Nelsonsaphumangeography.weebly.com



Mr. Nelson —APHG—Cnelson@Review Sheets for Entire CourseDirections: these will be your homework for the year—they will also be your study guides for chapter tests. They will be due the day before the test (or sooner, if you choose)You can either:Print out the sheet and write in the definitions orCopy/Paste the review sheet onto a clean Word (or Google Doc) file and type in the definitions ALL notes can be found on the class website: nelsonsaphumangeography.Each group of vocabulary goes with a specific PowerPoint, so make sure you look at the right one. You can also use your textbook and/or review books to find the definitions. Chapter 1-Thinking GeographicallyPowerPoint 1 – Developing a Spatial PerspectiveSpace (definition) Distribution (a.k.a. – “Spatial Distribution”) and the three major ways to measure distribution:DensityConcentrationPatternPowerPoint 2 – Maps & Contemporary ToolsMental Maps (sometimes called ‘cognitive’ maps – ‘cognitive means how we think) – see 2 examples in PowerPoint, as well as the following article:Meridians & Parallels (aka ‘latitude and longitude’) AND the technology that uses this (see bullet 9, below!)The EquatorThe Prime MeridianDifference between Tropical and Temperate ClimatesCartographyReference vs. Thematic Maps (examples of both in ppt)Large scale vs. Small scale maps (remember this is the one that is a little confusing, so look it over and ask questions if you still don’t understand – remember that a amp of your backyard would be the a very LARGE SCALE MAP!)Remote Sensing, GPS, GIS (these 3 are called ‘contemporary’, meaning ‘modern’ geographic tools)PowerPoint 3 – RegionsRegion (the definition itself)The cultural landscape (on the same slide as the ‘region’ definition)3 types of regions - * There are several examples of each in the PowerPointFormalFunctional/Nodal (remember you could see either term on the test, they mean the same thing so memorize both terms)Vernacular/Perceptual (remember you could see either term on the test, they mean the same thing so memorize both terms)Good example of Perceptual Regions: Map that shows Crimea differently in Russia: This shows perceptual regions Ecology (definition):Two perspectives of cultural ecology:Environmental DeterminismPossibilism Sequent OccupancyPowerPoint 4 – PlacePlace (definition)The 4 ways to describe place:Toponym *recall what we can learn from the name of a place in terms of politics, history, and culture – see the numerous examples in the PowerPoint for this. SiteSituation/Relative LocationMathematical/Absolute LocationPowerPoint 5 – Spatial Scale*As I probably said in class, this is one of the single most important concepts in the entire course, and has implications for almost everything that we study – please look over this in detail and ask questions.Map scale vs. Territorial/Spatial Scale (sometimes just called ‘scale’ with no modifier)Types of scale, going from Global to LocalPowerPoint 6 – GlobalizationGlobalization (definition and examples) *This was the breadth of your summer assignment, it should be relatively easy to come up with examples – think of the articles you needed to use for your assignment!Space-Time Compression“Glocalization” (remember McDonald’s)Distance DecaySpatial InteractionSpatial DiffusionHearthTypes of Diffusion:Expansion Diffusion (this has 3 types):ContagiousHierarchicalStimulusRelocation Diffusion (*remember this is not a type of expansion diffusion, but deals with human migration – people moving and bringing culture with them.) Chapter 2–Population PowerPoint 1 — Population DistributionDemographyWhere the major population clusters are in the world (in the PowerPoint it goes slide by slide through the regions, just simply memorize this information)PowerPoint 2–Population CharacteristicsTypes of density: a.) arithmetic, b.) physiological, c.) agricultural Crude Birth Rate (CBR)Crude Death Rate (CDR)Natural Increase Rate (NIR)Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)Zero Population Growth (ZPG)Doubling TimeLife expectancyPowerPoint 3– The Demographic Transition Model*All the stages. Need to know: —What the stage is called (growth— such as ‘high’, ‘low’, etc.)—Any visual representations (e.g., the ‘S’ curve)—What is happening within a country that causes transitions from one stage to another (e.g., is birth rate increasing? Are death rates declining? Is medicine improving?)—Examples of countries/regions in each stage (minus stage 1, which no country is in currently)Stage 1Stage 2Stage3Stage 4Stage 5Power Point 4– Population Pyramids*Population Pyramids—what they are and how to read themCohortDependency RatioReplacement RateThomas Malthus (theory)Neo-MalthusiansCritiques of Malthusian theory (there are several)PowerPoint 5– Overpopulation and Malthusian Theory Overpopulation/Carrying Capacity Demographic Momentum PowerPoint – World Health Threats & Epidemiologic ModelEpidemiology (definition of what this field studies)Stages of the Epidemiologic Model 1-5Chapter 3 Review SheetPowerPoint 1 – Types of and Reasons for MigrationMobilityCirculationMigration (definition)Emigrant and Immigrant *remember that you ‘emigrate’ from a place, then ‘immigrate’ to another!Push & Pull Factors (definitions)TypesPolitical (examples?)Environmental (examples?)Economic (examples?) * remember this is the primary reason for all migrationRavenstein’s “Laws” of Migration (there are 4 in the PowerPoint)International MigrationInternal Migration & the types of internal migration:INTER- regionalINTRA - regionalVoluntary vs. Forced Migration (definition and examples of each)Net-In & Net-Out migrationIntervening Obstacles & Intervening OpportunitiesPowerPoint 2 – Characteristics of MigrantsRefugeeInternationally Displaced Person (IDP)Asylum Seeker*Examples of political, cultural, and historical situations which caused refugee issuesDistance DecayWilbur Zelinsky’s theory on migration and the Demographic Transition Model (PowerPoint & textbook)Guest WorkersPowerPoint 3 – Pattern of Migration*Generally for this PowerPoint, understand the basic trends in contemporary (modern) global migration patterns, as well as the historical waves of migration from the Europe to the U.S. (this is also in textbook)PowerPoint 4 – Internal Migration TypesReview of intra vs inter regional migration3 types of INTRA-regional migration:Rural to UrbanUrban to SuburbanUrban to Rural (counter-urbanization)PowerPoint 5 – Obstacles to MigrationImmigration policies/QuotasUnauthorized Immigrants*Attitudes towards immigrants – this is more based on our discussion/ your own knowledge (or perhaps, your family’s own experiences when migrating to another country).Obstacles of immigration in EuropeChapter 5–Language Review SheetPowerPoint 1: Language and CultureThe relationship of language to a person’s culture (concept discussed in class, and the majority of ppt 1)Definition of LanguageInfluence of ‘migration’ and ‘isolation’ to language formationStandard languageDialectLanguage FamilyHow language diffuses (there are 6 primary ways language diffuses – listed in the ppt slide titled “How do Languages Diffuse?”)PowerPoint 2: Language FamiliesLanguage Families (review term)Language BranchesLanguage Groups*This must be understood! See the image in the PowerPoint (taken from your textbook, chapter 5) that shows the visual of a language ‘tree’ to see differences between families, branches, and groups. Beautiful World Language Tree (graphic – better than one in textbook) 3: English Related to Other LanguagesLingua FrancaRegional examples of Lingua Franca (not English, which is a global lingua franca!) – so Swahili, Hindi, etc.Origins of the development of English in what is now England *this is also in your textbook (Angles, Jutes, Saxons, and their interactions over time)How English diffused due to English colonizationDialects (review) – examples of regional English dialectsIsogloss (in same slide as dialect definition) Standard LanguageBritish Received Pronunciation (BRP)3 primary differences in British and American English dialoguesPidgin vs. Creole (there are subtle differences between the two, but you need to keep them distinct as concepts – although we viewed in class, here’s a review video:VIDEO—>Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai’I (YouTube)PowerPoint 4: Preservation of LanguagePolyglot States (‘state’ meaning ‘country’)*Language Diversity: *Essentially you need to understand WHY, in some cases (Belgium, Nigeria), multiple languages causes conflicts, while in OTHER CASES (Switzerland), there is absolutely no conflict whatsoever with having multiple languages:Language conflict in Belgium (*This is important, please remember the different groups and their languages)Language diversity in SwitzerlandIsolated Languages (definition and examples)Endangered Languages (this of an endangered animal species – it means the same thing!)TED TALK: Preserving Endangered Languages – Barry MossesExtinct Languages *remember that this has 2 different, but related meanings. It literally means no one on Earth speaks it, or (as in the case of Latin), it still exists but no one speaks it conversationally in day-to day interactions – both examples can be called an ‘extinct languageHow languages are in danger of becoming extinct Minority LanguagesLanguage preservation and revival (case studies of Hebrew and Gaelic)Techniques used to preserve languages (*remember video “City of Endangered Languages”)Chapter 6–ReligionPowerPoint 1 – Universalizing Religions3 religion traditions (animist, hindu-buddhist, & Abrahamic) *basically all religions fall into one of these three typesUniversalizing vs. Ethnic religions (know different characteristics3 major universalizing religionsBranches, Denominations and Sects (general differences, no matter what religion we’re talking about)Denomination of a religionSect of a religionSome historical information on Christianity including:Ways in which it diffused (hierarchical, relocation, contagious)Branches & Denominations of Christianity – differences, how splits happened historicallyDistribution of branches & denominations of Christianity in Europe *see slides and maps in pptIslam (*same as above – history, diffusion, branches, etc.)Buddhism (*Same) PowerPoint 2 – Ethnic ReligionsGenerally, know the details of the world’s major ethnic religions, as well as WHERE they are clustered (e.g., Hinduism in India, Judaism in Israel & New York, etc.)PowerPoint 3 – Holy Places & Sacred SpacesDefinition of ‘holy places’Difference between holy places of ethnic religions (e.g., Hinduism) vs. universalizing religions (e.g., Islam)Pilgrimage (definition)Sacred spaces (definition) & examples in major religions (Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, etc.)PowerPoint 4 – Religious Organizational PatternsImpact of religion on the cultural landscape (types of structures use of land, etc.)Religious settlements & utopian settlementsReligion and Toponyms (review of chapter 1 terms) – focus on French and Spanish with Catholic place names (e.g., St., San)Landscapes of the dead/Disposing of dead in various religionsAdministration of Space (hierarchical vs. locally autonomous religions) – know the differencesPowerPoint 5 – Religious Conflicts*This PowerPoint (and topic, in general) is centered around a series of case studies, or examples of religious conflicts from history and modern day. Below I’m simply going to list the names of them (e.g., “The Partition of India” – but you are responsible for knowing the details of the notes/discussion points regarding each one.Religious Wars in Northern IrelandIran and the Iranian Revolution The Partition of India Conflicts in Afghanistan/The rise of the TalibanBuddhism in Tibet (conflict with China)Jerusalem *see the videos on the website from 60 Minutes and Vice News Chapter 7 – Ethnicity PowerPoint 1–Differences between Race and EthnicityConcept 1: Differences between ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’Race: People who are perceived to share similar physical characteristics (skin tone, hair, eyes, etc). Not attached to a particular place.Ethnicity: *Think of it as synonymous with culture. Ethnic groups share similar culture and are typically tied to a certain place on Earth (*but not always)Nationality: *Think of it as synonymous with citizenship. Group sharing a legal attachment to a particular country.Challenging part of this:It’s not always this simple. People use these words interchangeably when they’re different (yet related) concepts. In countries with strict immigration policies or no history of immigration, we sometimes use ethnicity and nationality interchangeably. For example, 99% of the citizens of the country of Japan are ethnic Japanese people, so calling someone “Japanese” is most likely saying both their ethnicity and nationality. However, in countries with a long history of immigration (which is the same as saying a country that has ethnic groups from all over the world), ‘ethnicity and ‘nationality’ can’t be used in the same way. Think of the U.S.—calling someone ‘American’ doesn’t tell you their ethnic group, only that they live in America—they can be Colombian-American, Chinese-American, Jamaican-American, and so on. So, in summary, sometimes you can use ethnicity and nationality to mean the same thing, and sometimes you can’t.*With hyphenation (e.g. someone saying they’re “Chinese-American” or “Italian-American), the left side of the hyphen is their ethnicity, and the right side is their nationality. So, saying you’re “Italian-American’ is to say that you’re a citizen of America whose ethnicity is Italian.Concept 2: Regional concentration of ethnicities (translation—where do different ethnic groups have the most number of people in particular places in the U.S.?). Three most numerous groups in the U.S. are: Hispanic-Americans, Asian-Americans and African-Americans.Hispanic Americans:“Hispanic” (what we often misstate as ‘Spanish’) is NOT a race- but a series of ethnic groups of different races. So, someone can be racially ‘white’ yet ethnically Mexican. Conversely, someone can be racially black and ethnically Cuban (e.g., ‘Afro-cuban’)Why? Hispanic people of central and South America are a mix of any of the 3 following groups: 1.) White Europeans who colonized the Americas, 2.) Africa slaves brought to the Americas from West Africa, and/or 3.) Indigenous Peoples (what we call ‘native Americans’).—Mestizo = someone of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry (*This is the most common population of Latin America—most of the people of Central America are Mestizo—this is due to —Mulatto = someone of mixed African and European Ancestry —Amerindian/Indigenous = native to central and South America (in the U.S. we’d call these people ‘native Americans’), descendants of Meso-American societies such as the Aztecs, Inca, and Maya. Distribution in U.S.:Most common Hispanic ethnic groups in the U.S. are: Mexicans, Puerto Rican’s, Dominicans, Cubans, Salvadorans. Clustered in the: Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, etc.)“African-Americans” (*this is a generalized term to refer to those people of African descent who are descendants (primarily) of West African Slaves brought to the Americas between the 1400’s and 1800’s:Distributed primary in Southeast of United States (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina)Asian-Americans: Clustered in the western U.S. (California, specifically). Primarily Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese descent. PowerPoint 2 – Distribution of Ethnicities in the U.S. Ethnic Enclaves: place with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group that’s distinct (different) from the ethnic groups in the surrounding larger neighborhood. *Usually this is a few blocks within a larger neighborhood where everyone is of a particular ethnic group(s). Many of them are nicknamed ‘Little _______’, followed by a city. Examples: A.) Chinatown in ManhattanB.) Hicksville, Nassau County—several blocks of densely populated South Asian communitiesC.) Brighton Beach, Brooklyn (“Little Odessa”)D.) “Little Guyana” in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. E.) “Little Havana” (Cubans) and Little Haiti (Haitians) in Miami, Florida F.) Korea Town/“K-Town”, 32nd Street in Manhattan Ethnoburb: Suburban area with Cluster of a particular ethnic group. Geographic distribution of major ethnic groups (Hispanic, Africa-American, Asian American, and American India) within the U.S. and WHY???Ethnic enclaves (definition and examples like Chinatown, ‘Little Havana’, etc.)Barrioization20th century African American migration patterns (there’s a map and notes on this in ppt)Residential segregation (how it happens, where it happens, case study of Long Island)Apartheid (brief history and definition)Legalized segregation in the U.S. – “separate but equal” doctrineWhite FlightPowerPoint 3 – Nations, States, and Nation-States*A note on this – these are challenging concepts, and need to be looked over and memorized several times, typically, before understanding. This will be reviewed again in Chapter 8: Political GeographyBenedict Anderson’s 3 criteria of ‘nationalism and nations’ (imagined, limited, sovereign) *remember our activity about listing everyone you know – see PowerPoint if you forgot! There is also a reading on the website titled “Imagined Communities” Nation (definition – as well as differences between a ‘nation’ and an ‘ethnicity’) See the following:Persian or Iranian? What’s the Difference? (Ethnicity vs. nationality) –its origins and examples from historyCentripetal and Centrifugal Forces *this is very importantMulti-Ethnic State (with examples)Multi-National State (with examples)PowerPoint 4 – Ethnic Cleansing/GenocidesEthnic competition in the Horn of Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria, etc.Sri Lankan Civil WarEthnic Cleansing in Europe (e.g., the Bosnian genocide/Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo)BalkanizationChapter 8–Political Geography*Resources—to study properly for this test you will need:Chapter 8 in your textbookThe PowerPoints on the website The chapter in Princeton Review entitled “Political Geography” (Review Book)Terms/Concepts:Nation vs. StateNation-StateStateless Nations (with examples)Multi-Ethnic StatesMulti-National StatesEmpire (definition, examples, differences from nation-states)Territoriality Types of GovernmentsDemocracy, Theocracy, Autocracy, Monarchy & DictatorshipSuprnationalismDefinition ofTypes (3 categories, outlined in the PowerPoint of the same name)Specific examples in each category (and, if necessary, a brief description/purpose of these)*Specifically focus on: The history, role, and member states of the European Union; the purpose of NAFTA, and the others we focused on in class. ColonialismDefinition of a colonyMajor colonial powers and where (geographically) they held colonial possessionsBerlin Conference of 1848Shape of States (‘territorial morphology’) *there’s a whole PowerPoint on just this topicEach shape and its characteristics Other terms:Enclave & Exclave (definition of each/examples)Frontier (definition)Commonwealth countries (*Review book)Types of boundaries (*Review book – there’s an entire page on this: relic, antecedent, etc.)The Laws of the Seas (*Review book/ Powerpoint), specially: Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ’s)Chapter 9 Review SheetDevelopment (definition—text p. 274, PowerPoint 1)MDC’s and LDC’s (PowerPoint 1, review book page 341 for definition) AND— need to know what these mean in terms of: regions of the world where MDC’s and LDC’s are primarily located (textbook pages 281-282 “Key Issue 2: Where Are MDC’s and LDC’s Distributed” *read paragraph “More Developed Regions” on page 282 & “Less Developed Regions” on page 283) and their economic structure relative to. . .5 Sectors of Production (review book page 334, textbook p 275-276. Know examples jobs that fit into each category, such as agriculture for primary, etc.)Primary sector SecondaryTertiaryQuaternary/Quinary Levels of development (review book page 340), specifically, the meanings of:First WorldSecond WorldThird WorldMEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT (*how we can tell whether a country is more/less developed)Human Development Index (HDI) *Powerpoint, *Review book p. 348, *textbook page 274 under “KEY ISSUE 1” heading” — need to know what the HDI is, but also what indicators are used to measure development including:Economic Indicators including: (Gross Domestic Product *review book page 346; Gross Domestic Product per capita *textbook page 275, Gross National Income *review book page 347. Trade Surplus and Trade Deficits *review page 347.)MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT USING GENDERGender-Related Development Index (GDI) ***look in the PowerPoint for this one, it has more detail, but it’s also in review book on page 349 (bottom) – know what it is and the 4 indicators it uses to measure the role of women in a countryGender Empowerment Measure (GEM) – know what it is, and how it differs from the GDIHOW COUNTRIES BECOME DEVELOPED/CHALLENGES/CASE STUDIESDependency Theory (*review book page 352, specifically cycle of dependency, transnational corporations, economic (or, ‘neo’) imperialism, market stagnation)Breaking the Cycle of Dependency (how countries can get out of this terrible cycle of depending on other countries) including: all of the bullet points on *review book p. 353NIC Development Funding (*review book page 342) including: foreign aid, foreign direct investment (FDI), developmental loans, donor states, technology transfer, private investors, investment firms.The World Bank (*review book page 343.India as a case studyIndia’s Jump to Services (*review book page 343, mid page)—comparative advantages of India? 2 paths to development *TEXTBOOKSelf-SufficiencyInternational Trade (*know which countries were successful in doing this)Challenges to international trade approachThe Four Asian Tigers (*review book pages 344-345)—need to know the “Old” and “New” Asian Tigers, what they manufacture, and how this helped their economies grow. Tourism and DevelopmentKnow the Models:These 2 theories both deal with development, however they are fundamentally different. Where as Rostow focuses on individual countries developing (and is a post-colonial model), Wallerstein’s World Systems (as the name implies) deals with how countries at different levels of development interact with one another in the world, mostly economically. ROSTOW’s Model of Economic Development (*review book pages 350-351):What does the model state:When was it written/what’s the historical context of his theories:What are his ‘stages’ of a county’s development: (traditions, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and age of mass consumption)What are some criticisms of this model: World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)/ Core-Periphery Model (*Review book pages 355-356), including: what the model says (first 2 paragraphs on page 355 under heading), Core countries, Peripheral countries, and Semi-peripheral countries (all on page 356).*Like all theories, know the historical context, the name of the theorist, the critiques thereof (why it may no longer apply, or may only apply in certain times/places and not others), and how it compares to other models, specifically Rostow’s Model of Economic Development. Chapter 10 (Agriculture) PowerPoint 1 – Agricultural Introduction (Origins and Hearths)*Review of primary-quinary activities (examples of how this fits with an agricultural products, specifically, including aspects of production in MDC’s)Differences between: Hunting/Gathering vs. sedentary farming (or, Paleolithic vs. Neolithic lifestyles)*Major agricultural hearths of different crops (look in textbook, it’s well outlined in Key Issue 1 – “Where Did Agriculture Originate?” —page 308 in textbook.)Domestication of animals (just know what it means, and which animals have been domesticated)The Columbian Exchange (review book page 310)The first, second, and third revolutions (timeframe, changes to agriculture)The Green Revolution (origins, characteristics, criticisms, such as environmental issues, cost, water depletion, etc.)*See a supplemental reading on the ‘Green Revolution in India’ on the website here—> Subsistence vs. Commercial AgricultureExtensive vs. Intensive agriculture5 primary differences between subsistence and commercial types of agricultureTypes of Subsistence Farming*You need to know all of the procedural details of the types of subsistence farming – meaning you need to know the actual process for:Shifting cultivation (slash and burn)Pastoral NomadismIntensive Subsistence Agriculture (wet rice dominant and non-dominant)Types of Commercial FarmingSecond Agricultural Revolution (*the one that proceeded the Industrial Revolution, along with all of the technology created/utilized)*You need to know all of the procedural details of the types of subsistence farming – meaning you need to know the actual process for:Mixed Crop & LivestockDairy Farming *including definition of ‘milkshed’Grain FarmingLivestock RanchingMediterranean AgricultureGardening and Fruit FarmingPlantation farming The Von Thunen Model (PowerPoint/textbook/Review book p.322-323 *note, the visual of the model in the review book is slightly different, with the number 1 being ascribed the central market, rather than the first ring. Everything is the same in this case, only what we referred to as ‘ring 1’ would now be ‘ring 2’ and so forth.)Background of Von Thunen Model, What each ring of the model represents in terms of: crops grown, cost of land, extensive vs. intensive (depending on which ring it is)Know the assumptions of the model (what has to be in place for it to work)Know the critiques of the model (what could be in place to NOT have the model work—geographically, in terms of timeframe, advances in technology, etc.)Modern Commercial Agriculture (review book, beginning on page 312)Agribusiness (aka— ‘corporate agriculture’)Vertical integrationFactory FarmingGenetic engineering of crops/biotechnology/GMO’sRise of Specialized Agriculture (review book, same pages as above)Non GMO’sOrganic Agriculture Antibiotic/hormone free foodsWine and Cheese labeling (review book, page 318)Value-Added AgricultureAquacultureChallenges to Farmers/Agricultural Revolutions:General challenges to commercial farmersSustainable farming (including ‘organic’ farming)Challenges to subsistence farmersThird Agricultural Revolution (aka the “Green Revolution”) *This is an important topic, see the reading on the website beneath this PowerPoint as a supplement.AgribusinessAgriculture NotesTHEMES YOU NEED TO KNOW:Differences between types of farming (subsistence & commercial)The Three Agricultural Revolutions: when, what they changed, pros/cons/impactsModels: The Von Thunen Model of Agricultural Land Use (*as with all models: historical context, what the model says, and limitations of the model)Agribusiness/Factory Farming*Practice FRQ’s —> Subsistence vs. Commercial AgricultureAgricultural Hearths: *these are the exact same places as you learned for “River Valley Civilizations” If you see this expression on a test, look for your river-valley civilizations! It also just means where sedentary farming (or, ‘neolithic’ civilizations) began in the course of human history. Southwest Asia (the ‘middle east’): East Asia (china, japan, Korea):Central and South Asia (current day India/Pakistan/Bangladesh/Sri Lanka and the “stan” countries south of Russia, such as Uzbekistan, and so forth):Sub-Saharan Africa:Latin America (Central & South America, as well as the Caribbean): Differences between subsistence (growing food to eat) and commercial (growing food to sell)Purpose (why are you farming?)Percentage of Farmers (what % of people in the labor force are in the primary sector?)Role of Machinery (more complex machinery in MDC’s)Farm Sizes (in subsistence agriculture, there are typically more farms but they’re smaller in size, but in commercial farming there are fewer farms but they’re very large)Relationship of farming to business – or, ‘agribusiness’—where farming requires all 5 levels of economic activities, usually in MDC’s.Subsistence Agriculture: growing food for consumption (to eat), not to sell. Most common in less developed countries (LDC’s). Agricultural Density (the percentages of people working in primary sector farming) is higher in LCD’s. Types of subsistence agriculture *details and characteristics are in the review book, the textbook (ch 10), and the Powerpoint notesPastoral nomadism —> Southwest Asia (the ‘middle east’) and North Africa (Dry climate)Shifting cultivation (aka ‘slash and burn’)—> sub-Saharan Africa (Tropical climate)Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Dominant—> East and South AsiaIntensive Subsistence with Wet Rice *not Dominant—> East Asia and South Asia, *in parts of those countries (like China or India) where growing rice is difficult. *For example, in southeastern China it’s a warm, mid-latitude climate, so they have wet rice dominating, but in north eastern China they have a cold climate where they can’t grow rice as easily. Shifting Cultivation (aka, ‘slash and burn’)—>tropical regions of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia Commercial Agriculture: growing food for the purpose of selling it. *Most commercial farmers, both in LDC’s and MDC’s don’t sell directly to consumers, but rather sell to huge corporations, such a General Mills, or McDonalds, who put the product through the other sectors of the economy (secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary). Types of commercial agriculture *details and characteristics are in the review book, the textbook (ch 10), and the Powerpoint notesMixed crop and livestock (animal and grain crops, mostly the grain is grown to feed to the livestock as animal feed, not for direct sale to companies) —> the U.S. Midwest and Central EuropeDairy farming (milk farming for products such as milk and cheese)—>northeastern U.S., south-central Canada, and Eastern EuropeGrain farming (*most common is U.S., in order are: corn, soy, and wheat)—> north-central U.S., south-central Canada, and Eastern EuropeRanching (cattle, specifically)—> drylands of western North America, southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the South PacificMediterranean farming—> Countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (like Italy, Spain, and much of North Africa)Commercial gardening/“Truck” farming *not literal trucks!—> southeastern U.S., southeastern AustraliaII.—The 3 Agricultural Revolutions The First Agricultural RevolutionWhen—> Approx 10,000 B.C., or about 12,000 years agoWhere—>The Agricultural Hearths (*see the note on page 1)What changed—> End of nomadic hunter-gathering (or “Paleolithic” life), origins of Sedentary (or “Neolithic” life). Effects: domestication of animals and plants (*yes, this is part of domestication!), rise of cities, civilizations, divisions of labor (people having different jobs besides farming) within those civilizations, social hierarchies (different levels of power), and increased population booms (remember nomadic groups were about 30 people, with a surplus of food people could have more children).The Second Agricultural RevolutionWhen—> 18th through 19th centuries Where—> Initially Europe, but spread to other areasWhat changed—>development of more mechanized agriculture (tools & machines that led to increased yield, or amount, of food you could farm). Farming became more machine based with simple machines such as the cotton gin and others (*see notes for more detail). This led directly into the start of the Industrial Revolution.The Third Agricultural Revolution (*the ‘Green Revolution’)When—> Mid Twentieth Century (1950’s—1960’s)Where—> Technology developed in the West (the U.S.), but India was first and most successful use of Green Revolution technology What changed—> Increased use of science that helped with world hunger. Specifically, more pesticides and herbicides, biotechnology, high yield varieties of plants (*plants that grew bigger and produced more fruit), and weather resistant crops. Successful in India but not so much in Africa. Requires huge infrastructure, input of money, and land use that creates environmental degradation (*destroys the land because they use so much for farming year in and year out). Increased use of GMO’s (‘genetically modified organisms’), or 155775741645800III.—The Von Thunen Model Commercial agriculture model (*which means we can’t apply it to subsistence farming! Remember this for tests) which says that farmers choose what to grown and which animals to raise based on their proximity (closeness) to the marketplace (where their food is sold) relative to what they choose to farm. In other words, how close you are to where you sell your food determines what you grow. This also influences the cost of land to the farmer.Historical Context: 1826 Germany, developed by German economist What the model says:Ring 1 = Dairy farming. Why? Spoilage! Need to be close to the market. Ring 2 = Lumber. Why? It’s Heavy, difficult and expensive to. Ring 3 = Grain farming. Why? It’s light and requires more land.Ring 4 = Cattle farming. Why? Animals can walk themselves to the marketplace prior to slaughter.Tips/What’s Important to remember:The model looks slightly differently in each resource you’ll see, but the center dot (or bullseye) is the market place (where farmers sell goods).Critiques/AssumptionsAssumes a flat topographyAssumes equal quality of soil Assumes farmers transport their own goods via oxcart, therefore there are no roadsAssumes and ‘isolated state’ model in which there are no outside influences on cities/market areasDoes not account for imports/exportsDoes not account for refrigeration technology IV—Agribusiness & Factory FarmingAgribusiness = agriculture + multinational corporations with influence over how food is grown/raised, manufactured, labeled, and sold.Characteristics:Large-scale, extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals controlled (often) by a single company.Large, multi-national seed, agriculture, and chemical companies own much of this land (e.g., Monsanto/Tyson)They have significant political power: companies have government lobbyists (*remember, these are the people who work for the companies who ‘lobby’ – or advocate members of Congress to pass certain laws that are favorable to the food companies). Companies receive tax breaks, low-cost loans, and direct government subsidies (e.g., money). Supply Chain: A network between a company or business organization and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. This network includes different activities, people, entities, information, and resources. Vertical Integration: when a company owns 2 or more steps in the supply chain. For example, if Kraft (a huge food company) decides to buy it’s own factories, and buy its own packaging company, and then buy its own trucks to transport the food across the country, it would be a ‘vertically integrated’ company. Other examples: Netflix became vertically integrated when they started producing their own content, Apple and Disney are other highly vertically integrated companies. Reactions to Agribusiness:People have reacted to the health and ethical issues of factory farming/agribusiness by:Increased demand for organic products (no chemicals, GMO’s, non use of hormones, steroids)Companies providing more organic optionsIncreased honesty in nutritional information Other Vocabulary:Food Desert: where poor people lack access (due to cost and proximity) to healthy food. *think of poor neighborhoods with higher rates of obesity and other health related issues that pertain to food. Chapter 11 Review SheetThe following terms/concepts can appear on your Chapter 11 test. I say ‘can’ because some of it will and some won’t (just like the A.P. Exam!). So that means you need to know all of it – I’ve broken the terms/concepts down by PowerPoint (all on the website) – and have added supplemental websites, articles, and links to help you with some concepts:PowerPoint – Industry (*this whole chapter is in 1 PowerPoint)Industry (definition)Why the Industrial Revolution started in England (site and situation factors)Newly Industrializing Countries (NIC’s) with examplesWeber’s “Least-Cost-Theory)Agglomeration/deglomerationFootloose firmsHotelling’s Model of Locational InterdependenceBulk-Reducing Industry (definition and examples)Industries that need close proximity to markets, including”Bulk-gaining Industries (definition and examples)Single-Market manufacturersPerishable products (with examples)4 primary means of transporting productsBreak-of-bulk point (definition and examples)Site Factors including:Labor/Labor Intensive industries (definition, examples)LandCapitalShifting industrial regions within U.S. and EuropeMaquiladorasFordism, Post-Fordism, and “Just-in-Time” DeliveryBanana RepublicsDeindustrialization ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download