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Ancient Civilizations Study Guide

Ms. Cave

Unit One: Foundations of Human Society

|Essential Understanding: |Essential Questions: |Essential Knowledge: |

|Human adaptation to the |*How does archaeology provide |*Archaeologists study past cultures by locating & analyzing human remains, fossils, & artifacts. |

|surrounding environment |knowledge of early human life &|*Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils & artifacts. |

|influenced the |its changes? |*Homo sapiens emerged in E Africa between 100,000 & 400,000 years ago & migrated from Africa to Eurasia, |

|development of society, |*How did physical geography |Australia, & the Americas. |

|technology, and culture. |influence the lives of early |*Early humans were hunters & gatherers whose survival depended on wild plants & animals. |

| |humans? |Hunter gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era: |

| |*How did hominids develop & |Nomadic |

| |what were their achievements? |Invented first tools/weapons |

| |*What were the characteristics |Controlled fire |

| |of hunter-gather societies? |Lived in clan groups |

| |*How did the beginning of |Developed oral language |

| |agriculture & the domestication|Created “cave art” |

| |of animals promote the rise of |Societies during the Neolithic Era: |

| |settled communities? |Developed agriculture (domesticated plants) |

| | |Domesticated animals |

| | |Used advanced tools |

| | |Made pottery |

| | |Developed weaving skills |

Chapter One Reading Guide

Section 1: pp. 2-13

I. Vocabulary: Understand the following terms. Be sure you can answer, “Why is it important”?

|Artifact: |Carbon 14 dating technique: |

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|Culture: |Fossil: |

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|Hominid: |homo sapiens |

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|Paleolithic Age |Neolithic Age |

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|Pre-history |Technology: |

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Development of Early Hominids

II. Chart: Fill in the chart with relevant information from your text.

|Hominid Group |Traits/Characteristics/Achievements |

|Australopithecines | |

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|Homo habilis | |

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|Homo Erectus | |

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|Neanderthal | |

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|Cro-Magnon | |

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Compare Paleolithic & Neolithic Eras

| |Paleolithic |Neolithic |

|Source of food | | |

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|Technology | | |

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|Type of Community | | |

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Section 2: pp. 14-18

Vocabulary: Understand the following terms. Be sure you can answer, “Why is it important”?

|Nomad: |Hunter-gatherers |

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|Neolithic Revolution |Slash/burn farming: |

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|Domestication: |Catal Huyuk |

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BIG IDEA: People of the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Era) were nomadic hunter-gatherers who wandered from place to place in search of food.

1. How did hunter-gatherers use technology to improve their chances of survival?

2. What types of art did Paleolithic people create?

BIG IDEA: About 10,000 years ago, an agricultural revolution began.

3. What factors led to the agricultural revolution?

4. How did farming develop and spread worldwide?

BIG IDEA: Farming led to a settled way of life.

5. Which effect of the development of agriculture was the most significant? Explain.

6. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

Section 3: pp. 19-23

Vocabulary: Understand the following terms. Be sure you can answer, “Why is it important”?

|Civilization: |Specialization: |

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|Artisan |Institutions: |

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|Scribe: |Cuneiform: |

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|Bronze Age: |Barter: |

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|Ur: |Ziggurat: |

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BIG IDEA: Villages Grow Into Cities

What economic changes occurred?

• ____________ _________________ freed some people to do other jobs and develop other skills besides farming. People who became craft workers created valuable new products such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth.

What social changes occurred?

• Many laborers needed for large building projects and _________________ _______________. Specialized workers developed. Social classes with varying degrees of …

What changes in religion occurred?

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BIG IDEA: Urbanization=Civilization Begins.

Describe the key traits (characteristics) of a civilization? Provide examples from Sumer. (p.21)

a. Advanced cities

b. Specialized workers

c. Complex institutions

d. Record keeping

e. Advanced technology

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Thesis: Answer ONE of the following questions in a thesis statement.

1. Compare and contrast the Paleolithic era and the Neolithic era in two of the following ways: technology, role of women, economy. (Be sure to include the reasons for similarity or difference)

2. Analyze the factors that led to the development of civilization. (choose three & provide broad examples)

3. Analyze the major characteristics of a civilization. (Choose at least three.)

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