Chapter 14



Chapter 14

Introduction

Learning from the ________________ that produce pain or discomfort, or the loss of reinforcers, has survival value for the individual and for the species.

________________ teaches us not to repeat responses that cause us harm

Introduction

Punishment is:

Poorly ________________

Frequently ________________

Controversial

Introduction

As a principle of behavior, punishment is not about ________________ the person.

Punishment is a:

________________ -________________ contingency that suppresses the future frequency of similar responses.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Operations & Defining Effect of Punishment

Punishment has occurred when a response is ________________ immediately by a stimulus change that ________________ the future frequency of similar responses

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Operations & Defining Effect of Punishment

Punishment is defined neither by the actions of the person delivering the consequences, nor by the nature of those ________________.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Operations & Defining Effect of Punishment

A ________________ in the future frequency of the occurrence of the behavior must be observed before a consequence-based intervention qualifies as punishment.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment

Positive Punishment

Presentation of a stimulus (or an increase in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior that results in a ________________ in the frequency of the behavior.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment

Negative Punishment

The termination of an already present stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior that results in a ________________ in the future frequency of the behavior.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment

For a stimulus change to function as ________________ punishment, which amounts to the removal of a positive reinforcer, a “motivating operation for the reinforcer must be in effect, otherwise removing it will not constitute punishment.”

(Michael, 2004, p.36)

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment

Positive & negative punishment are sometimes identified as:

Type ____ Punishment

Type ____ Punishment

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment

Because aversive events are associated with positive punishment and with negative reinforcement, the umbrella term ________________ control is often used to describe intervention involving either or both of these two principles.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Discriminative Effects of Punishment

The three-term contingency for punishment

(1) In a particular stimulus situation (S), (2) some kinds of behavior (R), when followed immediately by (3) certain stimulus changes (SP), show a ________________future frequency of occurrence in the same or in similar situations.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Discriminative Effects of Punishment

If ________________occurs only in some stimulus conditions and not in others, the suppressive effects of punishment will be most prevalent under those conditions.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Discriminative Effects of Punishment

The symbol adopted by Cooper, Heron, and Heward for the discriminative stimulus for punishment is ________________.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Discriminative Effects of Punishment

SDp

A stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent ________________ delivery in the presence of the stimulus.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Recovery from Punishment

When punishment is ________________, its suppressive effects on responding are usually not permanent.

Sometimes the rate of responding after punishment is discontinued will not only recover but also briefly ________________ the level at which it was occurring prior to punishment.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Recovery from Punishment

Permanent response suppression may occur when complete suppression of behavior to a zero rate of responding has been achieved with ________________ punishment.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

A punisher is a stimulus change that immediately ________________ the occurrence of a behavior and ________________ the future frequency of that type of behavior.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

An unconditioned punisher is a stimulus whose ________________ functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers.

Product of the evolutionary history of a species (phylogeny); all biologically intact members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the same unconditioned punishers.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

Unlike unconditioned reinforcers, under most conditions many unconditioned punishers will ________________ any behavior that precedes their onset.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

A conditioned punisher is a stimulus change that functions as ________________as a result of a person’s conditioning history.

Acquires the capability to function as a punisher through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned punishers.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

If the conditioned punisher is repeatedly presented without the punisher(s) with which it was initially paired, its effectiveness as punishment will ________________ until it is no longer a punisher.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

Verbal analog conditioning

Previously ________________stimuli can also become conditioned punishers for humans without direct physical pairing with another punisher.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

A stimulus change that has been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers becomes a ________________ conditioned punisher.

________________ conditioned punishers are free from the control of specific motivating conditions and will function as punishment under most conditions.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

- IMPORTANT point -

Punishers, like reinforcers, are not defined by their physical properties, but by their ________________.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

________________ of punishment

Intensity of punishment

Schedule or frequency of punishment

________________ of reinforcement for the target behavior

Availability of reinforcement for an ________________ behavior.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

Immediacy

Maximum suppressive effects are obtained when the onset of the punisher occurs as ________________ as possible after the occurrence of a target ________________.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

Intensity

The more ________________ the punishing stimulus is the greater it will reduce future responding.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

Schedule

The greater the proportion of ________________ that are followed by the punisher, the greater the response reduction.

Continuous Punishment = response suppression, but allows for rapid ________________when the punishment contingency is removed.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

Reinforcement for the Target Behavior

The effectiveness of ________________ is modulated by the reinforcement contingencies maintaining the problem behavior.

To the extent that ________________ maintaining the problem behavior can be reduced or eliminated, punishment will be more apparent.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment

Reinforcement for Alternative Behaviors

Milleson (1967) stated:

If punishment is employed in an attempt to eliminate certain behavior, then whatever reinforcement the undesirable behavior had led to must be made available via a more ________________ behavior.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Elicitation of undesirable ________________ response and aggression

Escape and ________________

Increased rate of the ________________ behavior under nonpunishment

Modeling undesirable behavior

Not teaching the learner what to do

Overusing punishment because of the ________________ reinforcement it provides the punishing agent.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Elicitation of undesirable ________________ response and aggression.

Punishment, especially ________________ punishment in the form of aversive

stimulation, may evoke aggressive behavior with respondent and operant components.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Elicitation of undesirable ________________ response and aggression.

________________ behavior following punishment that occurs because it has enabled the person to escape the aversive stimulation in the past is referred to as ________________ aggression.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Escape and Avoidance

Natural reactions to ________________ stimulation

As the intensity of the punisher ________________, so does the likelihood of escape and ________________.

Can be minimized by providing alternative responses that come into contact with reinforcement and avoid the ________________.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Behavioral Contrast

Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or ________________ the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Punishment may involve undesirable modeling

Punishment tactics may model ________________ behaviors.

Two decades of research have found strong correlation between young children’s exposure to harsh and excessive ________________ and antisocial behavior and conduct disorders as adolescents and adults.

(Patterson, 1982; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992; Sprague & Walker, 2000).

Definitions & Nature of Punishment

Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment

Negative Reinforcement of the Punishing Agent’s Behavior

Punishment reinforces the ________________.

Punishment tends to terminate the punished behavior quickly. The punisher’s behavior tends to be ________________ reinforced by the immediate cessation of the punished behavior.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Reprimands

The delivery of verbal reprimands following the occurrence of misbehavior is an example of attempted ________________ punishment.

Reprimands given repeatedly may lead to the subject _____________ to the stimulus.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Response Blocking

Physically intervening as soon as the person begins to emit the problem behavior to prevent or “________________” the completion of the response has been shown to be effective in ________________the frequency of some problem behaviors.

Suppressive effects of ________________blocking may be due to punishment or to extinction.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Response Blocking

________________blocking as a treatment intervention must be approached with great care.

Side effects such as ________________and resistance to the response blocking procedure have occurred in some studies.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Contingent Exercise

An intervention in which a person is required to ________________a response that is not topographically related to the ________________behavior.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Overcorrection

A behavior change tactic based on ________________ punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem.

Two Forms: ________________and Positive Practice

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Overcorrection

Restitutional Overcorrection

Contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair or return the ________________ to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Overcorrection

Positive Practice Overcorrection

Contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior the learner is required to ________________ a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior ________________with the problem, a specified number of times.

Examples of Positive Punishment Interventions

Contingent Electric Stimulation

Forty-six studies have demonstrated that contingent electric ________________can be a safe and highly effective method for ________________chronic and life-threatening self-injurious behavior (SIB).

Self-Injurious Behavior ________________System (SIBIS)

One of the most rigorously researched and carefully applied procedures for implementing punishment by electric stimulation for self-inflicted blows to the head or face.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Select Effective and Appropriate Punishers

Punishment as part of a behavior change program has ________________to do with retribution.

1. Punishment is not about ________________.

2. When punishers are threatened and not delivered, the child learns that your verbal threats are not associated with the actual punishing behavior.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Select Effective and Appropriate Punishers

Conduct Punisher Assessments

Parallels process to a reinforcer assessment (Ch. 11).

Advantages:

1. The sooner an effective punisher can be identified, the sooner it can be applied to treat the ________________behavior.

2. Data from ________________assessments might reveal the magnitude or intensity of punisher necessary for behavioral suppression. Allows practitioners to determine the smallest intensity of punisher that is still effective.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Select Effective and Appropriate Punishers

Consider Using Varied Punishers

Varying the form of the ________________stimulus enhanced the punishing effect.

It appears that by presenting a varied format of commonly used punishers, inappropriate behaviors may further ________________without the use of more intrusive punishment procedures.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Use the Least Intensity of Punishment That Is Effective

Ethical guidelines and the doctrine of the least ________________ alternative demand that the most effective, but least intrusive, form of punishment be used initially.

Questions to answer when deciding on a form of punishment:

Will this form of punishment ________________the behavior?

Will this form of punishment be ________________from application to application?

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Use the Least Intensity of Punishment That Is Effective

Punishment is ________________ effective when the stimulus is delivered at its optimum level initially than when its intensity is gradually increased over time.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Experience the Punishment Personally

Practitioners should ________________ any punisher personally before the treatment begins.

Doing so reminds the practitioner that the technique produces physical discomfort.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Deliver the Punisher Immediately

Every instance of the inappropriate behavior should be ________________.

Punishment affects most the behavior that ________________precedes the onset of punishment.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Deliver the Punisher at the Beginning of the Response Chain

As much as practical, punishment should occur ________________in the behavioral sequence rather than later.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Deliver the Punisher Unemotionally

Punishment should be delivered in a business-like, matter-of-fact manner.

________________ statements such as, “I told you so.” “Now, you’ve gone and done it.” and “What do you have to say for yourself?”

All you want to do is ________________ behavior, not make people atone for their sins.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Punish Each Instance of the Behavior

Punishment is most ________________when the punisher follows each instance of the behavior.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Provide Response Prompts and Reinforcement for Alternative Behavior

________________is most effective when the learner can make other responses for reinforcement.

The more ________________the learners obtain by emitting appropriate behavior, the less motivated they will be to emit the problem behavior.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Watch for Side Effects of Punishment

The ________________of one inappropriate behavior may lead to the increased expression of another or the complete suppression of all other behaviors.

Decreasing episodes of self-injurious behavior may produce ________________levels of verbal noncompliance.

Expand observations to include collateral or parallel behaviors.

Guidelines for Using Punishment Effectively

Record, Graph and Evaluate Data Daily

Data collection in the ________________session or two of a punishment based intervention is especially ________________.

Graphing the frequency of the target behavior before, during, and after the presentation of the punisher establishes the ________________of punishment.

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Punishment

Right to Safe and Humane Treatment

The first ethical canon and responsibility for any human services program is to do no ________________.

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Punishment

Least Restrictive Alternative

The less intrusive procedures should be tried and found to be ineffective ________________more intrusive procedures are implemented.

Interventions can be viewed as falling along a continuum of restrictiveness from ________________to most.

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Punishment

Least Restrictive Alternative

A procedure’s overall level of restrictiveness is a combined function of its absolute level of restrictiveness, the amount of time required to produce a clinically acceptable outcome, and the ________________ associated with delayed intervention.

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Punishment

Right to Effective Treatment

Failing to use a punishment procedure that research has shown to ________________self-destructive behavior similar to the client’s is unethical because it withholds a potentially effective treatment and may maintain a dangerous or uncomfortable state for the person.

Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Punishment

Developing and Using a Punishment Policy Can Provide Procedural Safeguards

Follow a written policy statement.

Consult local, state, or professional association policy statement regarding the use of ________________.

Concluding Perspectives

Recognizing Punishment's Natural and Necessary Role in Learning

Behavior analysts should ________________shy away from punishment.

Positive and negative punishment contingencies occur naturally as a part of everyday life.

Concluding Perspectives

Punishment Is a Natural Part of Life

________________happens!

Whether punishment is socially mediated, planned or unplanned, or conducted by sophisticated practitioners, Vollmer believed that a science of behavior should study ________________.

Concluding Perspectives

More Research on Punishment Is Needed

Many recommendations for punishment are derived from basic research conducted more than ________________ years ago.

Concluding Perspectives

Interventions Featuring Positive Punishment Should Be Treated as Default Technologies

Iwata (1988) recommended that punishment-based intervention involving the contingent application of aversive stimulation, such as SIBIS, be treated as ________________ technologies.

A ________________ technology is one that a practitioner turns to when other methods have ________________.

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