Name:
Industrialization in the Late 19th Century
1st Transcontinental Railroad
■ Pacific Railway Act of 1862
■ U.S. Government hired _____________ _______________ and ______________ ______________________ Railway Company to extend railways across the United States.
■ Central Pacific
■ Started in ________________, CA
■ Union Pacific
■ Started in _______________, NE
■ The two railroad companies met in _______________________, Utah to drive the “__________________ ______________” on May 10, 1869
The Workers
■ Workers were mainly _________________ and ______________ immigrants
■ Working conditions were poor
■ Reasons:
■ ________________
■ _____________ ________________
Railroad Developments
■ Train problems:
■ ___________, noisy, _____________________
■ 1869 George Westinghouse:
■ Development of _________ _______________
■ 1887 Granville Woods:
■ __________________________ system for train ______________________
Time Zones
■ Scheduling was a major concern
■ Set clocks according to _____________ _______________
■ Time differences from town to town created _______________________.
■ 1883: National System of __________ _____________
■ How many total time zones does the USA have?
Who did the Railroad Impact?
■ Native Americans
■ called it the _________ _______________
■ Helped _________________ expansion
■ ______________ much easier
■ Became crucial to the U.S. economy – ______________ __________ dropped drastically.
■ Hurt __________________ economically
■ Made deals with wealthy businessmen
■ ______________________
Legislation
■ ___________________ ___________________ ________ of 1887 – put in place for Govt to supervise ________________ ____________________
■ Led to more financial problems (railroads were forced _________ _____ _______________, which led to the Panic of 1893)
■ This caused the __________ ______________ to start buying up the railways, which paved the way for ________ _______________
Industrialization Factors
■ ________________ and semi-skilled labor in abundance
■ New, talented entrepreneurs
■ Oil
■ Inventions
■ New technology that allows ________ _____________________
■ Bessemer Process
■ Railroads
■ Changes in business strategy
■ __________________ Integration & _____________________ Consolidation
■ ______________ _____________________
The Bessemer Process
■ Henry Bessemer
■ _______________ businessman
■ William Kelly
■ _________________ businessman
■ Developed new way of making _________________:
*** _________ ___________, add carbon, remove _______________________***
Brooklyn Bridge
■ Old way to Manhattan to Brooklyn was _______________
■ ________________: ferry could not run because of __________
■ John _______________
■ German began building
■ Dies in _______ ___________________
■ Washington Roebling completes
■ Son
■ _________________ by accident during construction
■ Completed on May 24, 1883
Growth of Big Business
Robber Barons or Capitals of Industry
■ Robber barons: business leaders who _________ ________________ from _________________ from the public.
■ Capitals of Industry: business leaders served their nation in a _______________ _______.
Social Darwinism
■ ___________ _________________ – survival of the fittest
■ Social Darwin theory evolved:
■ Society should do as _____________ ____ ________________ to interfere with peoples pursuit of success
AS A RESULT
Government did not __________ or _______________________ businesses!!!
Big Business Emerges!
■ Monopoly
■ to have ________________ _____________________ of a product or service.
■ Cartel
■ businesses who make the _____________ _______________ – agree to limit supply to keep ______________ ___________.
■ Trust
■ separate companies placed under a _____________ __________________ _________________ – Board of trustees
Andrew Carnegie
■ Scottish businessman
■ “________________ _____ _____________” (1901).
■ __________________ is inevitable and good.
■ Vertical Consolidation
■ Wealthy should act as “_______________” for their “____________ ________________.”
■ 80% of fortune went to _____________________.
■ At time of death, he had given away – _________ _________________.
John D. Rockefeller
■ _________________ ________ _____
■ Eventually owned _______ ________ _____________________ in US.
■ Horizontal consolidation
■ 40 companies
The Reorganization of Work
❖ Frederick W. Taylor
o The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
❖ The _________________ __________
o Mass Production
❖ Child Labor
o Conditions?
▪ ________ __________
▪ Less than $__________ per week
▪ Difficult, __________________ and unhealthy work
▪ _____________ _________________
▪ Could ___________ _________________, arm or be scalped by machinery
▪ Dusty, cold/hot ____________________ __________________
▪ _________________ ________________________
Management v. Labor
Knights of Labor
❖ Terence V. Powderly
❖ An _____________ ____ _______ is the concern of all!
❖ Goals
o _____________-________ workday.
o Abolition of ___________ and ________________ labor.
o ____________ _______ for men and women.
o _______________ ___________ in the workplace.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
❖ McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
The American Federation of Labor: 1886
❖ Samuel _________________
❖ How the AF of L Would Help the Workers
o Catered to the _______________ _________________.
o Represented workers in matters of __________________ _____________________.
o Maintained a national ______________ ___________.
o Evangelized the cause of __________________.
o _________________ _________________ among the many craft unions.
o Mediated disputes between ____________________ and ______________.
o Pushed for _______________ ______________.
Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
❖ The Amalgamated Association of ___________ & ___________ Workers
❖ Homestead Steel Works
A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL
❖ What is a Pullman car?
❖ What is a Pullman porter?
❖ The Pullman Strike of 1894
o What happened?
The Socialists
❖ Eugene V. Debs
International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
❖ “Big Bill” ____________________ of the IWW
❖ __________________ was justified to overthrow _______________
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