000A



|[pic] |Main Ideas |

| |1. ARABIA IS A MOSTLY A DESERT LAND, WHERE TWO WAYS OF LIFE, NOMADIC AND SEDENTARY, DEVELOPED. |

| |2. A new religion called Islam, founded by Muhammad, spread throughout Arabia in the 600s. |

|Key Terms and People |

|oasis a wet, fertile area in the desert |

|caravan a group of traders that travels together |

|Muhammad an Arabian man whose teachings became the basis for a new religion |

|Islam religion based on messages Muhammad received from God |

|Muslim a person who follows Islam |

|Qur’an the holy book of Islam |

|pilgrimage journey to a sacred place |

|mosque a building for Muslim prayer |

|Academic Vocabulary |

|influence change, or have an effect on |

Section Summary

LIFE IN A DESERT LAND

ARABIA, IN THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF ASIA, IS THE CROSSROADS FOR AFRICA, EUROPE, AND ASIA. ARABIA IS A MOSTLY HOT AND DRY DESERT OF SCORCHING TEMPERATURES AND LITTLE WATER. WATER IS SCARCE AND EXISTS MAINLY IN OASES. AN OASIS IS A WET, FERTILE AREA IN THE DESERT. OASES ARE KEY STOPS ALONG ARABIA’S TRADE ROUTES.

People developed two ways to live in the desert. Nomads moved from place to place. Nomads lived in tents and raised goats, sheep, and camels. They traveled with their herds to find food and water for their animals. They traveled in tribes, or groups of people. Tribe membership provided protection from danger and reduced competition for grazing lands.

Others led a settled life. Towns sprang up in oases along the trade routes. Merchants and craftspeople traded with groups of traders who traveled together in caravans. Most towns had a market or bazaar. Both nomads and caravans used these centers of trade.

A NEW RELIGION

A MAN NAMED MUHAMMAD BROUGHT A NEW RELIGION TO ARABIA. MUCH OF WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT HIM COMES FROM RELIGIOUS WRITINGS. MUHAMMAD WAS BORN IN THE CITY OF MECCA AROUND 570. AS A CHILD, HE TRAVELED WITH HIS UNCLE’S CARAVANS. AS AN ADULT, MUHAMMAD MANAGED A CARAVAN BUSINESS.

Muhammad was upset that rich people did not help the poor. He often went to a cave to meditate on this problem. According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40, an angel spoke to him. These messages form the basis of a religion called Islam. They were written in the Qur´an (kuh-ran), the holy book of Islam. A follower of Islam is called a Muslim.

Muhammad taught that there was only one God, Allah. The belief in one God was a new idea for many Arabs. Before this time, Arabs prayed to many gods at shrines. The most important shrine was in Mecca. Many people traveled to Mecca every year on a pilgrimage. Muhammad also taught that the rich should give money to the poor. But rich merchants in Mecca rejected this idea.

Slowly, Muhammad’s message began to influence people. The rulers in Mecca felt threatened by him. Muhammed left and went to Medina. His house there became the first mosque, or building for Muslim prayer. After years of conflict, the people of Mecca finally gave in and accepted Islam.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY

CRITICAL THINKING: DRAWING INFERENCES IF YOU LIVED IN ARABIA, WOULD YOU CHOOSE A NOMADIC OR SEDENTARY LIFE? WRITE A ONE-PAGE DESCRIPTION OF WHAT YOUR LIFE WOULD BE LIKE.

DIRECTIONS Write two adjectives or descriptive phrases that describe the term.

1. caravan

2. Islam

3. mosque

4. Muhammad

5. Muslim

6. oasis

7. pilgrimage

8. Qur´an

6. Resurrection

7. Messiah

8. Persecution

9. Constantine

Section 3

SUMMARY

(First Page) Possible answers—attacks from the north and east, disease, high taxes, scarce food, disloyalty; Diocletian, Constantine

(Second Page) Possible answers—invasions, size, inefficiency, corruption; Theodora; Byzantine Empire

Challenge Activity

Answers will vary. Student essays should explain their opinions and provide adequate support.

Sentences

Answers will vary. Sample answers:

1. Diocletian divided the empire.

2. Attila was the Huns’ leader.

3. Corruption is the decay of people’s values.

4. Justinian loved law and the church.

5. The odora was his wife.

6. The Byzantine Empire developed in the eastern Roman Empire.

The Islamic World

Section 1

SUMMARY

(First Page) Africa, Europe, Asia; because it provided protection and reduced competition

(Second Page) Students should circle: Muhammad; in a cave; to Mecca

Challenge Activity

Student descriptions will vary but should include a choice and a description of that choice.

Descriptive Phrases

Answers will vary. Sample answers:

1. group of traders that travel together; are nomadic

2. a religion; means “to submit to God” in Arabic

3. a building for Muslim prayer; Muhammad’s house became the first of these

4. brought a new religion to Arabia; Muslims believe God had spoken to him through an angel and had made him a prophet

5. a follower of Islam; believed that Muhammad continued receiving messages from God for the rest of his life

6. a wet, fertile area in a desert; were key stops along Arabia’s overland trade routes

7. a journey to a sacred place; Muslims are expected to take one of these to Mecca if they are able

8. the holy book of Islam; where the messages from God to Muhammad were collected

Section 2

SUMMARY

(First Page) Students should circle: the Qur’an; an internal struggle and the struggle to defend the Muslim community

(Second Page) It is a collection of Muhammad’s words and actions; a yearly donation to charity; No, most Islamic countries blend Islamic law and with other laws.

Challenge Activity

Students essays should include similarities and differences between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Vocabulary Terms

1. Five Pillars of Islam; The Five Pillars of Islam are five acts of worship required of all Muslims.

2. jihad; Jihad means “to make an effort, or to struggle.”

3. Sunnah; The Sunnah is a guide for proper Muslim behavior.

Section 3

SUMMARY

(First Page) Abu Bakr

(Second Page) Answers will vary. Sample answer: because the sea provides good transportation routes; Students should

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Why would a nomad prefer to travel in a tribe?

Arabia was the trading crossroads for what three continents?

Where did people travel to on a pilgrimage?

Where did Muhammad first hear from an angel of God?

Circle the name of Islam’s founder.

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