6thkeycon



SOCIAL STUDIES 6TH GRADE HISTORY

H-1A-Ml applying key concepts, such as chronology and conflict, to explain and analyze patterns of historical change and continuity

H-1A-M2 explaining and analyzing events, ideas, and issues within a historical context

H-1A-M3 interpreting and evaluating the historical evidence presented in primary and secondary sources

H-1A-M4 utilizing knowledge of facts and concepts drawn from history and methods of historical inquiry to analyze historical and contemporary issues

H-1A-M6 analyzing cause-effect relationships

chronology, time line- a line or graph that depicts dates and the sequence of events.

historical context- the circumstances when an event occurs relating to the past.

primary/secondary source material- Primary source material is information attained from the person who was present at the event (first person). Secondary source material is information attained by hearsay; it is conveyed from a witness or person present at the event to a second person.

method of inquiry- a research method used to conduct a close examination of a matter in search of the truth.

historical analysis- to separate the whole into parts for individual study to relate to a past event.

historical change and continuity- a continuous uninterrupted flow of change relating to a past event.

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Old Stone Age- the Paleolithic period, or Old Stone Age, is the time before 8,000 B.C. In the Paleolithic period all people were hunters and gatherers.

New Stone Age- the Neolithic period, or New Stone Age is the time from 8,000 B.C. to as late as the present day. During the Neolithic period, people began to domesticate plants and animals. This led to the development of agriculture.

Archaeology- the study of the remains of past cultures.

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Cultivate- to prepare and use land for raising crops; cultivation marked the beginning of the New Stone Age.

Domesticate- to tame animals in order to make them useful to people.

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Nile River- a river in northeastern Africa, it flows from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea at the northeastern coast of Egypt. The Nile is the largest river in Africa and the world's longest river. The Egyptian civilization developed in this area.

Indus- a river in southern Asia; flows from Tibet through northern India and Pakistan into the Arabian Sea. The Harappa civilization developed in this area.

Euphrates River- a river that begins in Turkey, flows through Syria and Iraq, and empties into the Persian Gulf.

Tigris River- a river that starts in eastern Turkey and flows southeast through Iraq to the Euphrates River. The Sumerian civilization developed in this area.

Huang River- Huang He, a river in north China that flows east from the Plateau of Tibet.

The Han civilization developed in this area.

Egyptian Pyramids- huge stone structures built by the ancient Egyptians as royal tombs, having a square base and four triangular sides.

Hieroglyphics- an Egyptian writing system in which pictures or symbols stand for sounds, whole words or ideas.

Code of Hammurabi- the world's first system of laws, recorded by Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, about 1780 B.C.

Ziggurat- a huge mud-brick temple built by the ancient Sumerians to worship their gods and goddesses.

Chinese Dynasties- a line of rulers who belong to the same family and pass control from one generation to the next.

Civilization- a society that has achieved a high level of culture including the development of government, religion, and the growth of large cities

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Triangular Trade- a system in which traders exchanged goods for slaves, sold the slaves for products from plantations, and then sold the products in Europe.

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Alexander the Great- was only 20 years old when he became King of Macedonia. In 334 B.C. Alexander led more than 35,000 soldiers from Greece to Asia Minor.

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Specialize- to be trained to do a particular kind of work.

Cuneiform- a system of writing developed in ancient Sumeria that used wedge-shaped symbols.

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City-State- a city and its surrounding farmlands, with its own leaders and government.

Aqueduct- a system of bridges and canals first used by the Romans to transport water from place to place.

Social Structure- groups with different levels of importance.

Republic- a form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make all government decisions.

Pax Romana- Augustus turned out to be a strong leader the Romans needed. Under Augustus, a Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, spread across the empire. This time of peace and unity for the Romans lasted for more than 200 years from 27 B.C. to A.D. 80; long after Augustus's death.

Julius Caesar- Roman general and state-person. He was dictator of Rome until he was murdered by a group of nobles.

Constantine- Roman general and emperor. The Edict of Milan, which was issued in 313 A.D. (during his reign), made Christianity an accepted religion within the Roman Empire.

Justinian 1- Byzantine emperor. His set of laws, known as the Justinian Code, is the basis of law in Europe today.

Byzantine- formerly the ancient city of Byzantium, rebuilt, renamed, and made the capital of the Byzantine Empire by Constantine I in A.D. 330, now known as Istanbul, Turkey.

Persian Gulf- a gulf in southwestern Asia, connected to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.

Twelve Tables- a group of laws, written down in 451 B.C. and carved on twelve bronze tablets, that became the foundation of Roman Law.

Acropolis- a hilltop fortress in ancient Athens, which included the Parthenon and other famous buildings, where citizens met to discuss affairs of the community.

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Polytheism- belief in many gods.

Monotheism- belief in one God.

Christianity- the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Hinduism- a religion native to India featuring a belief in many gods and reincarnation.

Judaism- the religion of the Jewish people, founded by the ancient Hebrews.

Buddhism- an Asian religion based on the teachings of Buddha.

Islam- the religion of Muslims, based on the belief of one God or Allah.

Taoism- the religion of Japan.

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Ghana- a country on the western coast of Africa, called the Gold Coast by Portuguese and Dutch colonizers.

Mali- a former west African empire and a present day country.

Songhai- an ancient African culture.

Mayan- of or related to the Mayas, their culture, their languages, or the language groups to which it belongs.

Aztec- a member of a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.

Inca- a member of the group of Qeuchuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Equador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest (1533).

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Charlemagne- 742-814, King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans. He strengthened Christianity, resulting in the start of the Holy Roman Empire.

Marco Polo- Venetian traveler who was among the first European traders to visit China and record his experiences.

Guild System- medieval associations of craftsmen and merchants such as weavers and shoemakers who practiced the same craft. Guilds arose in the towns of western Europe to set standards and promote the interests of the craft.

Feudalism- an economic and political system of Europe in the Middle Ages based on certain obligations.

Crusades- a series of "holy wars" in the Middle Ages in which European Christians attempted to recapture the Holy Land (Palestine) from Muslims.

Magna Carta- a document drawn up by English nobles in 1215 that spelled out certain rights and limited the king's power.

Renaissance- a period of cultural and artistic flowering in Europe that began in Italy around 1350.

Multi-cultural- relating to many cultures.

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Prince Henry the Navigator- the founder of a school of navigation, he made Portugal a world sea power.

Christopher Columbus- he was an Italian explorer. He made four trips across the Atlantic financed by the Spanish monarchs, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Columbus was searching for a shorter route to China and India. His first voyage lasted seventy days. On October 12, 1492, he discovered the land later called America. He landed on what today is the Bahamas.

Lief Ericson- a Norwegian Viking, son of Erik the Red. He discovered Vineland AD 1,000 in present day Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada.

Francisco Pizarro- Spanish conqueror of Peru.

Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese navigator who sailed through what is now known as the Strait of Magellan. One of his ships completed a circumnavigation of the globe.

Hernando Cortes- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

SOCAL STUDIES 6TH GRADE ECONOMICS

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Trade off- means you choose to give up one thing in order to have something else. Example: You have $5.00 to spend. You can buy a hat or go to the movies. You choose to go to the movies.

Opportunity Costs- means the value of a second choice that you gave up when you decided on your first choice. Example: Your opportunity cost is not having the new $5.00 hat. Every time you make a choice you pay an opportunity cost.

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Specialization of labor- occurs when individual workers concentrate their labor or single tasks, enabling each worker to become more productive. An early example is the assembly line used by automobile manufacturers.

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Forms of Exchange:

Currency- money in general.

Barter- to trade by exchanging goods and services without using money.

Mortgage - to give a claim on property as security for a loan.

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Supply- is the term given to the number of units that a firm is willing to sell.

Demand- is a willingness to buy a product at a particular price.

Surplus- the amount of a product that a firm offers for sale that is greater than the amount customers are willing to buy.

Shortage- the amount of a product that a firm offers for sale that is less than the amount customers are willing to buy.

E-1A-M3

Trade-off - means you choose to give up one thing in order to have something else. Example: You have $5.00 to spend. You can buy a hat or go to the movies. You choose to go to the movies.

Opportunity Costs- means the value of a second choice that you gave up when you decided on your first choice. Example: Your opportunity cost is not having the new $5.00 hat. Every time you make a choice you pay an opportunity cost.

E-1A-M4

Specia1ization of labor - occurs when individual workers concentrate their labor or single tasks, enabling each worker to become more productive. An early example is the assembly line used by automobile manufacturers. .

E-1A-M8

Forms of Exchange:

Currency - money in general.

Barter- to trade by exchanging goods and services without using money.

Mortgage- to give a claim on property as security for a loan.

E-1B-Ml

Supply- is the term given to the number of units that a firm is willing to sell.

Demand- is a willingness to buy a product at a particular price.

Surplus- the amount of a product that a firm offers for sale that is greater than the amount customers are willing to buy.

Shortage- the amount of product that a firm offers for sale that is less than the amount customers are willing to buy.

SOCIAL STUDIES 6TH GRADE GEOGRAPHY

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map key (legend)- a part of a map that explains the symbols and/or colors on the map; sometimes it includes the title of the map.

map symbols - lines and/or pictures that represent various information on a map.

distance scale - a segmented line on a map that helps convert the distances between locations on the map to the actual miles or kilometers between those locations on the earth.

compass rose - direction indicator on a map that usually includes the cardinal directions as well as intermediate directions.

cardinal directions - the compass directions north, south, east, and west.

intermediate directions - the compass directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest; may also include north, northwest; north, northeast; south, southeast; south, southwest.

equator - the imaginary line that circles the earth in an east-west direction, halfway between the North and South Poles, and measured as 0° latitude.

latitude /longitude - Latitude lines are imaginary lines that circle the earth in an east-west direction, tell north-south locations from the equator to the North or South Poles, and are parallel to each other. Latitude lines are measured from 0° to 90° north of the equator and from 0° to 90° south of the equator. Longitude lines are imaginary lines that do NOT circle the earth and are NOT parallel. These lines are drawn between the North and South Poles, intersecting at these points, telling east-west locations from Prime Meridian (0° longitude). Longitude lines are measured from 0° to 179° east or west of Prime Meridian. There is only one 180° longitude; the International Date Line somewhat follows this line of longitude.

Prime Meridian - the imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England, and measured as 0° longitude.

North and South Pole - The North Pole is the northern point of the earth's axis; it is measured as 90° N latitude and is the farthest distance north of the equator on the earth. The South Pole is the southern point of the earth's axis; it is measured as 90° S latitude and is the farthest distance south of the equator on the earth.

Tropic of Capricorn - an imaginary line measured 23° S latitude; it is the southern-most boundary of the tropics and the place on earth where the most direct rays of the sun strike during the winter solstice.

Tropic of Cancer - an imaginary line measured at 23° N latitude; it is the northern-most boundary of the tropics and the place on earth where the most direct rays of the sun strike during the summer solstice.

hemisphere - means half a sphere. Dividing the earth at the equator creates the Northern Hemisphere, all of the earth north of the equator, and the Southern Hemisphere, all of the earth south of the equator. Dividing the earth at Prime Meridian and 180° creates the Western Hemisphere, all of the earth west of Prime Meridian to 180° and the Eastern Hemisphere, all of the earth east of Prime Meridian to 180°.

time zones - created by a committee in 1884, 24 zones of time drawn approximately every 15° of longitude, that begin (and end) at 180°; locations west of 180° are the day ahead of locations east of 180°.

International Date Line - an imaginary line that roughly follows 180° longitude in the Pacific Ocean; west of this line the calendar date is one day ahead of the calendar date east of the line.

types of maps- Most maps are classified as physical maps, political maps or general- purpose maps. Physical maps are maps that use lines, colors and/or symbols to show natural features (land forms and bodies of water) of the earth's surface. Political maps show man-made features, national boundaries, state boundaries, cities, etc. of the earth's surface. General-purpose maps use lines, colors and/or symbols to show specific information, such as roads, economic activity, demographics, location of minerals, etc.

types of graphs - Graphs, such as circle or pie graphs, line graphs, bar graphs, and pictographs, are useful ways to present information visually and condense large amounts of data. Graphs show trends and the relationships between tow or more sets of data.

graphic organizers - Graphic organizers are mental maps that illustrate how information is organized. They help visualize information as a set of relationships rather than isolated facts. They can be used to interpret, evaluate and draw conclusions about information, and to prepare essays, reports and presentations. Some examples are Venn Diagrams, tables, webbing, fishbone mapping, storyboards, etc.

amount/type of precipitation- Precipitation is all forms of water (snow, rain, sleet or hail) that falls from the atmosphere onto the earth's surface. Timing and volume of precipitation are aspects of climate. Geographers divide precipitation into 3 types: convectional, orographic, and frontal.

borders- the limit or extent within which a system exists or functions, including a social group, a state, or physical feature. These are also called boundaries.

strategic location - a place whose importance relies on its relative location to other places.

topography of bodies of water, major land forms (e.g. mountains. barrier islands)- the shape of the earth's surface to include its land forms and bodies of water.

natural resources (e.g. coal, oil, gold, silver, forests) - materials that humans take from the natural environment to survive and satisfy their needs and wants.

altitude climate/climate zones - Altitude is the height of a place above sea level. Climate is the kind of weather a place has over a period of years. There are 6 climatic zones: tropical, dry, moderate, continental, polar and highland.

soil vegetation - Soil that is capable of being farmed or cultivated is said to be arable. Non-arable soil lacks the nutrients to support crops. Naturally, plants grow almost everywhere on earth, but they do not grow alone. Groups of plants tend to be interdependent, and regions are classified by their natural vegetation. There are 4 general types of vegetation regions: forests, grasslands, deserts and tundra.

coastlines - refer to land along an ocean. Countries without coastlines are landlocked.

time zones - a division of the earth, usually of 15° longitude, within which the time at the central meridian of the division represents the whole division.

human characteristics of places (social/cultural/economic processes): migration/immigration - Migration is the movement of people within a country to live elsewhere in that country. Immigration is the movement of people from a country to live in another country.

land use (e.g. agricultural, industrial) - Land use is the range of uses of the earth's surface by humans. Uses are classified as urban, rural, agricultural, forested, etc., with more specific sub classifications such as low-density residential, light industrial, nursery crops.

economic development - the economic development of a region is measured by the way its people earn a living, its level of technological development, its level of urbanization and other demographic factors.

demography (e.g.. population centers. population density) - Demography is the study ,of population statistics, changes, and trends based on various measures of population growth, decline and migration. Population centers measure the percentage of a region's population that lives urban or rural. Population density is the number of individuals occupying an area derived from dividing the number of people by the area they occupy.

settlement patterns - the spatial distribution and arrangement of human habitations, including rural and urban centers.

cultural diversity - religions - Cultural diversity is a makeup of many different culturebelief systems, languages, social relationships, institutions, organizations and material goods, to include religious beliefs.

economic activities - are categories of the ways people earn a living. Primary economic activities are those directly in contact with natural resources; for example, forestry, agriculture, fishing, mining, drilling. Secondary economic activities are those activities involved in mass production and manufacturing; for example, a bakery, a bottling plant, a refinery or any other type of factory. Tertiary economic activities are those jobs that are service industries; for example, doctors, teachers, repair people, nurses, secretaries, and bus drivers. The use of computers and electronic communications is changing some service industries, which they consider a subdivision of tertiary industries.

Historic events:

cultural diffusion - the process of spreading cultural traits from one person or society to another.

imperialism - establishing political or economic control over other countries.

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Precipitation Patterns

Population Patterns

Settlement Patterns

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Island Conditions

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Natural Barriers -boundaries formed by nature.

Remote v. Accessible - these are any areas that are secluded from other areas v. areas that are easily approached or entered.

Locations - an area marked off for a specific purpose.

Mountain Ranges - a series of many mountains.

Rivers -a natural stream of water larger than a creek emptying into an ocean, lake, etc.

Oceans - any of the five principal divisions: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, or Antarctic.

Apennines Mountains in the Punic Wars - mountains in central Italy that was a natural barrier during the Punic Wars.

Nile and Tigris-Euphrates Rivers as "cradles of civilization”

Winter in Russia

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Migration of the Sahara

Coastal Storm (ice or wind)

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Settlement Patterns of Religious Groups

The Search for God, Glory, and Gold

Preservation of Rain Forest v. Preservation of Natural Habitats

Day-to Day Survival v. Aesthetic Natural Conservation

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Physical Processes that affect regions:

earth/sun relationships - The sun is the ultimate source of the earth's climates and life forms. The rotation of the earth occurs once every 24 hours and is the cause of day and night. The revolution of the earth in its orbit around the sun occurs once every 365 days. The 23 degree tilt of the earth on its axis toward the North Star and its revolution causes the seasons on earth, the summer and winter solstices, and the/all and spring equinoxes.

wind patterns - The movement of winds worldwide redistributes the sun's heat over the earth's surface. In each of the latitude zones, temperature and pressure combine to create a pattern of prevailing winds. The doldrums are light, unpredictable winds between the equator and 30° north and south. The trade winds blow northeast from 30° N and southeast from 30°S to the equator. The westerlies blow southwest from 30°N to 66°N and southwest from 30° S to 66°S. The polar easterly winds blow northeast from the North Pole to 66°N and southeast from 66°S to the South Pole.

ocean currents- Waters of the oceans help to distribute the sun's heat. Warm ocean currents carry warm waters fro the tropics to the poles. Cold ocean currents return cold water from the poles to the equator. The Gulf Stream is one of the warm ocean currents.

monsoons - seasonal shifts in prevailing winds that influence climate regions in South and East Asia. In winter, winds blowing from the northeast bring dry air from the Asian continent to its southern coastal regions. In summer, the winds reverse and blow from the southwest, picking up moisture from the Indian Ocean and dropping heavy rains on the southern coastal regions.

hurricanes- destructive tropical storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean, usually in late summer and early fall, with winds of at least 74 miles per hour.

volcanic activity- when magma, molten rock inside the earth, breaks through the earth's crust, lava flows and ash and cinders erupt from the break forming cone-shaped mountains called volcanoes. This activity occurs along the boundaries where plates meet. See plate tectonics.

plate tectonics- a theory that the earth's lithosphere, the earth's crust and the brittle upper layer of the mantle, is broken into a number of moving plates varying in size and thickness. The earth's oceans and continents ride atop these plates as they move in different directions. This theory became widely accepted in the 1960s, encompassing two other theories: continental drift and sea floor spreading.

earthquakes - sudden movements along a fault, a break in the earth's crust, sending out shock waves through the earth. This type of activity occurs along boundaries where plates meet. (See plate tectonics)

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population characteristics - The population, or number of people living in a particular area, can be studies by examining the birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, and population density of that area. The population of an area can be affected by several demographics: education, housing, infrastructure, crime rate, transportation, and cultural diversity.

birth rate - The amount of people born each year, usually per 1000 population.

infant mortality rate- the amount of deaths of infants (under one year old) per 1000 live births in a specified group, usually given per year.

death rate- how many people die each year, usually per 1000 population.

life expectancy- How long the average person will live, usually in a specified group.

population density- the average number of people living on a square unit of land.

G-1C-M3

early migration and settlement- As early man migrated out of Africa and began settling new lands he settled in places that were suitable for food production. These areas were usually in a river valley, (Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Huang He, Indus). River valleys provided a fresh water source for both drinking and irrigation; suitable ground for hunting, and later, fertile soil for farming. Early man also sought to settle in areas that were well protected from enemy invasions, such as a mountainous region.

The impact of settlement- As early man began to settle and produce his own food, he relied less on the nomadic lifestyle. He was able to concentrate less on finding food and focus more on other skills and ideas. This led to specialization and division of labor.

specialization- To become proficient at one particular task.

division of labor- a system in which members of a group perform different tasks based on their abilities and the needs of the group.

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natural resources- Something mineral, waterpower source, forest or kind of animal) that occurs in nature and is of value to human life.

renewable resource- Resources that can replace or rebuild themselves.

non-renewable resource- Resources that can never be replaced or renewed.

limited resource- Resources of which there is a limited supply.

import- the process of bringing products into the country from foreign countries.

export- the process of sending goods out of the country to foreign countries.

acid rain- rain or snow that carries pollution.

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