festival organizers create an opportunity for local businesses and residents, as well as the performers. The economic impacts are most easily measured, but it is also critical to delve into the less quantitative effects CITATION Del \l 4105 (Delamere, 2008). Coachella descends from a long line of music festivals, and follows the past by creating new history every year. Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 4105 City of Indio. (2009). City of Indio - History. Retrieved November 26, 2009, from City of Indio: , T. (2008). Festivals. In G. Carpenter, & D. Blandy, Arts and Cultural Programming: a Leisure Perspective (pp. 129-142). Windsor: Human Kinetics.Gregory, J. (2008, April 28). Roger Waters Uses Coachella to Deliver Strong Political Statement. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from Gigwise: , J. (n.d.). The Impact of Festivals on the Music Industry. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from Ministry of Rock: , M. (2009, April 10). Music festivals not feeling economic pinch. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from : , K. (2008, February 5). Tourism Groups Overlook Coachella Valley. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from : , J. (n.d.). Woodstock - A History of the Woodstock Festival of 1969. Retrieved November 26, 2009, from : , R. (2007, March). URB Magazine - Feature. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from : ................
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