Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions near Big Lake ...

Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions near Big Lake, Alaska

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 95-403

Prepared In cooperation with the FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions near Big Lake, Alaska

By Eppie V. Hogan U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 95-403

Prepared in cooperation with the FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Anchorage, Alaska 1995

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information write to:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 4230 University Drive, Suite 201 Anchorage, AK 99508-4664

Copies of this report may be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section

Box25286, MS 517

Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0425

CONTENTS

Abstract ................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................... 2 Background ............................................................... 2

Location.............................................................. 2 Facility history ........................................................ 2 Climate .............................................................. 4 Vegetation............................................................ 4 Geology ................................................................. 5 Bedrock geology ....................................................... 5 Surficial geology....................................................... 5 Hydrology ................................................................ 6 Surface water ......................................................... 6 Ground water.......................................................... 7 Drinking water............................................................. 8 Summary ................................................................. 9 References cited............................................................ 10

Appendix 1: Data from wells near Big Lake, Alaska ............................... A-l Appendix 2: Water-quality data near Big Lake, Alaska ............................. A-2

FIGURES

1. Map showing location of Big Lake, Alaska, and' the Federal Aviation Administration facility .............................................. 3

TABLES

1. Mean monthly and annual temperature, precipitation, and snowfall, for the period 1957-61, Big Lake, Alaska................................ 4

2. Summary of limnologic characteristics of Big Lake during 1983-84 .................................................... 7

3. Selected water-quality data for wells near Big Lake, Alaska................. 9

Contents III

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATIONS

Multiply

centimeter per second (cm/s) millimeter (mm) meter (m) square meter (m2) kilometer (km) square kilometer (km2) liter per second-i(L/s) cubic meter (m ) cubic meter per second per square kilometer

[(m3/s)/km2]

By

0.3937 0.03937 3.281 10.76 0.6214 0.3861 15.85 264.2 91.4

To obtain

foot per second inch foot square foot mile square mile gallon per minute gallon cubic foot per second per square

mile

In this report, temperature is reported in degrees Celsius (?C), which can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (?F) by the following equation:

?F=1.8(?C) + 32

ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Chemical concentration and water temperature are given only in metric units. Chemical concentration in water is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (M-g/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the solute mass per unit volume (liter) of water. Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter (^iS/cm) at 25 ?C.

VERTICAL DATUM

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

IV Contents

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