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General Psychology Cumulative Final Exam
If a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing, it is said to have
power
validity
reliability
The chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrite are called
neurotransmitters
terminal buttons
vesicles
Behaviorism involves the study of
unconscious influences
observable actions and responses
the potential for human growth
The _____ automatically controls the organs of the body
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
What does correlation coefficient show?
The disrection and strength of a correlation
the value of a specific variable
the degree of natural correlation
The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called
Cognitive psychology
Gestalt psychology
Social Psychology
Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of
spinal neurons
agonists
neurotransmitters
Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis?
A falsifiable prediction
a theoretical idea
empirical evidence
The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is
dogmatism
parsimony
empiricism
An electrical signal which travels down the length of an axon to the synapse is called
an action potential
a resting potential
an ion
Social Psychology differs from most other psychological approaches in its emphasis on
laboratory experimentation
human interaction
the individual
What part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal?
The midbrain
the hindbrain
the forebrain
When two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?
Correlation strength is impossible to measure accurately
the possibility of a third-variable correlation
random assignment of control groups
The Experiments of Watson and Pavlov centered on
perception and behavior
reward and punishment
stimulus and response
In a questionnaire concerning attitudes about global warming administered to groups separated by age, gender, and state of residence, the dependent variable is
gender
attitudes about global warming
state of residence
Which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a distribution?
Range
mean
median
What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system?
Transduction
propagation
identification
The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action helped the development of
cognitive neuroscience
evolutionary psychology
cultural psychology
Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain?
Interneuron
motor neuron
sensory neuron
Learning is the process of producing ______ change in the knowledge or behavior of an organism
temporary
enduring
minimal
What is “relatively” enduring change?
Change that is irreversible
Change that is easily reversible
Change which lasts “reasonably” long enough
Functionalism suggests that
behaviors are influenced by biology
behaviors are influenced by the unconscious
behaviors serve an adaptive purpose
Responses which are adaptive (which maximize payoff while minimizing effort) are likely to
decrease
increase
decrease in frequency, but increase intensity
G. Stanley Hall applied functionalist/behavioral principles to the field of
social psychology
education
journalism
The “satisfying state of affairs” is a quote from
G. Stanley Hall
Edward Thorndike
Edward Elric
The process of reducing a classically conditioned response, such as through EX/RP therapy, is called
extinction
extirpation
exsanguination
________ explains genetic predispositions toward learning some conditioned responses faster than others; for example, taste aversion
aversive conditioning
biological preparedness
reliable signals
When treating phobias, which component of the classical conditioning model is presented as part of stimulus desensitization?
The US
The CS
The NS
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Turning off an electrical shock after a correct answer to a question
turning on an electric shock after an incorrect answer to a question
giving a well-behaved child a candy bar
The strongest learning effects are produced by ______ schedules of reinforcement
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
Bandura described ______ as a process of learning which takes place through modeling and vicarious reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant learning
observational learning
The information processing model of memory involves the following three processes:
encoding, consolidation, rehearsal
elaboration, storage, retrieval
encoding, storage, retrieval
________ is temporary storage of information similar to a computer's RAM
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
________ memory is also known as photographic memory
echoic
eidetic
implicit
Semantic memory is a form of ______ memory
explicit
implicit
muscle
According to Elizabeth Loftus, which word would cause subjects to remember a car travelling at a higher rate of speed?
“Hit”
“Bumped”
“Smashed”
Amnesias with a psychological (psychogenic) cause are referred to as
dementias
fugues
synesthesias
“Implicit” memories are:
conscious and verbal
processed in the prefrontal cortex
non-verbal and demonstrative
Another term for explicit memory is
implicit memory
declarative memory
muscle memory
What role does the pre-frontal cortex play in memory?
Consolidating memories
acting as an indexing system
regulating attention and short-term memory
The internalization and integration of extrinsic motivators is a component of _______ theory
Behavioral
Humanistic
Arousal
Which motivators are the strongest?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Neither
The desire to achieve autonomy, competence, and relatedness motivates behavior in _________ theory
behavioral
self-determination
psychoanalytic
Psychogical motivation often involves __________ as an anxiety-motivated response.
The internalization of incentives
tension-reduction and coping
deep breathing and yoga
A tension-reducing response would be considered
positively reinforcing
negatively reinforcing
variably reinforcing
_________ are the smallest units of language that convey meaning
syntaxes
morphemes
phonemes
Rules which govern the interpretation of meaning in context are called
grammar
semantics
phonological rules
An example of a phonological rule is
“ph” is pronounced like “f”
I before E except after C
Winking implies that one makes a joking statement.
The order and arrangement of words in a sentence is an example of
semantics
phonics
syntax
Which statement contains GRAMMATICAL errors?
The cat in his litterbox to relieve himself went.
Teh kat in his literbocks to releave himslf wnt.
The cats in him litterbox to relieved themselves.
Nativist theories of language development focus on ________ factors, such as the language acquisition device
biological
semantic
social
The ________ theory of language development suggests that it is a combination of biological maturation and social support which produces language learning
behaviorist
nativist
interactionist
Sarcasm is an example of
semantics
syntax
phonics
“Fast Mapping” is a component of
phonological distinction
passive mastery
active mastery
Which metaphor best fits “passive mastery”?
Squirrels seeking out nuts
Sponges soaking up a spill
Sharks hunting for seals
In cognitive theories, the basic building blocks of conscious experience are
images and words
schemas and templates
chutes and ladders
The FILTERS through which we understand our experiences are called
images
schemas
patterns
_______ are cognitive rules-of-thumb or shortcuts which we use to make snap judgements or shorten the time required to solve a problem
algorithms
heuristics
biases
The sunk-cost fallacy is an example of the application of _______: a tendency to take risks to avoid loss, but not to maximize gains
rational choice theory
framing effects
prospect theory
Creativity is associated with
convergent thinking
divergent thinking
deductive reasoning
The Binet-Simon was the first standardized intelligence test, designed to measure
natural intelligence
achievement
acquired intelligence
Which metaphor best fits the idea of intelligence?
A computer's hard drive
A computer's processor
A computer's RAM
Aptitude is:
the ability to learn and adapt
a measure of previous learning
a measure of previous experience
Which of the following theories of intelligence is NOT based on “g”?
Spearman's
Wechsler's
Sternberg's
Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligence are components of
Sternberg's theory of intelligence
Gardner's theory of intelligence
Spearman's theory of intelligence
Interpersonal, Naturalistic, and Kinesthetic intelligence are components of
Sternberg's theory of intelligence
Gardner's theory of intelligence
Spearman's theory of intelligence
Which of the following pairs would probably have the highest correlation between IQ scores?
Identical twins raised apart
siblings raised together
a parent and their child
Heritability studies show that the relationship between genetics and IQ scores is WEAKEST among
the wealthy
the poor
sociologically dominant groups
In general, IQ scores _____ until young adulthood, remain stable for a period of time, and then ______ slightly in late adulthood
increase, decrease
decrease, decrease
increase, increase
Higher IQ scores are positively correlated with
substance abuse and addiction
psychological disorders
higher income
The sensorimotor period, object permanence, and theory of mind are all components of _______ theory of _______ development
Piaget/cognitive
Erikson/psychosocial
Vygotsky/cognitive
The internal working model of relationships is a concept used to explain the implications of
psychosocial theory
attachment theory
psychosexual development
Children with a/an ________ attachment style are independent, emotionally disconnected, and resist parents' efforts to soothe them
avoidant
secure
anxious-ambivalent
Toxic co-dependency is a feature of relationships between individuals who share an _______ attachment style
avoidant
anxious-ambivalent
secure
The mastery of conservation of matter and number, as well as reversibility, are signs of emergence into the _________ stage of cognitive development
concrete operational
pre-operational
sensorimotor
Autonomy v. Doubt is a crisis associated with __________'s psychosocial stages of development
Erik Erikson
Lief Erikson
Erik the Red
Lief Garret
_________'s theory is concerned with the development of moral cognitions
Erikson
Kohlberg
Freud
Freud suggested that personality development was driven by psychic energy called
basic anxiety
libido
striving for superiority
The release of bottled-up psychological energy is what Freud called
free-association
parapraxis
catharsis
Basic anxiety related to insecurity is the foundation of _______'s theory of personality
Adler
Horney
Freud
Karen Horney suggested that dominant and aggressive behaviors exhibited by men were a compensation for their feelings of inadequacy compared to women, which she termed
penis envy
womb envy
tomb envy
________ theories of personality emphasize the relationship between the self-concept, self-esteem, and positive regard
psychosocial
humanistic
trait
the MBTI is an example of an application of ___________ personality testing
projective
objective
interpretive
Reciprocal determinism is a component of
socio-cognitive theory
cognitive theory
trait theory
Nearly all personality tests are structured around this personality theory
psychosocial theory
trait theory
humanistic theory
Our impressions of people and places are…
social influences
social cognitions
social norms
Inferences about the causes of behavior are…
attributions
person perceptions
hindsight biases
The belief that “bad things happen to bad people” is
the hindsight bias
the just-world hypothesis
the fundamental attribution error
Blaming internal causes for the errors of others and external causes for our own errors is called
hindsight bias
just-world hypothesis
fundamental attribution error
Groups are able to overcome prejudice when
they fight it out until one side wins
they are given a task which requires cooperation
they are separated from each other
Milgram suggested that the appearance of authority increases…
conformity
obedience
altruism
Is there “safety in numbers?”
yes, because there are more helpers!
No, because then nobody is responsible
yes, but only if you’re a gazelle
Definitions of abnormal behavior are
based on objective data
based on cultural norms
based on un-changing norms
The DSM-V contains
objective definitions of mental illnesses
current clinical consensus of mental illness
strict, inflexible diagnostic rules
What is required for a clinical diagnosis?
Violation of social norms
Significant impairment in daily functions
inconvenience to family and friends
Autism first appeared as a separate diagnosis in the
DSM-III (1980)
DSM-III-TR (1987)
DSM-IV (1994)
Axis-II disorders include
eating disorders
medical problems
personality disorders
Marital problems, a history of abuse, or financial instability would be noted on
Axis I
Axis III
Axis IV
Neuroses are
severe breaks from reality
exaggerations of otherwise normal emotions
states of extreme emotional distress
Short-term dynamic therapies are
similar to psychoanalysis, but shorter
similar to psychoanalysis, but focused on the present
similar to REBT
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