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General Psychology Cumulative Final Exam

If a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing, it is said to have

power

validity

reliability

The chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrite are called

neurotransmitters

terminal buttons

vesicles

Behaviorism involves the study of

unconscious influences

observable actions and responses

the potential for human growth

The _____ automatically controls the organs of the body

parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

What does correlation coefficient show?

The disrection and strength of a correlation

the value of a specific variable

the degree of natural correlation

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

Cognitive psychology

Gestalt psychology

Social Psychology

Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of

spinal neurons

agonists

neurotransmitters

Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis?

A falsifiable prediction

a theoretical idea

empirical evidence

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is

dogmatism

parsimony

empiricism

An electrical signal which travels down the length of an axon to the synapse is called

an action potential

a resting potential

an ion

Social Psychology differs from most other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

laboratory experimentation

human interaction

the individual

What part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal?

The midbrain

the hindbrain

the forebrain

When two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?

Correlation strength is impossible to measure accurately

the possibility of a third-variable correlation

random assignment of control groups

The Experiments of Watson and Pavlov centered on

perception and behavior

reward and punishment

stimulus and response

In a questionnaire concerning attitudes about global warming administered to groups separated by age, gender, and state of residence, the dependent variable is

gender

attitudes about global warming

state of residence

Which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a distribution?

Range

mean

median

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system?

Transduction

propagation

identification

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action helped the development of

cognitive neuroscience

evolutionary psychology

cultural psychology

Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain?

Interneuron

motor neuron

sensory neuron

Learning is the process of producing ______ change in the knowledge or behavior of an organism

temporary

enduring

minimal

What is “relatively” enduring change?

Change that is irreversible

Change that is easily reversible

Change which lasts “reasonably” long enough

Functionalism suggests that

behaviors are influenced by biology

behaviors are influenced by the unconscious

behaviors serve an adaptive purpose

Responses which are adaptive (which maximize payoff while minimizing effort) are likely to

decrease

increase

decrease in frequency, but increase intensity

G. Stanley Hall applied functionalist/behavioral principles to the field of

social psychology

education

journalism

The “satisfying state of affairs” is a quote from

G. Stanley Hall

Edward Thorndike

Edward Elric

The process of reducing a classically conditioned response, such as through EX/RP therapy, is called

extinction

extirpation

exsanguination

________ explains genetic predispositions toward learning some conditioned responses faster than others; for example, taste aversion

aversive conditioning

biological preparedness

reliable signals

When treating phobias, which component of the classical conditioning model is presented as part of stimulus desensitization?

The US

The CS

The NS

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Turning off an electrical shock after a correct answer to a question

turning on an electric shock after an incorrect answer to a question

giving a well-behaved child a candy bar

The strongest learning effects are produced by ______ schedules of reinforcement

fixed ratio

variable ratio

fixed interval

Bandura described ______ as a process of learning which takes place through modeling and vicarious reinforcement

classical conditioning

operant learning

observational learning

The information processing model of memory involves the following three processes:

encoding, consolidation, rehearsal

elaboration, storage, retrieval

encoding, storage, retrieval

________ is temporary storage of information similar to a computer's RAM

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

________ memory is also known as photographic memory

echoic

eidetic

implicit

Semantic memory is a form of ______ memory

explicit

implicit

muscle

According to Elizabeth Loftus, which word would cause subjects to remember a car travelling at a higher rate of speed?

“Hit”

“Bumped”

“Smashed”

Amnesias with a psychological (psychogenic) cause are referred to as

dementias

fugues

synesthesias

“Implicit” memories are:

conscious and verbal

processed in the prefrontal cortex

non-verbal and demonstrative

Another term for explicit memory is

implicit memory

declarative memory

muscle memory

What role does the pre-frontal cortex play in memory?

Consolidating memories

acting as an indexing system

regulating attention and short-term memory

The internalization and integration of extrinsic motivators is a component of _______ theory

Behavioral

Humanistic

Arousal

Which motivators are the strongest?

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Neither

The desire to achieve autonomy, competence, and relatedness motivates behavior in _________ theory

behavioral

self-determination

psychoanalytic

Psychogical motivation often involves __________ as an anxiety-motivated response.

The internalization of incentives

tension-reduction and coping

deep breathing and yoga

A tension-reducing response would be considered

positively reinforcing

negatively reinforcing

variably reinforcing

_________ are the smallest units of language that convey meaning

syntaxes

morphemes

phonemes

Rules which govern the interpretation of meaning in context are called

grammar

semantics

phonological rules

An example of a phonological rule is

“ph” is pronounced like “f”

I before E except after C

Winking implies that one makes a joking statement.

The order and arrangement of words in a sentence is an example of

semantics

phonics

syntax

Which statement contains GRAMMATICAL errors?

The cat in his litterbox to relieve himself went.

Teh kat in his literbocks to releave himslf wnt.

The cats in him litterbox to relieved themselves.

Nativist theories of language development focus on ________ factors, such as the language acquisition device

biological

semantic

social

The ________ theory of language development suggests that it is a combination of biological maturation and social support which produces language learning

behaviorist

nativist

interactionist

Sarcasm is an example of

semantics

syntax

phonics

“Fast Mapping” is a component of

phonological distinction

passive mastery

active mastery

Which metaphor best fits “passive mastery”?

Squirrels seeking out nuts

Sponges soaking up a spill

Sharks hunting for seals

In cognitive theories, the basic building blocks of conscious experience are

images and words

schemas and templates

chutes and ladders

The FILTERS through which we understand our experiences are called

images

schemas

patterns

_______ are cognitive rules-of-thumb or shortcuts which we use to make snap judgements or shorten the time required to solve a problem

algorithms

heuristics

biases

The sunk-cost fallacy is an example of the application of _______: a tendency to take risks to avoid loss, but not to maximize gains

rational choice theory

framing effects

prospect theory

Creativity is associated with

convergent thinking

divergent thinking

deductive reasoning

The Binet-Simon was the first standardized intelligence test, designed to measure

natural intelligence

achievement

acquired intelligence

Which metaphor best fits the idea of intelligence?

A computer's hard drive

A computer's processor

A computer's RAM

Aptitude is:

the ability to learn and adapt

a measure of previous learning

a measure of previous experience

Which of the following theories of intelligence is NOT based on “g”?

Spearman's

Wechsler's

Sternberg's

Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligence are components of

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Gardner's theory of intelligence

Spearman's theory of intelligence

Interpersonal, Naturalistic, and Kinesthetic intelligence are components of

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Gardner's theory of intelligence

Spearman's theory of intelligence

Which of the following pairs would probably have the highest correlation between IQ scores?

Identical twins raised apart

siblings raised together

a parent and their child

Heritability studies show that the relationship between genetics and IQ scores is WEAKEST among

the wealthy

the poor

sociologically dominant groups

In general, IQ scores _____ until young adulthood, remain stable for a period of time, and then ______ slightly in late adulthood

increase, decrease

decrease, decrease

increase, increase

Higher IQ scores are positively correlated with

substance abuse and addiction

psychological disorders

higher income

The sensorimotor period, object permanence, and theory of mind are all components of _______ theory of _______ development

Piaget/cognitive

Erikson/psychosocial

Vygotsky/cognitive

The internal working model of relationships is a concept used to explain the implications of

psychosocial theory

attachment theory

psychosexual development

Children with a/an ________ attachment style are independent, emotionally disconnected, and resist parents' efforts to soothe them

avoidant

secure

anxious-ambivalent

Toxic co-dependency is a feature of relationships between individuals who share an _______ attachment style

avoidant

anxious-ambivalent

secure

The mastery of conservation of matter and number, as well as reversibility, are signs of emergence into the _________ stage of cognitive development

concrete operational

pre-operational

sensorimotor

Autonomy v. Doubt is a crisis associated with __________'s psychosocial stages of development

Erik Erikson

Lief Erikson

Erik the Red

Lief Garret

_________'s theory is concerned with the development of moral cognitions

Erikson

Kohlberg

Freud

Freud suggested that personality development was driven by psychic energy called

basic anxiety

libido

striving for superiority

The release of bottled-up psychological energy is what Freud called

free-association

parapraxis

catharsis

Basic anxiety related to insecurity is the foundation of _______'s theory of personality

Adler

Horney

Freud

Karen Horney suggested that dominant and aggressive behaviors exhibited by men were a compensation for their feelings of inadequacy compared to women, which she termed

penis envy

womb envy

tomb envy

________ theories of personality emphasize the relationship between the self-concept, self-esteem, and positive regard

psychosocial

humanistic

trait

the MBTI is an example of an application of ___________ personality testing

projective

objective

interpretive

Reciprocal determinism is a component of

socio-cognitive theory

cognitive theory

trait theory

Nearly all personality tests are structured around this personality theory

psychosocial theory

trait theory

humanistic theory

Our impressions of people and places are…

social influences

social cognitions

social norms

Inferences about the causes of behavior are…

attributions

person perceptions

hindsight biases

The belief that “bad things happen to bad people” is

the hindsight bias

the just-world hypothesis

the fundamental attribution error

Blaming internal causes for the errors of others and external causes for our own errors is called

hindsight bias

just-world hypothesis

fundamental attribution error

Groups are able to overcome prejudice when

they fight it out until one side wins

they are given a task which requires cooperation

they are separated from each other

Milgram suggested that the appearance of authority increases…

conformity

obedience

altruism

Is there “safety in numbers?”

yes, because there are more helpers!

No, because then nobody is responsible

yes, but only if you’re a gazelle

Definitions of abnormal behavior are

based on objective data

based on cultural norms

based on un-changing norms

The DSM-V contains

objective definitions of mental illnesses

current clinical consensus of mental illness

strict, inflexible diagnostic rules

What is required for a clinical diagnosis?

Violation of social norms

Significant impairment in daily functions

inconvenience to family and friends

Autism first appeared as a separate diagnosis in the

DSM-III (1980)

DSM-III-TR (1987)

DSM-IV (1994)

Axis-II disorders include

eating disorders

medical problems

personality disorders

Marital problems, a history of abuse, or financial instability would be noted on

Axis I

Axis III

Axis IV

Neuroses are

severe breaks from reality

exaggerations of otherwise normal emotions

states of extreme emotional distress

Short-term dynamic therapies are

similar to psychoanalysis, but shorter

similar to psychoanalysis, but focused on the present

similar to REBT

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