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Opathology two marksNoWhat is….?Answer…1Abfraction?A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth surface at the cervical areas of teeth caused by tensile and compressive forces during tooth flexure. Alternatively, Cervical erosive lesions that cannot be attributed to any particular etiology2Abrasion?A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to abnormal loss of tooth structure due to non-masticatory physical friction.3Abscess?A localized accumulation of pus caused by an infection. Example periapical abscess.4Acantholysis?A histopathological feature, characterized by loss of the intercellular bridges of the prickle cell layer (spinous) of the epithelium usually caused by accumulation of fluid or edema in between the keratinocytes.5Acanthosis?A histopathological feature, characterized by excessive thickening of the intermediate cell layer or the stratum spinosum resulting in broadening and elongation of the rete pegs. It is considered as one of hall mark of epithelial dysplasia.6Acanthosis nigricans?A rare acquired dermatological disease with an abnormal Keratinization process leading to development of velvety brownish alteration of skin. Sometimes this disease may be a marker of malignancy.7Accessory cusps?A developmental anomaly of shape characterized extra cusp like the cusp of Caraebilli in maxillary first molar.?8Acidogenic theory?It states that dental caries is a chemico-parasitic process consisting of two stages- the decalcification of enamel as a preliminary stage followed by dissolution of the softened residue. The acid required for decalcification is synthesized by the fermentation of starch and food residue by the bacteria’s. This theory was proposed by Miller.9Acinic cell adenocarcinoma?A malignant salivary gland malignancy that salivary gland cells showing serous acinar differentiation, most commonly found in the parotid gland.10Acquired disturbances?Disturbances in the structure or morphology of any organ form birth or during growth and can occur as a result of environmental or hereditary factors.11Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome?A syndrome caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing the suppression of the immune system and predisposing the individual to infections.12Acral lentiginous melanoma?A melanoma that is a brown in color irregularly shaped macular lesion that undergoes progression to nodular melanoma.13Acrodynia? A chronic mercury exposure in infants and children where it produces a cold clammy skin, erythematous rashes, excessive salivation, and gingivitis may be the features of the condition.14Acromegaly? A hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone.15Actinic chelitis?A chronic inflammatory lesion caused by chronic exposure to actinic or sunlight manifesting in skin of the middle and lower third of face and commonly in lower lips.16Actinic keratosis?Is a common cutaneous premalignant lesion caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation exposure with microscopic changes in epithelium and connective tissues.17Actinic lentigo?Is a benign, multiple, freckle like lesion resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet damage to skin.18Actinomycosis?Is an infection of filamentous, branching, gram positive anaerobic bacteria belonging to actinomycetes family. The supparative reaction is with yellowish sulphur like flecks that are the colonies of the organisms.??19Acute? Of shorter duration. Usually have severe symptoms.20Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)? An infection of the gingiva caused by fusobacterium and Borecellia vincentii affecting inter- dental papillae as a punched out lesion covered by a pseudomembrane.21Acute osteomyelitis?A rapidly destructive inflammatory process of bone and soft tissues associated with bone that usually consists of granulation tissue, purulent exudates, and islands of non-vital bone (sequestra).22Acute pulpitis? An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot or cold) initiates the pain that is relived on removal of the noxious stimuli. It is usually either reversible or irreversible.23Addison?s disease?A rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and less commonly aldosterone.24Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma?A rare low grade histopathological variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma or in sun-exposed skin of the face and lower lip. The malignant cells are arranged in a gland like pattern.25Adenoma?In Clinical terms refers to a glandular malignancy either benign or malignant.?26Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor?An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, well-circumscribed lesion that usually occurs around the crowns of unerupted anterior teeth of young patients and consists of epithelium in swirls and ductal patterns interspersed with spherical enamel like calcifications.27Adenosquamous carcinoma? A rare, aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa consisting of a mixture of malignant squamous and glandular cells.28Adult monostotic fibrous dysplasia? A rare form of fibrous dysplasia occurring spontaneously in adulthood involving a single bone.29Adventious dentin?The pathologically formed secondary dentin as a result of abnormal irritation.30Aerodontolgia? A condition similar to pulpitis experienced in deep fillings in high altitudes is referred as aerodontalgia.31Agenesis?Complete absence of an organ and its associated structures.32Agranulocytosis? A marked decrease in the number of granulocytes (circulating or immature), particularly neutrophils.33Allergen? A substance capable of inducing hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction.34Allergy? A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen. Re-exposure to the same allergen elicits an exaggerated reaction.35Alveolar cyst of new born?They are small, superficial keratin filled cyst found in the alveolar mucosa of infants that arise from the remnants of the dental lamina.36Alveolar osteitis?The destruction of initial clot usually after a traumatic extraction prevents the normal healing process causing the clinical condition of alveolar ostetits. Also known as dry socket.37Amalgam tattoo? Oral soft tissue discolorations due to amalgam; most common exogenous pigmentation of the oral cavity.38Ameloblastic carcinoma? An aggressive neoplasm of the jaws in which the epithelial cells exhibit histologic features of common ameloblastoma and malignancy.39Ameloblastic fibroma? An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that is well circumscribed often located over unerupted molars in young patients; the connective tissue recapitulate primitive ectomesenchyme often found during various stages of odontogenesis.40Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma? An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that has general features of ameloblastic fibroma but contains enamel and dentin. Alternatively it is an expansile odontogenic tumor in young patients that contains the soft tissue components of ameloblastic fibroma and the hard tissue components of complex odontoma.41Ameloblastic odontoma or odontoameloblastoma? A rare odontogenic tumor that contains an ameloblastomatous component together with odontoma-like elements.42Ameloblastoma?A unicentric neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium that is clinically benign, anatomically persistent, locally invasive and that has a wide spectrum of histologic patterns.43Amelogenesis? The process of formation of the enamel portion of the tooth.44Amelogenesis imperfecta?A spectrum of hereditary defects in the formation of ameloblasts and the mineralization of enamel matrix that results in teeth with multiple generalized abnormalities affecting the enamel layer only.45Amino acid?An organic compound containing the amino group NH2. Amino acids are the main component of proteins.46Amyloidosis?Represents a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by the deposition of an extra cellular proteincious material called amyloid.47Anachoretic pulpitis?Refers to the inflammation of pulp caused by agents reaching pulp through circulation.48Anaphylaxis? A type of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction in which the exaggerated immunologic reaction results from the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine. The reaction occurs on re-exposure to a foreign protein or other substance after sensitization.49Anaplasia?Lack of differentiation of cells50Anaplastic?Refers to an adult cell that has changed irreversibly toward more primitive cell types and is often malignant.51Anemia?A quantitative and or qualitative reduction of hemoglobin in blood. (Or) Reduction to less than normal of the number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin or to the volume of packed red blood cells in the blood. (Or) Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood.?52Anesthesia dolorosa?An uncommon side-effect of surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia resulting in a combination of anesthesia and spontaneous pain of the facial skin.53Aneurysmal bone cyst?An uncommon lesion (Pseudocyst) located primarily in the posterior mandible and maxilla with clinical features similar to central giant cell lesion often containing many large blood-filled spaces separated by connective tissue septa containing giant cell tissue and lined by epithelium.54Angiolipoma?A benign tumor that consists of an admixture of mature fat and numerous small blood vessels.55Angioma?A benign tumor made up of blood or lymph vessels.56Angiomatosis? The process of subcutaneous vascular proliferation is referred to as angiomatosis.57Angioneurotic odema?A diffuse edematous swelling of subcutaneous or submucosal soft tissues and is related to changes in vascular permeability due to mast cell granulation or C1 esterase deficiency.58Angiosarcoma?Malignant, rare, rapidly growing lesion of endothelial cells that is more common in young patients and has a poor prognosis.59Angular chelitis? It is an infectious diseases occurring along the corners of mouth caused by Candida, staphylococci or streptococci or a mixed infection. The lesion ulcerates and readily bleeds.60Anitschkow cell?The cytologic smear of a recurrent apthous ulcer show a characteristic change in nucleus of epithelium with elongated nuclei containing a linear bar of chromatin. Such a cell is termed as Anitschkow cell.61Ankyloglssia?A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by an abnormal extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth or the lingual aspect of the anterior portion of the mandible caused by a short lingual frenum.62Ankylosed teeth?Teeth that are fused to the alveolar bone by means of cementum; a condition especially common with retained deciduous teeth.63Anodontia?Congenital condition in which all the teeth fail to develop.64Anomaly?Any deviation from normal. May involve in composition, number, size, shape or structure.65Antibody?A protein produced in the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies react specifically to antigens in an attempt to neutralize these foreign substances.66Antigen?A substance, usually a protein, which is recognized as foreign by the body's immune system and stimulates formation of a specific antibody to the antigen.67Antoni A tissue?In neurilemoma, some of the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are palisaded and regularly arranged, refered as Antoni A tissue.68Antoni B tissue?In neurilemoma, a part of the neural tissue is irregularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are less organized and less cellular refered as Antoni B tissue.69Apert’s syndrome or Acrocephalosyndactyly?A rare craniosynostosis syndrome with characteristic features including acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.70Apical peridontal cyst?An odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by dental caries and a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the periodontal membrane.71Aplasia?Absence of an organ owing to lack of division of cells resulting in absence in that particular cells. Or Absence of an organ or a part of an organ due to failure of development of the embryonic tissue of origin or a defect in synchronous growth or a signaling molecule.72Aplastic anemia?A rare type of life threatening hematological disorder characterized by failure of the hematopoeitic precursor cells to produce all blood cells, caused usually by the exposure to certain drugs, virus and carcinogens.73Apthous ulcer? A recurrent ulcer of uncertain etiology. The chief etiological agents suggested include viruses, stresses and allergy. Includes a solitary large major variant and a multiple small minor variant.74Arrested caries?A dental caries that has become static and does not show any tendency for further progression.75Asteroid bodies?The granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains laminated stellate inclusions called as asteroid bodies.76Asymptomatic?A lack of symptoms or complaints by the patient.77Atrophic?A normally developed tissue that has decreased in size as compared to its normal size.78Atrophy?Shrinkage in size of cell due to loss of cell substance.79Attrition?A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth structure due to mechanical action of mastication. Is a physiological process when involving aged individuals and pathological in young patients.80Atypical?Irregular, not conformable to the type.81Auspitz sign?A Clinical sign in psoriasis wherein when the dry scales are removed forcefully reveals a one or more tiny bleeding spots.82Autoantibody?An antibody that reacts against an antigenic constituent of the person's own tissues.83Autoimmune disease?A disease or a lesion characterized by tissue injury caused by a humoral or cell-mediated immune response against constituents of the body's own tissues.84Autoimmunity?Immune-mediated destruction of the body's own cells and tissues; immunity against self.85Autoinoculation?To inoculate with a pathogen such as a virus from one's own body.86Autosomes?The non-sex chromosomes those are identical for men and women.87B lymphocyte?A lymphocyte -B cell (B for Bursa of fabricus in birds), that forms in bone marrow and matures without passing through the thymus. It matures into plasma cells that produce antibodies or Immunoglobulins.88Baby bottle syndrome?See Rampant caries89Bacillary angiomatosis?Is a multifocal subcutaneous vascular proliferation associated with cat scratch disease and often observed in patients with long standing HIV infection. They respond to erythromycin.90Ballooning degeneration?The virus (Simplex virus) infected cell exhibit acantholysis, nuclear clearing and enlargement and is called as the ballooning degeneration.91Basal cell carcinoma?A common, locally invasive, slow spreading, non metastasizing primary epithelial malignancy of the basal layer of skin and its appendages composed of medullary pattens of basaloid cells.92Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma? Rare, aggressive form of poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma consisting of medullary patterns of cells with central areas of necrosis and resembles to basal cell carcinoma of skin.93Bell’s palsy?Is an acute, often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.94Benign?Not malignant; favorable for recovery.95Benign fibro-osseous lesions?A heterotrophic collection of non-neoplastic intraosseous lesions that replaces normal bone and consists of a cellular fibrous connective tissue within which nonfunctional osseous structures form.96Benign fibrous histiocytoma?A diverse group of benign neoplasm that exhibit both fibroblast and histiocytes and characterized by a storiform pattern with the spindle shaped fibroblast with vesicular nuclei predominating.97Benign lymphoepithelial cyst?A lymphoepithelial cyst commonly located intraorally on the posterior lateral tongue and the anterior floor of the mouth inside the lymphoid tissue and is usually submucosal in its position.98Benign migratory glossitis?A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by multiple sensitive irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape daily.99Bifid condyle?Is a rare developmental anomaly of head & neck region characterized by a double headed mandibular condyle. Fractures of condyle during growth may lead to bifid condyle.100Bifid uvula?Is the most minimal manifestation of cleft palate and is limited to soft tissue structure of the uvula.101Biopsy?Excision of a living tissue for the purpose of examination by a pathologist.102Black hairy tongue?Is a developmental defect of tongue, characterized by marked accumulation of keratin on the filliform papillae of the dorsal aspect and associated with other conditions.103Blanching?To take the color out of / Make white.104Bleopharochalasis?Refers to the recurring edema of the upper eyelids leading to sagging of the lid at the outer canthus of the eye. It is a major component of the Ascher’s syndrome.105Blue nevus?A benign pigmented epithelial pathology that presents as a dark blue dome-shaped papule or as a flat macule on the skin or mucosa. Made up of nevus cell and appears blue due to tyndallization effect.106Bohn’s nodules?An uncommon superficial raised nodule scattered over the hard palate often near the border with the soft palate in infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.107Bony?Composed of or containing bone.108Botryoid odontogenic cyst?A slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from rests of the dental lamina resembling a bunch of grapes.? The cyst contains an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings (plaques).109Branchial cleft cyst?An unusually large lymphoepithelial cyst located on the lateral aspect of the neck.110Brodie?s abscess? A chronic abscess walled off in a sclerotic bone.111Bruxism?A parafunctional masticatory habit related to stress or a sleep disorder, characterized by grinding one's teeth. May lead to attrition.112Buccal bifurcation cyst?A cyst of uncertain origin found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third molar, consisting of intensely inflamed connective tissue and an epithelial lining.113Bulimia? A psychiatric compulsive eating disorder characterized by episodic eating of large volumes of food, followed by purging behavior such as self-induced vomiting. This may cause erosion of the lingual aspect of mandibular anterior teeth.114Bull’s eye lesion?Skin or mucous membrane lesions which are concentric rings resembling a circle within a circle; with a slightly depressed, dusky purple center, an elevated, surrounding macular erythema pale middle zone, and an erythematous border; usually associated with herpes simplex or erythema multiforme or drug eruption or mycoplasma infection.115Bulla (bullous/ bullae)?A circumscribed elevated blister like lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid.116Cabots rings?A red blood cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.117Café au lait spots?Hyperpigmented lesions that may vary in color from light brown to dark brown. The borders may be smooth or irregular. Often found with fibrous dysplasia, neurofibromatosis and certain endocrine abnormalities.118Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor?An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium which is locally aggressive consisting of strands and medullary patterns of squamous and clear cells that are often accompanied by spherical calcifications (“Lisegang” ring) and amyloid-staining hyaline deposits. Also known as “Pindborg tumor”119Calcifying odontogenic cyst?A rare, well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains "ghost cells" and spherical calcifications.120Cancrum oris?Is rapidly progressive opportunistic infections of the normal oral flora during immunocompromised state and often begins as ANUG.121Candidiasis?Encompasses a group of mucosal and cutaneous conditions with a common etiologic agent from the Candida genus of fungi; the most common oral mycotic infection.122Canker sores? Also known as apthous stomatitits. It is a most common oral pathological ulceration attributed to many reasons. May present as a major, minor and recurrent forms.123Cannon’s disease? See white spongy nevus124Capedont teeth?Is a term given to teeth affected with dentinogenesis imperfecta.125Capsule?Compressed fibrous connective tissue around a benign tumor or a cyst separating it from surrounding tissues.126Carcinogen?A cancer causing agent.127Carcinogenesis?The train of biological events that underlies development of neoplasia.128Carcinoma?A malignant growth made up of epithelial cells that are capable of infiltration and metastasis.129Carcinoma in situ?The most severe stage of epithelial dysplasia, involving the entire thickness of the epithelium, with the epithelial basement membrane remaining intact.130Caries, dental?The microbial disease of teeth involving progressive demineralization of inorganic parts of tooth and followed by dissolution of organic material and modified by the saliva and dietary factors.131Carotid artery syndrome?Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and transient syncope. Also known as Eagle’s syndrome.132Carotid body tumor?Are the tumors that arise from the carotid body (chemoreceptors responsible for detecting changes in blood pH/ oxygen tension, at the bifurcation of carotids).133Carpet tack lesions?In discoid lupus erythematosus, when the cutaneous scales are forcefully removed numerous extensions that had dipped in to the enlarged pilosebaceous canals. Such a lesion is described as carpet tack lesion.134Carrier?In genetics, a heterozygous individual who is clinically normal but who can transmit a recessive trait or characteristic; also, a person who is homozygous for an autosomal dominant condition with low penetrance.135Cell-mediated immunity?Immunity in which the predominant role is played by T lymphocytes.136Cellulitis?A painful swelling of the soft tissue of the mouth and face resulting from a diffuse spreading of purulent exudate along the fascial planes that separate the muscle bundles.137Cementifying fibroma?Also known as ossifying fibroma, cemento –ossifying fibroma. It is a well demarcated, osteogenic neoplasm that is composed of fibrous tissue that contain variable amount of calcified structure- bone and cementum in varying proportion.138Cementoblastoma?A benign, well-circumscribed neoplasm of cementum-like tissue growing in continuity with the apical cemental layer of a tooth (often molar or premolar) that produce expansion of cortical plates and pain.139Cementoma, Familial gigantiform?Is a synonym used for florid type of cemento-osseous dysplasia that occurs in a familial pattern as an autosomal inherited condition.140Cemento-osseous dysplasia?Are a group of common fibro-osseous lesions in the jaw that have pathologic features similar to fibrous dysplasia.141Cemento-osseous dysplasia, florid?A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the adult females and commonly in the afroamericans.142Cemento-osseous dysplasia, Focal?A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular posterior region, usually in the middle aged females and with no racial predilection.143Cemento-osseous dysplasia, periapical?A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular anterior periapical region, usually in the middle aged females and commonly in the afroamericans.144Cemento-ossifying fibroma?A well-demarcated, encapsulated, expansile lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous tissue containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented bony structures and may be central or peripheral in location.145Central?In Oral Pathology, a lesion occurring within Jaws.146Central giant cell lesion?An intraosseous destructive lesion of the jaws in which lesions tends to expand the cortical plates, cause movement of teeth, and produce root resorption; composed of multinucleated giant cells in a background of mononuclear fibro-histiocytic cells and red blood cells. The cause may involve an abnormal calcium metabolism including renal and parathyroid gland pathology.147Central odontogenic fibroma?An intraosseous benign neoplasm tissue of odontogenic origin (ectomesenchyme with or without epithelium) containing widely scattered islands and strands of embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.148Central papillary atrophy of tongue?A form of erythematous candidal infection in the central part of the dorsum of tongue. Presents as a well demarcated erythematous zone that is often asymptomatic. It was previously thought to be a developmental anomaly of tongue.149Centromere? The constricted portion of the chromosome that divides both the arms.150Cervical enamel projection?Focal apical extensions of the enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and on to the root of the tooth.151Chanchre? Refers to the lesion of primary syphilis. Develops at the site of inoculation as a papular lesion with a central ulceration.152Cheesy?Lesion’s texture is similar to curds of cheese.153Chemotaxis?Taxis or movement in response to chemical stimulation. Often exhibited by the phagocytes.154Cherubism?An autosomal dominant rare developmental fibro-osseous type of lesion of the jaws in children involving more than one quadrant and stabilizes after the growth period, usually leaving some facial deformity and malocclusion.155Chlorodontia?A type of intrinsic greenish discoloration of teeth caused by accumulation of bilirubin that breaks in to biliverdin. This is formed during conditions hyperbilirubinemia.156Chondrosarcoma?An uncommon malignant bone neoplasm in the jaws, usually of the anterior maxilla, consisting of a proliferation of chondroblasts or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and abnormal cartilage but no osteoid or bone.157Choriostomas?Ectopic rests of non transformed tissues, not indigenous to that particular site. Or Is a tumor like growth of microscopically normal tissue in an abnormal location.158Chromatid?Either of the two vertical halves of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere.159Chromatin?A general term used to refer to the material (DNA) that forms the chromosomes.160Chronic?Persisting over a longer duration; generally implies that there has been little change or extremely slow progression over a long period.161Chronic apical pulpitis?An irreversible lesion located at the root apex showing the extension of the inflammatory process from the pulpal chamber. (Clinical; Radiological)162Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)?An uncommon and specific type of inflammatory hyperplasia reaction of pulp to deep caries in a young person in which an inflamed hyperplastic pulp extends through a large carious lesion of a non-vital tooth.163Chronic osteomyelitis?Prolonged inflammation of bone and soft tissues of bone including marrow, almost invariably due to infection.164Chronic pulpitis?An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot) initiates the pain that is not relived on removing the noxious stimuli. It is usually irreversible and with a dull pain.165Chrysiasis? Is a common complication of gold therapy that is manifested as a slate blue discoloration of sun exposed skin.166Chvosteks’s sign?Is an oral finding observed in hypoparathyroidism. It is characterized by a twitching of upper lip when the facial nerve is tapped just below zygomatic process. It suggests a latent degree of tetany.167Clear cell?A cell often associated with pathological lesions in hematoxycillin and eosin stain and which has a clear cytoplasm with a small peripherally located nucleus often due to accumulation of water, carbohydrate or proteins that do not take the stain.168Cleft lip?A developmental defect of middle face characterized by the failure of fusion of median nasal process and maxillary process resulting in soft tissue abnormality.169Cleft palate?A multifactorial developmental defect of the palate characterized by a lack of complete fusion of the two lateral portions of the palate, resulting in a communication with the nasal cavity.170Cleidocranial dysplasia?A rare condition inherited as an autosomal dominant and characterized by partial or complete absence of the clavicles, defective ossification of the skull, and faulty occlusion due to missing, misplaced, or supernumerary teeth along with high arched palate.171Coagulation? Refers to the process of clotting.172Codon?The vertical sequence of three bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid. (Genetic)173Colley’s anemia?Is also known as thalassemia major. It has a defective hemoglobin synthesis inherited through 2 defective genes for beta globin molecule causing microcytic, hypochromic anemia.174Commissure or the angle of mouth?The junction of the upper and lower lips at the corner of the mouth.175Compound nevus?The nevus characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium and involving the underlying connective tissue.176Concrescence? A developmental anomaly or post inflammatory defect involving shape of teeth in which there is union of two adjacent teeth by cementum alone without the confluence of dentin.177Condyloma acuminatum?Is a virus induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the genetilia.178Condyloma lata?Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections.179Congenital?Present at, or existing from the time of birth.180Congenital lip pits?Autosomal dominant trait resulting in developmental defects involving the vermilion border of the lower and upper lip either at the central or the commissural area.181Consanguinity?Blood relationship. In genetics, the term is generally used to describe marriages among close relatives.182Corps rands?Refers to the peculiar round shaped dyskeratotic cells observed in Darrier’s disease.183Corrugated? Descriptive term for a surface that appears wrinkled.184Cotton roll burn?An iatrogenic injury caused by the oral mucosa become adherent to the dry cotton roll and their rapid removal from the mouth lead to stripping of the epithelium in the area.185Crouzon syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis?An uncommon, autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and dysmorphic facial features. The characteristic features include acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.186Crowe’s sign?Axillary freckling is known as crowe’s sign and observed in neurofibromatosis.187Cyst?Is a pathologic epithelium-lined cavity, usually containing fluid or semisolid or gas. (Kramer)188Cystic hygroma?Anomaly of the lymphatic system characterized by single or multiple cysts within the soft tissues, usually involving the head and neck.189Cytologic?Pertaining to the scientific study of cells.190Cytology?The scientific study of structures within the cell.191Cytopathologic?Pertaining to or characterized by pathologic changes in cells.192Darrier’s disease? An uncommon genodermatoses inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with defect in the adherence mechanism between surface squamous epithelial cell leading to acantholysis and characterized histopathologically by test-tube reteridges, corpsrands and grains.193Dead tracts?Is a age related change in dentin, where in due to a trauma the odontoblastic process die and dentinal tubules are filled with air in section that appear as dark in transmitted light.194Degeneration?Refers to the pathologic changes with cells which may to a certain extent reversible.195Delayed eruption? The process of eruption of deciduous or permanent teeth very lately in relative to the normal age range.196Dens evaginatus?A developmental anomaly in the shape of teeth in which a focal area of the crown projects outward and produces what appears as an extra cusp or an abnormal shape to existing cuspal arrangements. Often caused by an evagination of the crown during developmental stage.197Dens in dente?"A tooth within a tooth"- A developmental anomaly in the shape of a malformed tooth caused by an invagination of the crown before it is calcified. (Or) An enamel-lined “pouch” extending apically from the lingual surface. It commonly affects maxillary lateral incisor teeth and manifests as an invagination on the lingual surface that may reach the pulp. Also known as Dens invaginatus.198Dental fluorosis?A condition of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased level of fluoride in affecting enamel matrix formation and calcification by the reaction of fluoride on the process of calcification.199Dental transposition?A developmental anomaly characterized by a normal teeth erupting in to an inappropriate position.200Denticle?A regressive alteration of teeth characterized by spherical calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth201Dentigerous cyst?A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the lumen and root(s) outside.202Dentin dysplasia? A hereditary developmental defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a gnarled pattern and associated shortened and tapered roots.203Dentinogenesis?The formation of dentin.204Dentinogenesis imperfecta?A hereditary defect consisting of opalescent teeth composed of irregularly formed and under mineralized dentin that obliterates the coronal and root pulpal chambers.205Denture epulis?Is a tumor like hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that develops in association with the flange of an ill fitting denture.206Denture sore mouth?Or Denture stomatitis. It is an erythematous or better a chronic atrophic candidiasis localized to denture bearing areas of maxillary denture.207Dermatofibroma?Or fibrous histiocytoma. They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.208Dermoid cyst?Is an uncommon developmental cystic malformation of the midline of the upper neck or the anterior floor of the mouth of young patients, derived from remnants of embryonic skin, consisting of a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and containing one or more skin appendages such as hair, sweat, or sebaceous glands.209Desmoplastic fibroma? A Benign diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts leading to mature collagen deposition, occurring primarily within the mandible in young patients. A histopathological variant of fibroma.210Differential diagnosis?A list of possible conditions that fit the information (history, signs, symptoms, radiological, laboratory and histopathological) derived from the patient211Differentiation? The distinguishing of one thing from another. Or It is the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin.212Diffuse?A term used to describe a lesion whose borders are not well defined or demarcated and is not possible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion.213Dilacerations?A developmental anomaly manifested as an abnormal bend or curve. More commonly occurring in the root of a permanent tooth.214Diploid?Having two sets of chromosomes; the normal constitution of somatic cells.215Distodens?An accessory molar situated distally is called as distodens or distomolars.216Dominant?A term often used in genetics. It means a trait or characteristic that is manifested when it is carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.217Donovan bodies?Are the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of large mononuclear phagocyte in case of infection with Granuloma Inguinale, a chronic granulomatous infection. These bodies are tiny, elongated basophilic and arygrophilic rods and present in large numbers.218Donovan bodies?Are tiny elongated basophilic and argyrophilic rods in the large mononuclear phagocytes in the intracytoplamc cysts in Granuloma inguinale.219Doorthy Reed cell?Are the characteristic typically binucleated (owl eye nuclei) or multinucletated (pennies on plate) with prominent nucleoli in Hodgkins lymphoma.220Dorsal? Directed toward / situated on the back surface (opposite of ventral).221Double lip?A rare developmental anomaly commonly characterized by a horizontal fold of redundant mucosal tissue located on the inner aspect of the upper lip. May be congenital or acquired.222Down syndrome?A common chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an additional third chromosome in chromosome 21 and presents mild to moderate mental retardation and associated medical and dental problems.223Drug induced gingival hyperplasia?Increased amount of gingiva. Generalized increase in the fibrous component of the gingiva in patients who have been taking long term doses of phenytoin, cyclosporine and nifedipine. Persistent dental plaque, calculus (tartar) and gingival irritation increase the severity of the hyperplasia.224Dry mouth?Decreased saliva production. Also called as xerostomia.225Dry socket?A clinical complication of traumatic tooth extraction. It occurs due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket.226Dysplasia? An abnormality of development of any tissue. It is characterized by the loss of normal cellular architecture. In epithelium it is characterized by a disorderly development. Or? A non-neoplastic disorderly growth usually in epithelium.227Dystrophic calcifications?Ectopic linear calcification within the pulp chamber of a tooth, the etiology of which is unknown.?228Eagle syndrome?Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and transient syncope. Also known as carotid artery syndrome.229Eburnation of dentin?An arrested caries of occlusal surface which is large and lacks food retention causing the superficially softened and decalcified dentin is burnished till it takes up a hard brown polished surface.230Ecchymosis?Large reddish-blue areas in skin or mucous membrane caused by the escape of blood into the tissues, where it clots. It is commonly referred to as a bruise. Ecchymoses do not blanch on diascopy.231Ectodermal?relates to the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Ectodermal derived structures include the skin, hair, nails, oral mucous membrane, and the enamel of the teeth.232Ectodermal dysplasia?Relates to a group of inherited disorders where the ectodermal derivatives such as skin, sebaceous glands, hair, enamel and nails are malformed.233Edema?Abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces, resulting in visible swelling.234Edentulous?The clinical absence of teeth.235Ehler-Danlos syndrome?A group of inherited disorder of connective tissue that result in an abnormal connective tissue fibers especially collagen.236Embryonic?Pertaining to the earliest stage of development of an organism.237Emigration?The passage or white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels.238Enamel hypoplasia?A defect in tooth enamel that results in less quantity of enamel than normal.239Enamel pearl?Ectopic nodular deposits of enamel that primarily occur in the bifurcation or trifurcation areas on the roots of molars.240Enanthems?Eruptions of mucous membrane.241Endodermal?Pertaining to the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Endodermal structures include the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except the nose), and the digestive tract.242Entropion?In chronic inflammatory conditions of eye such as cicatrical pemphigoid, conjunctival vesicle heals with scarring leading the eye lids to turn inwards. Such a condition is referred as entropion.243Eosinophilic granuloma?A pathological condition that has single or multiple bone lesion without visceral involvement, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like Langerhans cells often affecting children.244Epidermoid cyst?Is a common cyst of skin with a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled with keratin and without skin appendages in the capsule wall.245Epidermolysis bullosa?Refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited blistering mucocutaneous disorders with a defect in attachment mechanisms of epithelial cells, either to each other or to the connective tissue.246Epithelial dysplasia?A disorderly state of epithelium differentiation process characterized by a combination of individual cell and architectural alterations and is an indicator of the potentially malignant state.247Epithelium? The cellular makeup of skin and mucous membranes.248Epstein’s pearls?Uncommon superficial raised nodules on the midline of the hard palate of infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.249Epulis fissuratum?A reactive lesion resulting in proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as an ill fitting denture.250Erosion?The pathological wearing away of hard tissues of teeth through the action of chemical substances. . Also in histopathology refers to discontinuity or denudation of epithelium above the basal cell layer.NoTermDefinition251Eruption cyst?An soft tissue odontogenic cyst with the histologic features of a dentigerous cyst that surrounds a tooth’s crown that has erupted through bone but not soft tissue and is clinically visible as a soft fluctuant mass on the alveolar ridges. Also known as Eruption hematoma252Eruption sequestrum?A small spicule of calcified tissue (bone) that is extruded through the alveolar mucosa often that overlies an erupting molar.253Erythema?Refers to an abnormal redness.254Erythematous?A change in the area of pathology caused by a redness of the tissue due to engorgement of the capillaries in the region. Usually erythematous lesions blanch on diascopy.255Erythroleukoplakia? Refers to a reddish white, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter and cannot be attributed to any cause other than the use of tobacco, with reddish areas representing epithelial cells that are so immature that they can no longer produce keratin.256Erythroplakia?Refers to reddish, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause other than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation. (Or ) A predominantly? lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996)257Esophageal webs?Refers to the abnormal fibrosed bands of tissue in the esophagus in Plummer – Vinson syndrome leading to dysphagia.258Etiology?The study of the factors that cause disease and their introduction to the host.259Ewing sarcoma?A rare malignant bone neoplasm of uncertain cell origin in young patients, the lesion being composed of anaplastic small, dark, round cells containing glycogen granules and . intermediate filaments often exhibiting translocation t(1122)(q24,q12)260Exanthems?Eruptions of skin accompanied by inflammation.261Exophytic? Refers to an outwardly growing lesion.262Exostoses or Exostosis?An exophytic nodular benign growth of dense cortical bone commonly located on maxillary or mandibular buccal alveolar bone, usually in the bicuspid / molar area.263Expansile? Refers to the ability of a lesion of being extended or expanded.264Expressivity?In clinical genetics, the degree of clinical manifestation of a trait.265Extrinsic stain?Superficial stains on the external surface of teeth like tobacco, coffee, drugs etc.,?266Exudate?Fluid composed of cells, proteins, and solid materials that pass through vessel walls into adjoining tissues; may leak from incisions or sites of infection or inflammation to form a clot.267Facial paralysis?Is an acute, often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.268Facies?The appearance of the face.269Fever?A pathological elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal of 98.6°F (37°C).270Fibrin?An insoluble protein that plays a vital role in clotting mechanism of blood.271Fibroepithelial polyp?A less common fibrous hyperplasia of connective tissue occurring in the hard palate beneath a maxillary denture. It presents as a flattened pink mass attached to the palate with a stalk.272Fibroma?A reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation in which there is extensive elaboration of collagen resembling scar tissue.273Fibromatosis?Are a broad group of fibrous proliferation with diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts and mature collagen occurring within the soft tissues of the head and neck in young patients. Their biological behavior is between benign fibrous lesion and Fibrosarcoma.274Fibro-osseous lesions? They comprise a diverse group of processes that are characterized by replacement of normal bone by a fibrous connective tissue containing newly formed mineralized products that do not exactly resemble the tissue it replaces.275Fibrosarcoma?Refers to the malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic cells.276Fibrous dysplasia?A developmental asymptomatic regional alteration of fibro-osseous lesion of bone in which the normal architecture is replaced by fibrous tissue and nonfunctional trabeculae-like osseous structures; lesions may be monostotic or polyostotic, with or without associated endocrine disturbances.277Fibrous histiocytoma or Dermatofibroma?They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.278Field cancerization?The tendency of oral cancer to develop multiple mucosal cancers as primary and reflects the effect of diffuse exposure to local carcinogens that increases the malignant transformation potential of all exposed epithelial cells.279Firm?Relatively solid, compact, or unyielding to pressure or touch.280Fissural cysts?Originally believed to arise from cystic degeneration of epithelium remnants entrapped along lines of fusion of embryonic growth processes.281Fissure?A narrow slit or cleft.282Fissure tongue?A developmental anomaly of tongue observed as deep grooves in dorsum of tongue which cause no adverse consequences other than being a collection site for food debris and colonization site for Candida albicans. Caused by improper fusion of the lateral swellings.283Fistula?A drainage pathway or abnormal communication between two epithelium-lined surfaces due to destruction of the intervening tissue.284Fistula, congenital of lower lip?Are rare congenital invaginations of the lower lip that arises from persistence of the lateral sulci on the mandibular arch.285Fistula, oroantral?Is a fistula connecting the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity formed usually as a complication of a extraction of upper molar.286Fluctuant?A wavelike motion felt on palpating a cavity with non-rigid walls, especially one containing fluid.287Fluoride mottling?A condition of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased ingestion of fluoride affecting enamel matrix formation and calcification by impairment of ameloblastic function.288Fluorosis?An enamel defect resulting from ingestion of fluoride in excessive quantities. It causes permanent hypomaturation of the enamel with increased surface and sub- surface porosities.289Foam cells? Are lipid laden phagocytes that appear as empty in H&E section as lipids are lost during processing. The presence of foam cell with macrophage and numerous inflammatory cells in the vincity indicates that there is foreign body reaction present.290Focal epithelial hyperplasia?Is a virus induced, multiple, soft non-tender, flattened plaques and papules that are localized proliferation of oral squamous epithelium affecting children.291Focal osteitis?Also known as dry socket. A complication of traumatic tooth extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot.292Follicular cyst? Also known as dentigeous cyst. A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the lumen and root(s) outside.293Forchheimer’s sign?Oral lesions of Rubella. They consist of small, discrete, dark red papules usually found in soft palate and rarely in hard palate. These papules coincide with the appearance of exanthematous rashes of the skin.294Fordyces granules?They are collection of ectopic sebaceous glands that occur in various locations within the oral cavity.295Foreign body granuloma?A granuloma reaction to foreign materials in the connective tissue which are too large to be ingested by either host defense cells.296Fourniers molars?See mulberry molars297Frenal tag?A redundant piece of mucosal tissue that projects from the maxillary labial frenum.298Frictional keratosis? A nonspecific, trauma induced whitish unscrappable hyperkeratotic lesion.299Fusion?Is defined as a single enlarged tooth or a two joined teeth in which the tooth count reveals a missing tooth when the anomalous tooth is counted as one.300Gardner syndrome?A rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by gastrointestinal adenomatous polyps, multiple osteomas and soft tissue tumors such as cutaneous epidermoid cysts and fibromas.301Gargoyle cell?In Gauchers disease, a most common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in accumulation of glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a wrinkled silk appearance is called the Gargoyle cell.302Garrè osteomyelitis? An unusual reaction of the periosteum to a chronic inflammation usually in the posterior mandible of young patients as a periosteal hyperplasia demonstrating an onion skin like reduplication of cortical plates.303Gaucher’s disease? The most common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in accumulation of glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a wrinkled silk appearance.304Gemination?Is a single tooth germ splits completely or partially, forming two separate crowns. Also defined as a single enlarged developmental anomalous tooth in which the tooth count is normal when the anomalous tooth is counted as one.? The tooth usually has a single root and root canal; also called twinning.305Genetic heterogeneity?Having more than one inheritance pattern.306Geographic tongue?Is a common anomaly of tongue with unknown etiopathogenesis that presents as multiple, sensitive, irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape daily.307Ghost cells?They are the altered epithelial cells which are eosinophilic, with absence of nuclei but retaining the basic cell outline within the epithelial component of calcifying odontogenic cyst.308Ghost teeth?A localized, nonhereditary, developmental anomaly affecting the one or several adjacent teeth in which the enamel and dentin are thin and irregular and fail to adequately mineralize; surrounding soft tissue is hyperplastic and contains focal accumulations of spherical calcifications and odontogenic cell rests.309Gingival cyst of the adult?A small developmental odontogenic cyst of the gingival soft tissue derived from the rests of the dental lamina, containing a lining of embryonic epithelium of cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings similar to the lateral periodontal cyst.310Gingival cyst of the newborn?Uncommon superficial raised nodules on edentulous alveolar ridges of infants that resolve without treatment, derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.311Globulomaxillary cyst?A developmental fissural cyst that arises from epithelium entrapped during fusion of the globular portion of medial nasal process with maxilla, commonly arising between maxillary lateral incisor and the canine with inverted pear shaped radiolucency. [ The origin is now considered as odontogenic cyst than a fissural cyst]312Glossodynia? Or Glossopyrosis313Glossopharyngeal neuralgia?Is the neuralgia of the ninth cranial nerve with sharp intense lancinating pain with abrupt onset and short duration along the area of innervation by the ninth cranial nerve.314GlossopyrosisRefers to a painful or tender or burning sensation of tongue with uncertain causes that includes infections, malnutrition, deficiency status ,underlying endocrine disturbances etc315Gorlin cyst?A rare, well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains "ghost cells" and spherical calcifications.316Gorlin sign?Is the ability of a subject to touch the tip of the nose wit the tip of the tongue. Although a common ability it is most commonly observed in patients with Ehler-Danlos syndrome.317Graft Versus Host disease?It occurs in recipients of allogenic bone marrow transplants. With the failure of immunosupression or the graft being immunologically active they are perceived as foreign body and resulting in a debilitating immunologicalreaction called Graft Versus Host disease.318Granular cell tumor?Refers to a submucosal mass consisting of diffuse sheets of large cells of either nerve or muscle origin with a cytoplasm of densely packed eosinophilic granules (lysosomal bodies) and commonly found in the dorsal surface of the tongue.319Granuloma?It refers to a mass of inflammatory tissue consisting of a central collection of macrophages, often with multinucleated giant cells, surrounded by lymphocytes. The lesion is essentially a reactive one with vascular proliferation and a peripheral fibrous tissue to localize the reaction.320Granulomatous?It refers to a well-defined area that has developed as a reaction to the presence of living organisms or a foreign body. The tissues consist primarily of histiocytes and the presence of epitheioid cells.321Gumma?The scattered foci of granulomatous inflammation presenting as an indurated, nodular, ulcerated lesion often associated with tissue destruction in tertiary syphilis is gumma.322Haemangioendothelioma?Is a term used to describe vascular tumors with microscopic features intermediate between those of Hemangiomas and angiosarcomas.323Hairy tongue? Refers to the developmental abnormality of tongue with marked accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae of the dorsum tongue resulting in hairy appearance and discoloration of the tongue324Halo nevus?Is a type of melanocytic nevus that has a pale hypopigmented border probably as a result of the nevus cell destruction by the immune system .325Hamartoma?A non-neoplastic malformation that present as a mass of disorganized tissues indigenous to that particular site.326Hamartoma?Is a developmental tumor like but non neoplastic developmental malformation native with that area of body in which it is formed. Often present at birth, growth persists till physiologic growth stops and essentially benign.327Hand –Schuller- Christian disease?A chronic disseminated form of langerhans cell disease involving bone, skin and viscera, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like Langerhans cells often affecting children.328Hansen disease? Is the other name of leprosy caused by M. leprae.329Haploid? A cell with a single set of chromosomes, like a gamete.330Heck’s disease? See Focal epithelial hyperplasia331Hemangioma?A benign proliferation of large (cavernous) or small (capillary) vascular channels occurring commonly in children with individual lesions having variable clinical courses.332Hemangiopericytoma?Is a rare, slow growing, painless, benign neoplasm that is derived from the cells whose processes encircle the endothelial cells of capillaries seen most commonly in adults. The stag horn appearance is observed in histopathology.333Hematoma?A large ecchymosis or bruise caused by the escape of blood into the extra vascular tissues. Hematomas are blue on the skin and red on the mucous membranes. As hematomas resolve they may turn brown, green, or yellow.334Hemifacial atrophy?Or Romberg syndrome/Parry Romberg syndrome. An uncommon developmental degenerative condition characterized by atrophic changes affecting one side of face. The cause for this condition is obscure335Hemifacial hyperplasia Or Hemifacial hypertrophy?A rare developmental anomaly characterized by unilateral enlargement of the body. It is usually more of hyperplasia than hypertrophy.336Hemolysis?The term refers to the disintegration of elements in the blood. A common form of hemolysis occurs during anemia and involves lysis or the dissolution of red blood cells.337Hemophilia? Refers to a variety of bleeding disorders associated with a deficiency (usually genetic) of any one of the clotting factors of blood.338Hepatomegaly?Enlargement of the liver.339Hereditary?Transmitted or transmissible from parent to offspring; determined genetically.340Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis? A rare autosomal dominant inherited genodermatosis showing thick white corrugated white plaques in buccal mucosa in childhood. Additionally ocular involvement is common.341Hereditary gingival fibromatosis?Is a slowly progressive gingival enlargement caused by the collagenous overgrowth of the gingival fibrous connective tissue. Often occurs with syndromes and associated with hypertrichosis, craniofacial deformities, epilepsy and mental retardation.342Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?Is an uncommon mucocutaneous disorder, inherited as a autosomal dominant trait, with numerous vascular abnormalities, the most common being small collections of dilated capillaries (telangiectasia)343Herpes gladiatorium?The herpes virus infection spread through contact sports such as rugby, wrestlers, contaminating through areas of abrasion.344Herpes labialis?The recurrent form of the herpes simplex virus 1 along the vermillion border and adjacent skin of the lips. Also known as cold sore or fever blister.345Herpes zoster? The painful reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that has resided in the dorsal spinal ganglia, along the distribution of the affected sensory nerve forms clusters of vesicles on an erythematous base is referred as herpes zoster.346Herpetic paronychia or Herpetic whitlow?A less common site of infections of the human simplex virus -1 along the thumbs or fingers.347Heterozygote?An individual with two different genes at the allele loci.348Histicytosis XA probable neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans type of histiocytic cells with a wide spectrum of biological behavior ranging from a single lesion of the mandible to diffusely distributed bone lesions in combination with organ and other soft tissue lesions; consists of S-100 positive histiocytes containing Birbeck granules and accumulations of eosinophils.349Homozygote?An individual having identical gees at the allele loci.350Hormone?A chemical substance produced in the body that has a specific regulatory effect on certain cells or a certain organ or organs.351Howell – Jolly bodies?A red blood cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.352Humoral immunity? Immunity in which antibodies play the predominant role.353Hurler cell?See Gargoyle cell354Hutchinson’s freckle Or Lentigo maligna?Occurs mostly on sun exposed surface area of elderly persons and represents a melanoma in purely radial growth phase.355Hutchinson’s incisors?Screwdriver-shaped central incisors seen in congenital syphilis.356Hyerplastic gingivitis?Focal or generalized fibrous hyperplasia of the marginal gingiva with an associated chronic inflammatory response.357Hypercementosis? Excessive deposit of cementum on root surface.358Hyperchromatic?Staining more intensely on comparison with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard.359Hyperdontia? A condition characterized by extra teeth in supplement to the normal set of teeth.?360Hyperkeratosis?Excessively thickened layer of the stratum corneum. A feature of epithelial dysplasia.361Hyperpigmentation?Refers to excessive melanin pigmentation. Multiple causes including postinflammatory, smoking, drugs etc.362Hyperplasia?An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of constituent cells.363Hypertrophy?An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of constituent cells.364Hypocalcification?Less than normal amount of calcification.365Hypochromic Stained less intensely on comparison with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard.366Hypodontia?The congenital absence of one or more (But less than 6) teeth as a result of agenesis.367Hypophosphatasia?An osteodystrophy with genetic metabolic disorder of bone mineralization caused by a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase in serum and tissues. The condition is characterized by skeletal defects resembling those of rickets.368Hypophosphatemia?Deficiency of phosphates in the blood.369Hypopigmentation?Decrease in pigment production as compared to the adjacent normal tissue.370Hypoplasia? Reduction in size of tissue due to a lesser number of cells. May be physiology or pathology.371Hypotrophy?Decrease or reduction in size of cell in a tissue or organ.372Idiopathic bone cavity?Or simple bone cyst results due to a trauma to bone that is insufficient to cause fracture resulting in an intraosseous haematoma which does not undergo organization but liquefies to form a cyst.373Immune complex? A combined product of antibody and antigen.374Immune reaction? A protective response of the host to a specific invading pathogen or toxins secreted by it.375Immunodeficiency?A deficiency of the immune response caused by quantitative or qualitative defect of the lymphoid cells.376Immunoglobulin?Or Antibody.? Are proteins synthesized by plasma cells in response to a specific antigenic stimulus. They are important for humoral immune system.377Impacted teeth?Those teeth that are formed but cannot erupt in to oral cavity because of a physical obstruction or lack of space.378Impetigo?A superficial infection of skin occurring in endemic among children and caused by Sterptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. The disease manifest as a vesicle? or bullae that rupture with a crusting.379Incisive canal cyst or nasopalatine duct cyst?An intraosseous developmental cyst of the midline of the anterior palate, derived from the islands of epithelium remaining after closure of the embryonic nasopalatine duct. Appears as a heart shaped radiolucency between roots of maxillary incisors.380Incontinentia pigmenti?A rare inherited genodermatoses with female predilection and has a high risk of malignancy occurring in infancy. May present as a vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmentation and or atrophic stage.381Induration?Characterized by being hard; an abnormally hard portion of a tissue with respect to the surrounding similar tissue.. Often used to describe the feel of locally invasive malignant tissue on palpation.382Infection?Invasion by pathogenic microorganisms causing disease by local cellular injury, secretion of a toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host.383Infectious mononucleosis?Is a symptomatic disease caused by Epstein Barr Virus, spread by intimate contact producing low grade fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and rarely hepatosplenomegaly.384Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia?An asymptomatic reactive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as ill fitting denture.385Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia?A reactive tissue growth often associated with a denture that is poorly maintained and worn always.386Inflammatory reaction?A defense mechanism to an invading pathogen or toxins which includes repair and destruction; prepares tissue for healing and controls spread of infection.387Intradermal nevus?In latter stages of compound nevus, the nevus cells are restricted to underlying connective tissue of skin after which the pigmentation is reduced, surface becoming papillomatous with hairs appearing from centre of the lesion.388Intraductal papilloma?An ill defined salivary gland tumor common in adults as a unicystic, dilated structure submucosally with papillary projections in to the lumen of the duct.389Intramucosal nevus?The pigmented nevus is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the underlying connective tissue. Mucosal counterpart of intradermal nevus.390Intrinsic stain?Deeply formed stains in the inner layers of the dentin and pulp.391Invasion?The infiltration and active destruction of surrounding tissues.392Inverted ductal papilloma?A rare minor salivary gland tumor presenting as a asymptomatic nodule that is made up of proliferation of squamoid epithelium with multiple bulbous papillary projection that fill the lumen.393Involcrum?New reactive bone formation by the periosteum, usually in cases of osteomyelitis.394Iron deficiency anemia?Is the most common cause of anemia which forms when the supply of iron by the body cannot keep with the pace of need for iron in the production of red blood cells. The erythrocyte appears as hypochromic and microcytic in nature.395Irreversible pulpitis?A severe inflammation of pulp, progresses from reversible pulpitis, that cannot be restored to its original constituents nor repairable.396Irritation fibroma? A reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation (ill fitting denture, sharp teeth) in which there is extensive elaboration of collagen resembling scar tissue.397Ischemia? A deficiency of nutrition and oxygen to a part of the body usually due to constriction or blockage of a blood vessel.398Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome?A syndrome characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system and cafe-au-lait spots.399Jaundice?A diseased condition of the liver due to the presence of bile pigments in the blood and characterized by yellowish staining of the eyes, skin and body fluids.400Junctional nevus?The pigmented acquired nevus that is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium, named because microscopically appears at the junction of epithelium and connective tissues.401Juxta organ of Chevitz?Is a cluster of nests of squamous epithelial cells found in sites of inferior alveolar nerve block and intimately associated with myelinated nerves.402Kaposi sarcoma?A unique form of angiosarcoma that occurs in elderly and HIV-positive patients and has a predilection for the palate, associated with Human Herpes virus -8.403Karyotype?A photomicrographic representation of a person's chromosomal constitution arranged according to the Denver classification.404Keratoacanthoma?A benign, self limiting, endophytic epithelial growth appearing as a well circumscribed keratin-filled crater on sun-exposed skin; often mistaken for well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.405Keratoconjunctivitis sicca? The chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves the salivary, lacrimal and eyes is the Sjogren’s syndrome. The effect of such a condition on eye is keratoconjunctivitis sicca.406Keratotic?A condition of the skin characterized by the presence of increased keratin growths. On the oral mucous membrane, keratotic tissue usually looks white; the term also refers to a thickening of the outer layer of the oral epithelium.407Kissing lesion?The central papillary atrophy of tongue is an chronic low grade candidiasis, from which the infection spreads to the palate when the tongue is at res due to the intimate contact.408Kissisng disease?See Infectious Mononucleosis409Klestadt cyst?A developmental cyst of the soft tissue of the anterior muco-buccal fold beneath the ala of the nose, most likely derived from remnants of the inferior portion of the nasolacrimal duct.410Koilionychia?The spoon shaped nails seen often in cases of severe anemia.411Koplik’s spot?The oral manifestation of measles that develop in the early course of the disease occurring as multiple ares of mucosal eerythema within which are areas of numerous small bluish white macule. These represent focal areas of necrosis.412Kveim test?It is a skin test for sarcoidosis where a sterile suspension of human sarcoid tissue is injected intradermally and a paponodular lesion develop at the site with in 4 to 6 weeks in cases of positive individuals.413Langerhans cell histiocytosis? See histicytosis X.414Lateral?Situated at the side.415Lateral periodontal cyst?A rare, slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from one or more rests of the dental lamina, containing an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 Cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings or plaques.416LE cell?A cell that is a characteristic of lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. It is a mature neutrophil that has phagocytized a spherical inclusion derived from another neutrophil.417Leiomyoma?Benign neoplasm of smooth muscles. In oral cavity they arise from the vascular smooth muscle.418Leiomyosarcoma?Are malignant neoplasm of smooth muscles.419Lentigo maligna melanoma?Slowly evolving melanoma that develops within a pre-existing pigmented lesion on the sun-exposed skin of elderly patients.420Lepra cell?In histopathology of a lepromatous leprosy lesion, sheets of lymphocytes intermixed with vacuolated histiocytes called leprae cells.421Leser- trelat sign?The sudden appearance of numerous seborrheic keratoses with pruritis associated with an internal malignancy is known as the Leser- trelat sign.422Lesion?A site of structural in body tissues that is produced by disease or injury.423Letterer- Siwe disease?An acute disseminated disease with prominent cutaneous, visceral and bone marrow involvement of Langerhans cell disease primarily occurring in infants.424Leukemia?Represents several types of malignancies of haematopoietic stem cell derivation.425Leukocytosis?A temporary increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in blood.426Leukodema?A common, bilateral developmental anomaly of buccal mucosa of unknown cause characterized by a diffuse grayish white opalescent appearance of mucosa that disappears on stretching with a striking intracellular edema of the spinous cell layer.?427Leukoplakia?Refers to greyishwhite, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause other than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation.? (Or) A predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996)428Lichen planus?A common, bilateral, mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent T lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue. (Clinical; Histopathological)429Lichenoid eruptions?A common unilateral, mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent T lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue caused by an abnormal immunological reaction and clinically resembling lichen planus.430Linea Alba?A soft linear streak of hyper keratinized reactive tissue on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal line. The line may be formed by irritation from rough buccal cusps, bruxism or habitual clenching of teeth.431Linear gingival erythema?A thin narrow band of reddish along the free gingival margin commonly observed in HIV infected individuals.432Lingual mandibular salivary gland depression?See Stafne’s cyst.433Lingual thyroid nodule?A common developmental abnormality of tongue in which there is an accessory accumulation of thyroid tissue that is usually functional within the body of the posterior tongue.434Lingual varicosities?See Varicoses.435Lip pits?An autosomal dominant trait resulting in developmental defects of lip involving the paramedial portion of the vermilion of the lower and upper lip or the labial commissure area.436Lipid?Fat or fatty; a naturally occurring substance made up of fatty acids.437Lipid endoreticulotheliosis or Lipoid proteinosis?Are relatively rare group of inherited storage disorders resulting in lack of certain enzymes necessary for processing specific lipids resulting in accumulation of lipids within a variety of cells.438Lipoma?A benign neoplasm of normal fat cells that appears as a soft, movable swelling, often with a slight yellowish coloration.439Liposarcoma?A rare, malignant neoplasm composed of a wide spectrum of histologic patterns of the fat cells.440Lisch nodules?A translucent brown pigmented spots on iris seen in Neurofibroma.441Lobulated?Made up of lobules, which are smaller divisions of lobes as seen in brain, lung, and salivary glands. Some pathologic lesions are described as lobulated when the lesion is divided into smaller parts.442Local?Confined to a limited part, not general or systemic.443Ludwig angina?Is a cellulitis involving submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces leading to difficulty in breathing.444Lues? See syphilis.445Lues maligna?In the presence of compromised immune system, secondary syphilis exhibits an explosive and widespread form of syphilis with formation of necrotic ulcer.446Luetic glossitis?Diffuse atrophy and loss of dorsal tongue papillae in a diffusely enlarged lobulated and irregularly shaped tongue observed in syphilis.447Lupus erythematosus?Is an immunologically mediated multisystemic disease often involving skin, kidney and cardiac complications.448Lupus vulgaris?Refers to the tuberculosis of skin.?449Lyell’s disease?See TEN450Lymphadenopathy?An enlarged lymph node due to an infection or a disease process or a neoplastic process in the area drained by the lymph node.451Lymphangioma?A developmental anomaly of lymphatic vessels with a benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels that occurs as a focal superficial lesion within the oral cavity and as a massive diffuse lesion of the neck like cystic hygroma.452Lymphoblastic?Pertaining to a cell of the lymphocytic series453Lymphocyte.A variety of leukocyte or white blood cell that is important to the immune response and that arises in the lymph nodes. Lymphocytes can be large or small, and are round, non-granular, and classified as either T- or B-lymphocytes454Lymphoepithelial cyst?A cyst with a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and a capsule containing multiple normal lymphoid follicles and a dense accumulation of normal lymphocytes.455Lymphoid tissue?Tissue composed of lymphocytes supported by a meshwork of connective tissue.456Lymphoma?Is a malignant disease of lymphoid system.457Macrodontia? Large teeth as compared to normal.458Macroglossia?A developmental or acquired disorder where the tongue is larger than normal.459Macrognathia?Large jaws as compared to normal.460Macrophage?A large, mononuclear phagocyte derived from monocytes. Macrophages become mobile when stimulated by inflammation and interact with lymphocytes in an immune response.461Macrostomia?An increase in the width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear.462Macule?A focal area of color change that is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue e.g. Freckles.463Malaise?A symptom that describes a feeling of uneasiness, discomfort, or indisposition.464Malignant? A neoplastic growth that grows rapidly, and can readily metastasize.465Malignant ameloblastoma A type of ameloblastoma which has metastasized.466Malignant potential?Is the risk of cancer being present in a potentially malignant state, either at initial diagnosis or in future and expressed in percentages.467Mandibular lingual cortical defect?See Stafne cyst468Marble bone disease? See Osteopetrosis469Margination?A physiological phenomenon that occurs during the early phases of inflammation in which white blood cells tend to occupy the periphery of the blood vessels and adhere to endothelial cells that line the vessels.470Mastication?Chewing.471McCune-Albright syndrome?A syndrome characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system, cafe-au-lait spots, and endocrine dysfunction.472Median mandibular cyst? A rare, developmental fissural cyst of questionable origin in the anterior midline of mandible arising from epithelium entrapped within the mandible during its fusion in embryonic life.473Median rhomboid glossitis?See central papillary atrophy of tongue.474Meiosis?The two-step cellular division of the original germ cells, which reduces the chromosomes to haploid.475Melanoma?A common malignant neoplasm of melanocytes occurring on skin and mucosal surfaces that commonly have a radial and superficial initial growth period before it extends into the deeper underlying tissues and metastasizes.476Melanosis?Disorder of increased melanin pigmentation that develops without preceding inflammatory disease; condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin).477Melanotic macules?A small, flat, brown areas of the mucosal surfaces caused by an increase in the production of melanin granules but not in the number of melanocytes due to physiologic or reactive cause.478Mesenchymal?The meshwork of embryonic connective tissue in the mesoderm that gives rise to the connective tissue of the body, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.479Mesial?Toward the midline.480Mesiodens?A supernumerary tooth between the maxillary central incisors.481Metaplasia?Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another type. Or One form of epithelial cell changing to another due to various causes. Example? Ciliated respiratory epithelium becoming stratified in case of smokers.482Metastasis?The spread of neoplastic cells to parts of the body remote from the primary tumor and the establishment of new tumors in those sites via blood, lymph, direct seeding.483Metastasize?To spread or travel from one part of the body to another.484Metastatic tumor?A tumor formed by cells that have been transported from the primary tumor to a site not connected to the primary tumor.485Microcyte?A red blood cell that is smaller than normal.486Microdontia?Teeth that is considerably smaller than normal.487Microglossia?Tongue that is considerably smaller than normal.488Microstomia?Jaws that is considerably smaller than normal.489Midline lethal granuloma?A rare pathological process that is characterized clinically by aggressive destruction of the midline structures of palate and nasal fossa. Has been now classified as a type of lymphoma.490Mikulicz’s disease?A bilateral painless swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands with an intense lymphocytic infiltrate, with destruction of acini and ductal cells becoming hyperplastic.491Miller’s liquefaction foci?Are formed by focal coalescence and breakdown of few dentinal tubules in dental caries and liquefaction focus is an ovoid area of destruction? parallel to course of dentinal tubule filled with necrotic debris that increases by expansion. This expansion compresses and distorts the normal dentinal tubules.492Miller’s theory?See acidogenic theory493Mitosis?The way in which somatic cells divide so that the two daughter cells receive the same number of identical chromosomes. The process that is responsible for growth.494Mitotic figure?Dividing cells caught in the process of mitosis.495Mixed tumor?See pleomorphic adenoma496Molluscum bodies? In infection with a DNA pox group of virus, molluscum contagiosum, the central portion in lobule is filled with bloated keratinocytes that contain large, intranuclear, basophilic viral inclusion called molluscum bodies.497Molluscum contagiosum?A DNA pox virus induced epithelial hyperplasia that presents as numerous papules that contain basophilic inclusion bodies called molluscum bodies. The lesion is more common in children and immunocompromised.498Morsicatio buccarum and linguaraum?A common reactive lesion arising due to chronic chewing of buccal mucosa (buccarum) and lingual (linguarum) appearing as thick, irregular, shredded white patch often with zones of erythema or bleeding. May reflect a sharp teeth or a stressful condition.499Mucocele? Is a common salivary gland cyst resulting from rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin in to adjacent tissues.500Mucoepidermoid carcinoma?A common salivary gland malignancy with a variable biological potential, is made up of mucous producing acinar cells, epidermoid cells and intermediate cells.NoTermDefinitions501Mucopolysaccharidosis?A heterogenous group of metabolic disorder usually inherited in an autosomal recessive fashions characterized by lack of one or more normal enzymes leading to accumulation of these glycosaminoglyans or mucopolysaccharides.502Mucopurulent? Consisting of both mucous and pus.503Mucormycosis?See zygormycosis504Mucositis?Mucosal inflammation.505Mucous escape phenomenon or Mucous extravastion phenomenonIs a common salivary gland cyst resulting from rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin in to adjacent tissues.506Mucous patch?Lesions of secondary syphilis. See syphilis.507Mucous retention cyst?Is an epithelium lined cavity that arises from salivary gland tissue and represents a ductal dilatation or obstruction. Clinical features are similar to mucoceles.508Mulberry molars?Berry-like molars, due to atrophy of pulp horns in congenital syphilis.509Multilocular?A term used to describe a radiographic appearance of multiple, rounded compartments of locules. These can appear "soap bubble-like" or "honeycomb-like".510Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.Autosomal dominant condition involving the parathyroids, pancreas, thyroid and adrenal with one variant (MEN--IIB) that has an oral manifestation consisting of multiple neuromas on the mucosal surfaces511Multiple myeloma?A relatively plasma cell malignancy with multiple bony lesions occurring often in old aged with pathological fractures, radiographically punched out radiolucency and histopathologically as sheet of round blue cell and amyloid deposits.512Mumps?An endemic paramyxovirus infection affecting bilateral, salivary glands, spreading through respiratory droplets often in children occurring with fever and malaise. The complications include epididymo-orchitis and meningocephalitis.513Munro abscess? A collection of neutrophils inside the epithelium is called as Munro’s abscess and observed in Psoriasis.514Mutagenesis?The induction of genetic mutation.515Mutation?A permanent change in the arrangement of genetic material.516Myelophithisic anemia?An anemia caused by malignant proliferation of leukocytes compressing the normal marrow tissues.517Myofibromatosis?See dermatofibromatosis.518Myospherulosis?A reactive, foreign body granulomatous reaction to placement of topical tetracycline in a petrolatum base in a surgical site or defect.519Myxoma?A much debated aggressive intraosseous lesion derived from embryonic connective tissue associated with odontogenesis and primarily consisting of a mucoid ground substance with widely scattered undifferentiated spindled mesenchymal cells.520Nasoalveolar cyst?See nasolabial cyst521Nasolabial cyst?A developmental fissural cyst of the soft tissue of the anterior muco-buccal fold beneath the ala of the nose or in the upper lip, most likely derived from remnants of the inferior portion of the nasolacrimal duct.522Nasopalatine duct cyst?An intraosseous developmental fissural cyst of the midline of the anterior palate, derived from the islands of epithelium remaining after closure of the embryonic nasopalatine duct. The lesion presents as a heart shaped radiolucent area between maxillary central incisors in a radiograph.523Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?A rare benign neoplasm with vascular and fibrous component occurring in nasopharyngeal region of young males.524Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?An aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma arising from epithelium lining the nasopharynx commonly occurring in Cantonese Chinese and attributed to Epstein –Barr virus.525Natal teeth?Refers to those teeth that may be present at birth.526NecrosisThe death of a cell as a result of injury or disease.527Necrotizing sialometaplasia?An uncommon locally destructive inflammatory condition of the salivary glands resulting from ischemia of the salivary gland tissue that leads to local infraction. It mimics a malignancy in clinical and histopathological presentation.528Neonatal teeth?Refers to those teeth that arise within the first thirty days of life are neonatal teeth.529Neoplasia?The process of the formation of tumors. See tumor.530Neoplasm?See tumor.531Neuralgia Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis (NICO)?A low grade, non-supparative, osteomyelitis of jaw with poorly visible radiographic features occurring in patients with neuralgic pain.532Neurilemmoma?See Schwanomma.533Neurofibroma?A common type of peripheral nerve neoplasm, occurring as demarcated or diffuse benign proliferation of perineural fibroblasts that are oriented in either a random pattern with a myxoid background or a nodular (plexiform) pattern.534Neurofibromatosis?A common hereditary condition autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple neurofibromas of various sizes.535Neurofibrosarcoma?A malignant counterpart of Neurofibromatosis.536Neurogenic sarcoma?Malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis of perineural fibroblasts or Schwann cells with a propensity to rapidly extend along the associated nerve trunk.537Neuroma?A benign tumor of nervous tissue.538Neutropenia?A diminished number of neutrophils in the blood.539Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome?An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by oral, systemic and skeletal anomalies. An inherited group of defects which involve abnormalities of the skin, eyes, nervous system, endocrine, glands and bones. The condition is characterized by an unusual facial appearance and a predisposition for skin cancer.540Nevus?A benign, exophytic, usually pigmented, congenital lesion of the skin or mucosa composed of focal collections of rounded melanocytes; a mole. It may be flat or elevated, pigmented or non-pigmented, and may or may not contain hair.541NICO?See Neuralgia inducing cavitational osteonecrosis542Nicotine palatinus?See smoker’s palate543Nicotine stomatitis?A diffuse, reactive, reversible white change of the buccal mucosa caused by a combination of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, frequently containing multiple small nodules; found in heavy smokers due to the heat.544Nikolsky's sign?A clinical sign observed some bullous diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid where the superficial epithelium separates easily from the basal layer on exertion of firm sliding manual pressure.545Nodular fascitis?Localized benign lesion composed of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that are often clinically mistaken for a malignancy.546Nodular melanoma?A form of melanoma of the skin and occasionally the mucosa that arises as a raised mass with a limited radial-growth phase quickly invades and metastasizes and consists of a wide variety of cell shapes and sizes.547Nodule?A palpable solid lesion greater than 5 mm in diameter found in soft tissue. It can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface.548Odontogenic cyst? A cyst in which the lining of the lumen is derived from epithelium produced during tooth development.549Odontogenic fibroma?A peripheral or intraosseous (central) benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue of odontogenic origin containing widely scattered islands and strands of embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.550Odontogenic keratocyst?A cyst derived from the remnants (rests) of the dental lamina, with a biologic behavior similar to a benign neoplasm, with a distinctive lining of six to ten cells in thickness, and that exhibits a basal cell layer of palisaded cells and a surface of corrugated parakeratin.551Odontogenic tumors?Lesions derived from epithelial or mesenchymal elements, or both, that are odontogenic in nature.552Odontoma?Are common developmental hamartoma of odontogenic in origin. They are found in children and young adult as painless swelling composed of multiple small tooth like structure (compound) or conglomerate mass of enamel and dentin (Complex).553Oligodontia?Absence of six or more teeth than the normal number of teeth.554Oncogenic?Capable of causing tumor formation.555Oncology?The study of tumors or neoplasms.556Opportunistic infection?A disease caused by a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but becomes pathogenic under certain circumstances.557Oral submucous fibrosis?Is an insidious chronic disease affecting any part of the oral cavity & sometimes the pharynx. It is always associated with juxta epithelial inflammatory reaction followed by fibroelastic change of lamina propria with epithelial atrophy leading to stiffness of the oral mucosa causing trismus and inability to eat. (WHO, 1967)558Ossifying fibroma?A well-demarcated fibro-osseous lesion, encapsulated, expansile intraosseous lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous tissue containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented bony structures.559Osteoblastoma?A benign neoplasm of bone that arises from osteoblasts with similar clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of osteoid osteoma consisting of well-demarcated, rounded intraosseous swellings, each with an active cellular central nidus surrounded by a wide zone of osteoid, with pain upon palpation.560Osteogenesis imperfecta?A spectrum of diseases of bone due to a basic alteration in the formation of bone connective tissue matrix, resulting in an inability of the matrix to fully mineralize exhibiting a tendency for multiple broken bones, blue sclera of the eyes and associated dentinogenesis imperfecta.561Osteoma?An exophytic nodular growth of dense cortical bone on or within the mandible or maxilla in locations other than those occupied by tori or exostoses.562Osteomyelitis?An inflammatory process within medullary (trabecular) bone that involves the marrow spaces.563Osteopetrosis?Generalized hereditary condition consisting of excessive bone mineralization, resulting in altered stature, frequent fractures, lack of bone marrow hematopoietic function, and a tendency for severe osteomyelitis of the jaws.564Osteoradionecrosis?A condition of non-vital bone in a site of radiation exposure due to hypoxia hypocellular and hypovascular bone.565Osteosclerosis?Abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs.566Paget’s disease?An osteodystrophy characterized by uncoordinated bone remodeling of adults producing larger but weaker bones, extensive pain, high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline, and an increased tendency for pathological fractures and develop malignant bone neoplasm.567Palpation?The evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area. The descriptive terms for palpation are soft, firm and fluid filled. These terms also describe the consistency of a lesion.568Papillary?A term describing a small numerous projection usually found in clusters.569Papillary hyperplasia?A reactive tissue growth that usually develops beneath an ill fitting upper denture.570Papilloma?A benign exophytic papillary growth of stratified squamous epithelium. Most common epithelial pathology. Often caused by Papilloma virus.571Papillon Lefevre syndrome?An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe destructive periodontal disease affecting both the primary and permanent dentitions and hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet due to an immune defect.572Paradental cyst?An odontogenic cyst of uncertain origin found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third molar, consisting of intensely inflamed connective tissue and epithelial lining.573Parakeratin?An epithelial component of keratosis which has small residual nuclei in the superficial corneal layer.574Parulis?A sessile nodule on the gingiva at the site where draining sinus tact reaches the surface.575Pathogenesis?A series of events taking place in a disease leading to the presentation of complaint.576Pavementing?The process of adherence of leukocytes to the endothelial cells lining an injured blood vessel.577Pedunculated?Attached by a stem-like or stalk base similar to that of a mushroom. Or The narrowest part of the lesion is attached to the surface.578Pellicle?The thin covering on the surfaces of teeth derived from the salivary proteins. When microorganisms colonize this pellicle it is termed as plaque.?579PenetranceThe prevalence of individuals with a given genotype that manifest clinically the phenotype associated with that trait.580Periapical abscess?A sequale of chronic pulpitis in which there is an exudates collection extending into the adjacent periapical tissues.581Periapical cemental dysplasia?Asymptomatic diffuse periapical radiolucent and radiopaque areas in which cemento-osseous tissue replaces the normal architecture of bone.582Periapical cyst?An inflammatory odontogenic cyst of preceded by a chronic periapical abscess or a granuloma with epithelium derived from rests of Malassez present in the periodontal membrane usually as a result of dental caries.583Periapical granuloma?A mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment at the tip of the root.584Pericornitis?An inflammatory lesion caused by the accumulation of food debris in a soft tissue space between erupting teeth and the alveolar mucosa covering it and subsequent infection of? gram negative organism. Common in mandibular third molars.585Periodontal abscess?A localized accumulation of puss with in periodontal pockets is called as a periodontal abscess.586Periodontal pocket?The pathological space between the tip of the free gingiva and the base of the sulcular epithelium at the cementum filled by plaque, food debris and microbes.587Peripheral? Pertaining to the outer part, such as the edge or margin.588Peripheral ossifying fibroma?A benign reactive lesion that occurring exclusively on the gingiva with areas of ossification or cementum. (Peripheral cemento –ossifying fibroma).589Pernicious anemia?An anemia caused by deficiency of Vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor causing macrocytic and hyperchromic type of RBC.590Petechiae?Little red spots, ranging in size from pinpoint to several millimeters in diameter. Petechiae consist of extravasated blood within an intact mucosa.591Phagocytosis?A process of ingestion and digestion by leukocytes.592Phenotype?The physical and clinical visible characteristics of an individual and is genotype’s observable appearance.593Phoneix abscess?An exacerbation of a chronic lesion is called as a phoenix abscess.594Pigmented?Colored as the result of a deposit of pigment exogenous or endogenous.595Pindborg tumor?See Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor596Plaque?An area with a flat surface and raised edges.597Plaque?Is a complex microbial ecosystem found on the hard surfaces of oral cavity and is composed of salivary proteins, food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and microbes. Plaque is the common cause of gingivitis.598Platelet?One of the formed elements found in circulating blood. A platelet has a circular or disk-like shape is small. Platelets aid in blood coagulation and clot retraction.599Pleomorphic?Occurs in various forms.600Polycythemia?An increase in the total red blood cell mass in the blood.601Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia?Fibrous dysplasia affecting several or many bones and café au lait spots. Can be classified in to Jaffe type and Mc Cune Albright Syndrome.602Port wine stain?A unique type of Hemangioma consisting of superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin which produces reddish to purplish discoloration of the surface skin.603Potentially malignant condition (Previously Premalignant condition)?A disease or a habit that does not necessarily alter the clinical appearance of the local tissue but is associated with a greater than normal risk of cancer development in that tissue.604Potentially malignant lesion (Previously Premalignant lesion)?A benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.605Primary intra osseous carcinoma? A squamous cell carcinoma within bone and with no indication that it originated from surface epithelium or that it metastasized from another site.606Primary tumor The original tumor; the source of metastasis.607Proliferation?The multiplication of cells.608Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia?A distinct potentially malignant lesion characterized by diffuse white and/ or papillary area of the mucosa caused by varying degrees of epithelial hyperplasia; it has the potential to develop into verrucous carcinoma or well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.609Prosoplasia?Is an irreversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another type.610Proteolytic – chelation theory?It states that Dental caries is a simultaneous process of microbial degradation of organic components and dissolution of minerals by chelation that is independent of pH.611Proteolytic theory?It states that dental caries initiates at the organic or protein elements through which bacteria enters and cause the lyses of soft and hard tissues of teeth.612Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia?An excessively elongated rete pegs composed of normal keratinocytes that extend into the immediately adjacent connective tissue, giving a false impression of a squamous cell carcinoma seen in a variety of conditions.613Pulp stone? Calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth.614Pulpal abscess?An inflammation of the dental pulp, associated with a localized collection of necrotic tissue and pus arising from breakdown of leukocytes and bacteria, sometimes walled off with connective tissue.615Pulpitis?An inflammation of the pulpal tissue that may be acute or chronic with or without symptoms and reversible le or irreversible.616Purpura?A group of platelet disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discolorations caused by bleeding into the skin or tissues.617Purulent?Containing pus.618Pustule?Blisters of various sized circumscribed elevations containing pus.?619Pyogenic granuloma?A benign reactive lesion restricted to gingiva characterized by a fast-growing proliferation of endothelial cells and usually in response to chronic irritation.620Pyronine bodies?Are clusters of lightly basophilic particles in association with plasmacytic infiltrate in periapical granuloma.621Quincke’s disease?See angioneurotic edema.622Radiation therapy?The careful use of high-energy radiation to treat cancer either in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy or alone.623Radicular cystAn odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the periodontal membrane.624Radiolucent?The black or dark areas in a radiograph that result from the ability of radiant energy to pass through the structure. Less dense structures (e.g., the pulp) are radiolucent.625Radiopaque?The white or clear appearance in a radiograph that results from the inability of radiant energy to pass through a structure. The more dense the structure (i.e., amalgam restorations), the whiter it appears in the radiograph.626Rampant Caries?A rapidly spreading type of caries commonly seen in bottle feeding children occurring in areas that is less prone for caries.?627Ramsay Hunt syndrome? Is a combination of cutaneous lesions of herpes zoster of external auditory canal with involvement of ipsilateral facial paralysis and auditory nerves.?628Ranula?Is a term used for mucocele occurring in the floor of mouth.629Ratner bone cavity?See NICO630Raynaud’s phenomenon?A phenomenon exhibited by persons exhibited to cold. From blanching of the digits to the blue color due to venous stasis the color change is observed.???631Recessive In genetics, a trait or characteristic manifested clinically with a double gene dose in autosomic chromosomes or with a single dose in males if the trait is X-linked.632Reed- Sternberg cells?See Doorthy Reed cells633Regional odontodysplasia?A developmental disturbance of several adjacent teeth in which the enamel and dentin are thin and irregular and fail to adequately mineralize; surrounding soft tissue is hyperplastic and contains focal accumulations of spherical calcifications and odontogenic rests.634Repair?The restoration of damaged or diseased tissues.635Residual cyst?A cyst that remains at the site of a previously extracted tooth.636Retention cyst?See Mucocele637Retrocuspid papilla?A sessile nodule on the gingival margin of the lingual aspect of the mandibular cuspids.638Reverse smoking?A peculiar smoking habit practiced by certain people all over world, (Andhra Pradesh in India) where the lighted end is held inside the mouth.639Reversible pulpitis?Mild inflammation of the tooth pulp caused by dental caries or trauma to the pulp, the changes being reversible once the trauma is removed.?640Rhabdomyoma?A rare, benign neoplasm of striated muscle.641Rhabdomyosarcoma?Rare, rapidly growing malignant neoplasm of striated muscle that occurs in three histologic patterns (embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic) having a poor prognosis.642Rheumatoid factor?A protein, an immunoglobulin M (IgM), found in serum and detectable on laboratory tests. It is associated with rheumatoid?643Riga- Fede disease? A chronic type of traumatic ulceration that is histopathologically unique exhibiting a deep pseudoinvasive inflammatory reaction with high number of eosinophilia, also similar to “TUGSE”. The Lesion is seen in nursing babies when lower teeth erupt to cause ulcerations at the ventral surface of tongue and rarely on dorsal surface by the maxillary incisors.644Rodent ulcer?See basal cell carcinoma645Romberg syndrome?A characteristic loss in the soft tissues below the skin, usually on one side of the face; In some severe cases, the underlying bone is also effected.646Root resorption?Breakdown or destruction of root structure; loss of root structure. The apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly shaped.647Rootless teeth?A hereditary defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a gnarled pattern and associated shortened and tapered roots.648Russell bodies?Are scattered eosinophilic globules of gamma globulin secreted by numerous plasma cells seen in periapical granuloma.?649Saint Anthony’s fire?Earlier name of Erysipelas, an infection of skin caused by streptococcus, spreading through lymphatics as red well circumscribed indurated areas occurring in children.?650Salivary Calculi?Refers to calcified structures that develop within the salivary ductal system, by deposition of calcium salts around a nidus of debris within the lumen.651San Joaquin Valley fever? Is the other name of coccidiomycosis.?652Sarcoidosis?Is an insidious multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause in middle aged individuals with symptoms similar to tuberculosis with scattered nonspecific tender erythematous nodules called erythema nodosum.?653Sarcoma?Malignant growth of connective tissues origin.654Scalloping? A margin that is not straight or smooth; with periodical up and downs.655Scarlet fever?Is a systemic infection produced by beta hemolytic group of streptococci that begins as a tonsillitis and pharyngitis and produces an enanthematous and exanthematous reaction via an erythrogenic toxin. Common in children.?656Schaumann bodies?The granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains a laminated basophilic calcifications called as schaumann bodies.?657Schwannoma?Well-demarcated, benign neural lesion consisting of a fibroblastic proliferation of the nerve sheath cell (Schwann cell) producing distinctive patterns referred to as Antoni A, Antoni B tissue and Verocay bodies.658Scleroderma?A rare immunologically mediated dermatologic abnormality leading to Raynaud’s phenomenon or CREST syndrome with skin developing a diffuse, hard texture with a smooth surface.659Scrofula?A form of tuberculosis spread through infected milk presenting as a enlargement of oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue with cervical lymph node involvement.?660Scrotal tongue?See fissured tongue661Scurvy?A bleeding gingival status caused by vitamin C deficiency status due to faculty collagen synthesis mechanism.?662Sebaceous cyst?Is a common cyst of skin with a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled with keratin and without skin appendages in the capsule wall.?663Sequestrum?A fragment of dead bone separated from healthy bone as a result of chronic inflammation or infection.? .664Serous?A substance having a watery consistency; relating to serum.665Sessile?When the broadest part of the lesion is attached to the surface of the body it is said to be sessile. Describing the base of a lesion that is flat or broad.666Shagreen patches? A skin hamartoma lesion observed in trunk of patient with tuberous sclerosis that resemble skin of shark.667Shell teeth?In severe form of dentinogenesis imperfecta, due to pulpal enlargement, thin dentin and normal enamel commonly associated with deciduous dentition.668Shingles?See Herpes zoster669Sialadenitis?Refers to the inflammation of the salivary glands which can arise from various infectious and non infectious cause, the most common being mumps.?670Sialolithiasis? See salivary calculi671Sialo-odontogenic cyst?An unusually large solitary or multilocular odontogenic cyst probably derived from the rests of dental lamina, consisting a stratified squamous epithelium containing numerous mucus-secreting cells.672Sickle cell anemia? Is a hemoglobinopathies, a genetic disorder because of the mutational substitution of thymine for adenine in DNA, resulting in valine than glutamic acid in beta chain of globin turning the hemoglobin to be more prone for aggregation and polymerization in deoxygenated state.673Sideropenic dysphagia?See Plummer – Vinson syndrome674Sign?A feature of the disease or condition elucidated by the examining physician by performing palpating or auscultations.675Sinus tract?A pathological drainage pathway from a deep focus of acute infection through tissue and/or bone to an opening on the surface.?676Sjogren’s syndrome?The chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves the salivary, lacrimal and eyes is the Sjogren’s syndrome.?677Smoker?s melanosis?A reactive, irregularly shaped brownish macular pigmentations of oral tissue that are associated with prolonged tobacco smoking.678Smoker’s palate?A reactive white keratotic patch that commonly develops in palate in reaction to the heat of tobacco smoke appearing as numerous papules often grayish white in color with punctuate red centers. It is not a potentially malignant state.??679Snuff dipper’s lesion?Is a reactive change in mucosa to the chronically placed smokeless tobacco appearing as a whitish or grayish white velvety lesion.?680Somatic cells?All the cells of the human body with the exception of the germ cells.681Sphenopalatine neuralgia?Is a paroxysmal intense painful condition affecting the mid and upper face of unknown etiology. The pain attacks over a period of few weeks followed by period of remission to recur.?682Spindle cell carcinoma or Carcinosarcoma?Rare, unusual form of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma consisting of elongated (spindled) epithelial cells that resemble a sarcoma.?683Spitz nevus?Is an uncommon type of small melanocytic nevus that share many histopathological features with melanoma occurring during childhood.684Squamous cell carcinoma?A malignant neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of locally destructive growth and distant metastasis.685Squamous odontogenic tumor?A rare, sometimes multifocal, potentially aggressive lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium, consisting of islands of stratified squamous epithelium that commonly contain microcysts and calcifications in a dense fibrous background.686Stafne cyst or Stafne defect?A developmental concavity of the lingual cortex of the angle of mandible, caused by overextension of an accessory lateral lobe of the submandibular gland, and has the radiographic appearance of a well-circumscribed cystic lesion within the bone, usually below the inferior alveolar canal687Stain?A deposit on the hard tissue surface of oral cavity characterized by a color change.?688Stevens-Johnson syndrome?A severe form of erythema multiforme triggered by a drug reaction often involving the ocular, genital mucosa in conjunction with oral and skin lesion.689Struge – Weber syndrome?A rare non hereditary developmental condition characterized by a hamartomatous vascular proliferations and neurological abnormalities.?690Stylohyoid syndrome?See eagle syndrome691Superficial spreading melanoma?Most common form of malignant melanoma, initially appearing as an irregularly shaped brown-black macular area with jagged borders and satellite lesions in which areas of nodular melanoma eventually develop.692Supernumerary?One or more than the normal complement.693Surgical ciliated cyst of maxilla?An intrabony cyst located near or at the floor of the maxillary sinus lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium, caused by implantation of normal mucus-secreting sinus epithelium during previous surgery or a trauma including traumatic extraction.694Sutton’s disease?Is the Major apthous ulcer with long episodes, deep and heals with scarring.?695Swift disease?See Acrodynia696Symptom?A manifestation of disease of which the patient is usually aware and frequently complains.697Syndrome?A combination of signs and symptoms occurring commonly enough to constitute a distinct clinical entity.698Syphilis? Is a sexually or vertically transmitted, world wide, chronic, granulomatous infection produced by Treponema palladium. The primary and secondary stages may be infective when occurring in oral cavity.699Systemic?Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.700Systemic lupus erythematosus?Is a immunologically mediated multisystemic disease often involving skin, kidney and cardiac complications.701Systemic sclerosis? See Scleroderma.702T lymphocyte?A lymphocyte that is differentiated in the thymus before migrating to tissues. The T lymphocyte, also called a T cell, is responsible for cell-mediated immunity.703Talon cusp?A developmental defect in the shape of teeth that is form of supernumerary cusp which arises from the cingulum portion of the tooth and extends to the incisal edge as a prominent projection of enamel that imparts a T shape, usually of incisors and canine.704Target lesion? A concentric circular erythematous rings resembling a targets or bull’s eye as observed in the immunologically mediated erythema multiforme.?705Taurodont?A developmental abnormality of a malformed multirooted tooth characterized by an altered crown-to-root ratio, the crown being of normal length, the roots being abnormally short, and the pulp chamber being abnormally large.706Tay-Sach’s disease? A lipid reticuloendothelioses inherited as autosomal recessive trait caused by a lack of hexosaminadase A that results in accumulation of ganglioside within lysosome of neurons.707Telangiectasia?The formation of small dilated capillaries near the surface of a tissue. Telangiectasia may be a sign of hereditary disorder, alcohol abuse, or malignancy in the region.?708Temporal arteritis?Is an idiopathic, multifocal vasculitis of cranial arteries (superficial temporal artery) presenting as a unilateral throbbing headache characterized by the chronic inflammation of intima and tunica media of the arteries, narrowing of lumen and edema and proliferation of intima.709Teratoma?A developmental tumor composed of tissue from all three germ layers and believed to arise from germ cells or entrapped totipotent blastomeres.710Thalassemia?Represents a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis characterized by reduced synthesis of beta globin chains of hemoglobin molecule. If only one gene is affected it is a minor form and if both genes are affected it is major form of thalassemia.711Thrombocyte?A platelet.712Thrombocytopenia?Decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood due to many pathological conditions.713Thrush?See candidiasis714Thymus?A lymphoid organ that is situated in the retrosternum. It reaches maximal development at about puberty and then undergoes gradual involution.715Thyroglossal duct cyst or Thyroglossal tract cyst?A developmental midline, painless, fluctuant, movable cyst arising from remnants of thyroglossal duct epithelium.??716Tic douloureux?See trigeminal neuralgia.717Tobacco pouch keratosis? A reactive altered mucosa due to use of smokeless tobacco usually in mandibular vestibule or in the area of the placement of smokeless tobacco. The alteration disappears with the discontinuation of the habit.718Tooth discoloration?Color changes in the teeth.719Tori or Torus?A benign bony nodule on the hard palate or on the lingual aspect of the premolars area of mandible.?720Toxic epidermal necrolysis?A most severe form of erythema multiforme, mostly triggered by a drug exposure causing a diffuse sloughing of mucosal and skin surface in older people.?721Translucent?Somewhat penetrable by rays of light.722Trauma?A wound or injury; damage produced by an external force.723Traumatic bone cyst? Asymptomatic intraosseous empty cavity of young patients located primarily within the jaw bone, lined by a thin loose connective tissue membrane and is adequately treated when blood enters the space during an intraosseous biopsy.724Traumatic neuroma? A benign painful nodular proliferation of nerve and fibrous tissue of the nerve sheath resulting from the futile attempt of nerve fibers to reunite with their severed distal portion due to a trauma.?725Traumatic neuroma?A painful reactive proliferation of neural tissue at a site of injury726Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosiophilia (TUGSE)?See Riga –fede disease.727Treacher Collins syndrome?An autosomal dominant inherited first and second branchial arch abnormality characterized by slanting palpebral fissures, sunken cheek bones, receding chin, and malformed ears.?728Trench mouth?See ANUG729Trigeminal neuralgia?An unexplained pain in the peripheral parts of the fifth cranial nerve causing a sharp intense lancinating pain for a shorter duration occurring in episode separated by a refractory period and has trigger zone.?730Trisomy?A pair of chromosomes with an identical extra chromosome.731Tubercle?The granuloma of tuberculosis made up of circumscribed collection of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells with a central caseous necrosis is called as tubercle.732Tuberculosis?A chronic debilitating bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberulosis, causing a cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction with evening raise of fever, loss of weight and chronic cough.733Tuberous sclerosis? An autosomal dominant inherited uncommon syndrome characterized by mental retardation, seizure and angiofibromas.?734Tumor?An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and does not cease when provoking stimulus are removed.735Turner’s hypoplasia or Turner’s tooth?Enamel hypoplasia of a single tooth, most commonly one of the permanent maxillary incisors or a maxillary or mandibular premolar, resulting from local infection or trauma.736Tyndall effect?Refers to the interaction of light with particles in colloidal solution producing the blue color of blue nevus.?737Tzanck cells?The acantholytic epithelial cell with nucleolar fragmentation with condensation of chromation around the periphery of the nucleus. Seen in Viral infection like herpes and pemphigus vulgaris.?738Ulcer?A loss in continuity of surface epithelium that extends in to lamina propria. The cause of ulcer is many and usually due to a sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue.?739Unilocular?A term used to describe a radiographic appearance of a single, rounded compartment or locule.740Varicella Or chicken pox? Is a common viral infection in children caused by varicella zoster or human herpes virus -3, spread through air droplets or direct contact and causes intensely pruritic exanthema that characteristically is observed as “a dewdrop on a rose petal” after which they ulcerate to heal.?741Varicosity or Varicies?Is an abnormally dilated and tortuous vein commonly observed in aged due to the loss in the rigidity of the vessel wall.?742Ventral?Directed toward or situated on the belly surface in humans (opposite of dorsal).743Verocay bodies?In neurilemoma, the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming fascicles of schwan cells which form a palisaded arrangement around central, acellular, eosinophilic areas called as verocay bodies.?744Verruca vulgaris?Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections.745Verruciform xanthoma? A well demarcated, soft, painless, sessile, epithelial hyperplastic condition of unknown etiology characterized by an accumulation of lipid laden histiocytes in the connective tissue papillae.746Verrucous carcinoma? A distinct, diffuse, papillary, superficial, locally invasive, usually non-metastasizing form of low grade well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma occurring in aged.747Verrucous hyperplasia?The papillary exophytic proliferation with increase in thickness of epithelium in a hyperkeratotic whitish unscrappable patch is referred as verrucous hyperplasia.748Verrucous leukoplakia?A nodular leukoplakia that is exophytic and demonstrates verrucous projections is referred as verrucous leukoplakia.749Vesicle?A well-defined lesion of the skin and mucous membranes that resembles a sac, contains fluid, and is less than 1 cm in diameter.750Vincent’s infection?See ANUG751Visceral? Pertaining to body organs.752Von Recklinghausen?s disease?An autosomal dominant hereditary condition with a mutation in 17q11.2 with an abnormal neurofibrin, presenting as multiple neurofibromas of the skin and mucosa and associated café au lait spots of the skin with the potential for producing disfigurement and malignant transformation.?753Wart, Common?Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections754Wart, Veneral?Is a virus induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the genetilia.755Warthin’s Tumor? Is a benign neoplasm of parotid salivary gland that presents as a slowly growing painless nodular mass and is composed of a mixture of ductal epithelium and a lymphoid stroma.756Warty dyskeratoma?Is an uncommon solitary, asymptomatic, umblicated papule of the skin the histopathology of which is very similar to that of Darier’s disease.757Wegener’s granulomatosis?A well recognized uncommon disease process of unknown cause with multi organ involvement with a characteristic oral change of strawberry gingivitis and or oral ulcerations.758Well circumscribed?A term used to describe a lesion whose borders are specifically defined, and in which one can clearly see the exact margins and extent759White sponge nevus?Relatively rare autosomal dominant hereditary condition in which the oral mucosa has a pearly white, thickened and folded. High penetrance and variable expression.?760Whitlow?A herpes infection involving the distal phalanx of a finger. Commonly seen in dentist.?761Wickhams striae?They are the characteristic fine lacy white lines observed in the lichen planus.?762Xanthoma cells?These are the numerous large macrophages with foamy cytoplasm confined to connective tissue papillae that contain lipid, diastase resistant granules.?763Xeroderma pigmentosum?A rare autosomal recessive trait genodermatosis that predisposes to malignancies. The defect lies in the excision repair and or post replication mechanism of DNA.?764Xerophthalmia?Abnormal dryness of the eyes as observed in condition like Sicca syndrome.?765Xerostomia?It is a condition of dry mouth. The cause of dry mouth could be local, systemic or psychogenic factors. With true xerostomia the quantity and or quality of saliva are diminished.?766Zoster sine herpete?It is a type of herpes zoster that is recurrent and occurs with the absence of vesiculation of the skin or mucosa.?767Zygomycosis?An Opportunistic, frequently fulminant, fungal infection that is caused by normally saprophytic organisms of the class Zygomycetes including Absidia, Mucr, and Rhizopus. The disease frequently affects immunocompromised and diabetics. Rhinocerebral form of the disease is of interest to the dentist.Lesion/ ConditionRadiological appearanceAcute osteomyelitisMoth eaten radiolucencyAneurysmal bone cystHoneycomb or soap bubble appearanceApert’s syndromeSkull? radiograph“ Beaten metal” patternCalcifying epithelial odontogenic tumorDriven snow appearanceCemento-osseous dysplasiaCotton wool radiopacitiesCentral HemangiomaHoney combed or sunburst or cotton wool appearanceCherubismGround glass appearance; Floating teeth syndromeChronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitisCotton wool appearance/ Mosaic paaternCoronal? dentin dysplasiaThistle tube appearanceCrouzon syndromeSkull? radiograph“ Beaten metal” patternDentinogenesis imperfecta – 2Shell teethEwing’ s sarcomaOnion skin appearance; sunray appearance rarelyFibrous dysplasiaGround glass appearance; Rind signGarre’s osteomyelitisOnion peel appearanceGaucher's diseaseErlenmeyer flask deformity of distal femurGigantiform cementomaCotton wool radio-opacitiesGlobulomaxillary cystPear shaped radiolucency between maxillary lateral incisor and canineGradner syndromeCotton wool radio-opacitiesHemangiomaHair on end or crew cut appearanceHyperparathyroidismPartial loss of lamina dura; Ground glass appearance of boneHypophosphatasemiaMetaphyses of long bone show spotty or streaky or irregular ossificationsMeningiomaHair on end or crew cut appearanceMultiple myelomaPunched out areas of radiolucency;Nasopalatine duct cystHeart shaped radiolucency between roots of maxillary central incisorsOdontogenic myxomaHoney comb / Mottled appearanceOsteomalaciaLooser’s zone pseudofracture lineOsteopetrosisVertebrae- Rugger-Jersey pattern; Ribs - Endo bone (Bone with in bone )pattern; roots are not easily distinguishable from adjacent boneOsteosarcomaIntramedullary parts appears as cumulus cloud densities; sunray/ sun burst pattern; widening of periodontal ligament; Codman’s triangle (periosteum raised like tent)Paget's diseaseosteoporosis circumscripta; Cotton wool appearance; hypercementosis; loss of lamina duraPlasmacytomaHair on end or crew cut appearancePrimary Intraosseous CarcinomaMoth eaten radiolucencyPseudohypoparathyroidismChevron pulpPsoriatic arthritisPencil cup appearance; opera glass deformity in jointsRegional odontodysplasiaGhost teethRicketsMuller’s line (Widened space @ the site of zone of preparatory calcification)Rachitic rosary- costochondral prominenceSclerodermaWidening of lamina dura; bone resorption at angle, condyle or coronoid areaScurvy & Chronic Vitamin C deficiencyIncreased density @ end of long bones as white lines- “line of Frenkel”;Signet ring appearance of epiphyses;Zone of rarefaction around white lines- represents “Trummerfield zone”Sclerotic ring around epiphyses – “Winberger’ line”Metaphyseal corner fracture-? “Pelkan spur”Severe iron deficiency in child hoodHair on end or crew cut appearanceSialdenosis (sialography)Leafless treeSickle cell anemiaHair on end or crew cut appearanceSjogren’s syndrome (Sialography)Branchless fruit laden tree or cherry blossom appearanceSynovial sarcomaSpotty calcification; snow storm appearanceSynovial sarcomaSnow storm appearanceThalassemiaRib with in a rib appearance of rib; Hair on end or crew cut appearance; salt and pepper effect;? Thin lamina duraLesion/ ConditionHistopathological appearanceActinomycosisOrganism arranged in Radiating rosette or Sunray patternAdenoid cystic carcinoma – cribriform patternSwiss cheese pattern or Honey comb patternAlveolar soft part sarcomaTumor cells in pseudoalveloar or organoid patternApthous ulcer smearAnitschkow cellsAspergillosisOrganism are branching, septate hyphae invading blood vesselsBasal cell adenoma- membranous typeNeoplastic cells in Jigsaw puzzle patternBurkitt's lymphomaStarry sky patternCalcifying epithelial odontogenic tumorLisegang rings – concentric calcificationsCalcifying Odontogenic cystsTumor cells have Ghost cellsCanalicular adenomaPaired wall arrangement of neoplastic cellsCat Scratch diseaseLymph node cortical hyperplasia; areas of stellate supparative necrosis surrounded by a band of histiocytesChronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitisBone shows mosaic patternCicatricial pemphigoidSub-epidermal / sub-epithelial split; no acantholysisCytomegalovirusInclusion bodies makes the owl eyes cellsDilantin sodium induced gingival hyperplasiaTest tube rete pegsEpstein’s noduleKeratin arranged in concentric “onion ring”Ewing’s sarcomaNeoplastic cells arranged in Filigree patternFamily benign PemphigusDilapidated brick wall effect; corps ronds and grainFibrosarcoma – intermediateHerring bone patternFibrous dysplasiaChinese letter shaped bone trabeculaeFibrous histiocytomaStoriform pattern; Grenz zoneGaucher’s diseaseGaucher’s cell with crumpled silk cytoplasm (liver cells)HemangiopericytomaStag horn patternHereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosisCell with in a cell appearance -dyskeratotic epithelial cellHodgkins lymphomaLacunar type Reed Sternberg Cells – Owl eye cellsHodgkins lymphoma – Nodular, lymphocyte predominantPopcorn cells or Kern cellsHurler syndromeHurler cells or Gargoyle cells or clear cellsJunctional nevus"Abtropfung" effectKeratosis follicularisCorps ronds and grainsLipoblastomaSignet ring cellsMultiple myelomaRussell cells;? sheets of plasma cells that have a cart wheel or checker board type of nuclear patternMycosis fungoidesMycosis cells or Sezary cells with cerebriform nucleus, Pautrier's micro abscessNeurolemmomaAntoni A; Antoni B; Verocay bodiesNiemann – Pick diseaseNiemann –Pick cell in reticuloendothelial system as Sea-blue histiocyteOncocytomaOncocytes in alveolar or Organoid patternPaget's disieaseJig jag or mosaic pattern of bones seemParacoccidiodiomycosisOrganism appears as a mickey mouse ears or Mariners wheel appearancePara-neoplastic Pemphigussuprabasilar split; Dyskeratotic cellsPemphigus foliaceoussuprabasilar split, Antibodies to Desmoglein 1, Prevesicular edema, Tzank cells in smear; basal cells “ row of tombstones”Pemphigus vulgarissuprabasilar split, Antibodies to Desmoglein 1,3., Prevesicular edema, Tzank cells in smear; basal cells “ row of tombstones”Pernicious anemiaBone marrow biopsy - Erythroid precursors show checkerboard appearancePolymorphous low grade adenocarcinomaIndian filing pattern type of arrangement of neoplastic cellsPorokeratosis of MibelliCoronoid lamellaRadicular dentin dysplasiaLava flowing over bouldersRhabdomyosarcoma – EmbryonalTadpole shaped rhabdomyoblastsRhabdomyosarcoma- pleomorphicSpindle tumor cell appears as racquet / strug/ ribbon cellsRegional odontodysplasiaEnamloid congromerulatesSarcoidosisSchaumann bodies (Laminated basophilic calcifications), Asteroid bodies (Stellate inclusions in granulomatous inflammation)ScurvyGrustmark? and Trummerfield zone in boneSynovial sarcomaAppears like a developing joint with a typical synovium like cleftThalassemiaIntracellular inclusion bodies in erythrocytes - Fessas bodies –demonstrated by supravital stains; Target cell appearance; “safety pin cells”Verruciform xanthomaFoam cell limited to connective tissue papillaeWarty dyskeratomaCorps ronds and grainsWhite spongy nevusEosinophilic condensation in perinuclear region of cells in superficial layersZygormycosisOrganism are large, branching, non septate hyphae invading blood vesselsMore"Bodies"·? ? ? ??Apoptotic bodies : membrane bound spherical structures in Apoptosis·????????Aschoff's bodies : Rheumatic fever·????????Asteroid bodies : Sporotrichosis; Sarcoidosis·?????????Babes:Ernest metachromatic granules : Diphtheria·?????????Balbiani's Bodies : yolk nucleus·?????????Bamboo Bodies : asbestos bodies·?????????Bollinger's bodies : Fowl pox (intracytoplasmic)·?????????Brachy W?chter Bodies : Infective Endocarditis·?????????Brassy Body : dark shrunken blood corpuscle found in MALARIA·?????????Civatte’s (colloid) bodies : Lichen planus·?????????Coccoid X Bodies : psittacosis·?????????Councilman bodies : Yellow fever·?????????Cowdry type:A bodies : Yellow fever, Herpes virus infection·?????????Cowdry type:B bodies : Adenovirus, Poliovirus?·?????????Davidson’s body : sex chromatin in neutrophils (dumbbell shaped); "Check Barr Bodies"·?????????D?hle bodies : cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neutrophils seen in bacterial infection·?????????Donovan body : Granuloma inguinale·?????????Feruginous Bodies : Asbestosis·?????????Gamma-Favre bodies : LGV·?????????Guarnieri's bodies : Vaccinia (intracytoplasmic)·?????????Hectoid bodies : Sickle cell anemia·?????????Heinz bodies – thalassemia; G6PD DEF·?????????Henderson:Peterson's bodies : Molluscum contagiosum·?????????Herring bodies : pars nervosa of pituitary gland·?????????Hirano bodies : Alzheimer’s disease·?????????Histiocytosis:X(HX)(Birbeck's granules) : Histiocytosis:X·?????????Howell:Jelly bodies : splenectomy , Megaloblastic Anaemia, Hemolytic anaemia·?????????LE bodies (hematoxylin bodies) : SLE·?????????Leishman’s Donovan’s bodies : Kala Azar·?????????Lewy bodies : Parkinson's disease·?????????Lipschütz' bodies : intra nuclear inclusions in herpes simplex infection·?????????Miyagava's bodies : Lymphogranuloma venereum·?????????Moser’s bodies : Typhus fever·?????????Mott Bodies : multiple myeloma·?????????Negri bodies (intracytoplasmic, intra neuron, hippocampus) : Rabies·?????????Nissl’s bodies : cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons·?????????Odland Bodies : Flegel’s Disease (i.e hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans); Keratinosome·?????????Oken's Body : mesonephros·?????????Pappenheimer bodies – non heme iron pigments in siderocyte·?????????Paschen Bodies : variola or vaccinia·?????????Pick BODIES : PICKS Disease·?????????Red Neurons : Apoptosis·?????????Reilly’s bodies : Hurler's syndrome·?????????Residual Bodies : SARCOID AND SARCOID LIKE GRANULOMAS·?????????Schaumann’s/Conchoids bodies (calcium & iron complexes) : Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis·?????????Torres bodies : Yellow fever·?????????Verocay bodies – Neurilemmoma; schwannoma·?????????Weibel:Palade bodies : storage organelles of von Willebrand’s factor in platelets & endothelium·?????????Winkler's & Ross's bodies : Syphilis·?????????Zebra bodies : cytoplasmic inclusions in schwann cell degenerationZebra BODIES : Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Niemann Pick's Disease.Apple jelly nodules in nasal septum: Lupus vulgarisArnold?head: Cleidocarnial dysplasiaAsh-leaf spots: Tuberous sclerosisAuspitz sign: PsoriasisBald tongue of Sandwith: PellagraBird facies: Treacher-collins syndromeBrazillian wild fire: Pemphigus foliaceusBuffalo?hump: Cushing’s syndromeBull neck: DiphtheriaBull’s eye lesion: Steven-Johnson syndromeBull’s teeth: TaurodontismButterfly shaped lesion on malar bone: Sytemic lupus erythematous, ErysipelasButton-hole sign: NeurofibromatosisCafé au lait spots – coast of?California: NeurofibromatosisCafé au lait spots – coast of?Maine: Fibrous dysplasiaCarpet tack lesions: Discoid lupus erythematosusCerebriform tongue: Pemphigus vegetansCharcot’s triad: Seen in multiple sclerosis, characterized by intention tremor, nystagmus, dysarthriaChipmunk facies: ThalassemiaChovstek’s sign: HypoparathyrodismCircus rubber man: Ehler-Danlos syndromeClaw hands: SclerodermaClover leaf skull deformity: Crouzon syndrome, Apert’s syndromeCompy's sign: ?MeaslesCobble stone appearance: Lymphangioma, Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, Heck’s diseaseCoup de saber: Facial hemiatrophy, SclerodermaCREST: SclerodermaCrowe’s sign: NeurofibromatosisCupids bow: Double lipDew drop on rose petal: VaricellaErythema nodosum: Coccidiodiomycosis, sarcoidosisExercise bone: Traumatic myositis ossificansEyes upturned to heaven: CherubismFacies leprosa: LeprosyFarmer’s skin: Solar elastosisFetal facies: Robinow syndromeFine pink colored glistening scales: Pityriasis roseaFish facies: Treacher-Collins syndromeForschemmier sign: RubellaFournier’s molars: congenital syphilisFrog facies: Crouzon syndromeGorlin sign: Ehler -Danlos SyndromeGrains of salt on a red background: MeaslesGrattage sign: PsoriasisHamman’s crunch: Cervicofacial emphysemaHarelip: Cleft lipHebra nose: RhinoscleromaHerald spots: Pityriasis roseaHigomenakis's sign: Congenital syphilisHockey stick deformity of femur: Fibrous dysplasiaHunter’s glossitis: Pernicious anemiaHutchinson's sign: Herpes zosterHutchinson's triad: Congenital syphilis with Hypoplasia of incisor (Pegged laterals, screw driver shaped central incisor and mulberry molars), Eighth nerve deafness and Interstitial keratitis.Iris lesion: Steven-Johnson syndromeIris pearl’s: LeprosyKoebner phenomenon: Desquamative gingivitis, Lichen planus, pemphigus, Epidermolysis bullosa dystropicaKoplik's spots: MeaslesLeonine facies: LeprosyLeontiasis ossea: Paget’s diseaseLeser-Trelat's sign: Seborrheic keratosis, internal malignancyLisch nodules: ?NeurofibromatosisLivedo reticularis: Systemic lupus erythematosusLock jaw: TentanusLongitudinal lines in nails: Darrier’s diseaseLuetic glossitis: SyphilisLupus pernio: SarcoidosisMagenta tongue: Riboflavin deficiencyMaldon teeth: FlurosisMask like face: Systemic sclerosis, Periodic paralysis, Parkinsonism, Facial palsy.Millian sign: ErysipelasMitten hands: Apert’s syndromeMoeller’s glossitis: Pernicious anemiaMongloid appearance: Down’s syndrome, ThalassemiaMoon facies: Cushing syndromeMoth eaten alopecia: Secondary syphilis, Tinea capitis infection.Mulberry molars: SyphilisMulberry like ulcerations: ParacoccidiodiomycosisMyopathic facies: Dystrophic myotoniaNail fold telangiectasia: Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosusNikolsky’s sign: Epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, Severe Steven –Johnson syndrome, Prophyria, Toxi Epidermolysis Necrosis, Staphylococci Scalded skin syndromeOil drop sign: PsoriasisOllendorf sign: Secondary syphilis.Onycholysis: PsoroasisPapyraceous scarring: Ehler-Dahlos syndromeParrot’s beak nose: Crouzon syndromePastia’s lines: Scarlet feverPercussion contraction: Congenital myotoniaPetrified man: Myositis? ossificans progressivaPink teeth: Internal resorption, LeprosyPterygium of nails: Lichen planusRaspberry tongue: Scarlet feverRed strawberry tongue: Scarlet feverRodent facies: ThalassemiaShagreen patch: Tuberous sclerosisShepard's crook sign: Fibrous dysplasiaSimian stance: Paget’s diseaseSkin with sand paper texture: Scarlet feverSnail track ulcers: SyphilisSocks feet: Apert’s syndromeSteinberg’s sign: Marfan syndromeStrawberry gingivitis: Wegner's granulomatosisSubmerged teeth: Ankylosed teethSulphur like granules in pus: Actinomycosis, BotryomycosisSun burn with goose pimples appearance: Scarlet feverSwan neck: Dystrophic myotoniaTapir lips: Mild restricted muscular dystrophyTarget lesion: Steven-Johnson syndromeWhite strawberry tongue: Scarlet feverWoronhoff's ring: Halo around any skin lesionWrist sign: Marfan syndromeAsboe-Hansen sign?(also known as "indirect Nikolsky sign" or "Nikolsky II sign") refers to the extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressure is put on the top of the bulla.Acroosteolysis?is resorption of the distal bony phalanges. Acroosteolysis has two patterns of resorption in adults: diffuse and band like.A diffuse pattern of resorption has a wide differential diagnosis and can include the following: pyknodysostosis, collagen vascular disease and vasculitis, Raynaud's neuropathy, trauma, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, frostbite, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A band like pattern of resorption may be seen with polyvinyl chloride exposure and Hadju-Cheney syndrome. A mnemonic commonly used for acro-osteolysis is PINCHFO - Pyknodysostosis, Psoriasis, Injury (thermal burn, frostbite), Neuropathy (diabetes), Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma, Raynaud's), Hyperparathyroidism, Familial (Hadju-Cheney, progeria), Occupational (polyvinyl exposure).Apple jelly nodules in nasal septum:?It is the nodular form of the tuberculosis in nasal mucosa. It begins in the vestibule and extends to adjoining skin and mucosa. It is the result of direct inoculation. It presents as glistening reddish brown or skin colored nodules also known as ‘apple jelly nodules’. An attempt to blench them with a glass slide [Diascopy] makes them more prominent, as they tend to stand out amidst blenched surrounding.? These nodules may coalesce to form characteristic ulcer with a pale granular base and undermined margins. Untreated patients tend to progress to scarring and resultant disfigurement of the external nose.Arnold head:?In Cleidocranial dysplasia, the fontanelles may remain open until adulthood, but the sutures often close with interposition of wormian bones. Bosses of the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions give the skull a large globular shape with small face. The characteristic skull abnormalities are sometimes referred to as the "Arnold head" named after the descendants of a Chinese who settled in South Africa and changed his name to Arnold.Ash-leaf spots:?Hypomelanic macules in Tuberous sclerosis. They are white or lighter patches of skin that may appear anywhere on the body and are caused by a lack of melanin. These are usually the only visible sign of diseases at birth. In fair-skinned individuals a Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light) may be required to see them.Auspitz's sign?is the appearance of punctate bleeding spots when psoriasis scales are scraped off, named after Heinrich Auspitz.This happens because there is thinning of the epidermal layer overlying the tips of the dermal papillae and blood vessels within the papillae are dilated and tortuous, which bleed readily when the scale is removed.Borsari's sign or Borsari's line :?Dermatological sign that consists of pressure by a sharp object (such as a fingernail) producing a white line on the skin that quickly turns red. It is present in scarlet fever.Braverman's sign?is a dermatological sign that consists of fine telangiectasias around the nail (periungually). They may be associated with connective tissue diseases.Buffalo hump: Cushing’s syndrome, the fat relocalization in nape of the neck resembling the buffalo’s humpBull neck: Diphtheria, The bacterial exotoxin may also cause severe swelling in the neck, that resembles the bull’s humpButton-hole sign: Neurofibromatosis. invagination of a nodule when pressed with a finger, a characteristic of neurofibromatosisCarpet tack lesions: Discoid lupus erythematosus. There are follicular hyperkeratotic plugs causing a carpet tack appearance as they project from the undersurface of the scale when it is removed from advanced lesions. The dyspigmentation of older lesions often presents as central hypopigmentation and peripheral hyperpigmentation.Cerebriform tongue: Pemphigus vegetans. Also known as Furrowed /Grooved/ Lingua Fissurata/Lingua Plicata/Lingua Scrotalis/Plicated Tongue/Scrotal TongueCharcot’s triad: Seen in multiple sclerosis, characterized by intention tremor, nystagmus, dysarthriaChipmunk facies: Thalassemia. The bones of the head and face become enlarged and deformed causing an abnormal appearance resulting in a typical “chipmunk facies” appearance. This occurs because the bone marrow, the site of red blood cell production, becomes hyperactive [enlarged] in an attempt to produce sufficient red cells to overcome the effects of the profound anaemia.Chovstek’s sign: The Chvostek sign is one of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia. It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve. When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips) because of hypocalcemia (i.e. from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves. Though classically described in hypocalcemia, this sign may also be encountered in respiratory alkalosis, such as that seen in hyperventilation, which actually causes decreased serum Ca2+?with a normal calcium level due to a shift of Ca2+?from the blood to albumin which has become more negative in the alkalotic py's sign:? Measles. White patches due to degenerated squamous epithelium occurring on buccal mucosa and gingival.Cobble stone appearance: Lymphangioma, Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, Heck’s diseaseCrowe’s sign: Neurofibromatosis. Presence of axillary (armpit) freckling in people with neurofibromatosis type IDennie–Morgan fold: ?also known as a Dennie–Morgan line or an infraorbital fold, is a fold or line in the skin below the lower eyelid caused by edema in atopic dermatitis. The presence of Dennie–Morgan folds is used as a diagnostic marker for allergyForschemmier sign: Rubella. Forchheimer spots are a fleeting enanthem seen as small, red spots (petechiae) on the soft palate in 20% of patients with rubella. They precede or accompany the skin rash of rubella. They are not diagnostic of rubella, as similar spots can be seen in measles and scarlet fever. The sign is named after Frederick ForchheimerFournier’s molars: congenital syphilis, when screw driver shaped.Gorlin sign: Ehler -Danlos Syndrome. Ability to touch the tip of the nose with tongue and touch the elbow with the tongueGrattage sign: Psoriasis. Gentle scraping of the surface of a psoriasis plaque with a glass slide will remove the loosely attached scales and reveal a shiny surface peppered with fine bleeding points. These bleeding points represent the dilated and tortuous capillary blood vessels in the papillary dermis, one of the characteristic pathological events taking place in psoriasis affected skin. This sign is known as?Auspitz sign, which is a diagnostic sign of psoriasis.Hamman’s crunch: Cervicofacial emphysema. Hamman's sign (AKA Hammond's sign or Hammond's crunch) is a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema produced by the heart beating against air-filled tissues.It is named after Johns Hopkins clinician Louis Hamman. This sound is heard best over the left lateral position. It has been described as a series of precordial crackles that correlate with the heart beat and not the respirations. Also heard together with spontaneous pneumothorax; small and not a total lung collapse, on the left side. Sounds like bubbles hitting the inside of the chest. Can be felt/seen. Hamman's crunch is caused by pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium, and is associated with tracheobronchial injury due to trauma, medical procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) or proximal pulmonary bleb rupture. It is commonly seen in Boerhaave syndrome.Hebra nose: Rhinoscleroma. Epistaxis, nasal deformity, and destruction of the nasal cartilage are also noted along with the damage may result in anesthesia of the soft palate, enlargement of the uvula, dysphonia, and various degrees of airway obstruction. Higomenakis's sign: Congenital syphilis. A unilateral enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle, seen in congenital syphilis. It is an end result of neonatal periostitis.Hutchinson's sign: Herpes zoster. A skin lesion on the tip of the nose precedes the development of ophthalmic herpes zosterHutchinson's triad: Congenital syphilis with Hypoplasia of incisor (Pegged laterals, screw driver shaped central incisor and mulberry molars), Eighth nerve deafness and Interstitial keratitis.Iris pearl’s: Leprosy. Miliary lepromas or iris pearls near the pupillary margins, which are spherical yellowish opaque micronodules upto 2 mm in size.Koebner phenomenon: Desquamative gingivitis, Lichen planus, pemphigus, Epidermolysis bullosa dystropica. Also called the "Koebner response" or the "isomorphic response", refers to skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma. The Koebner phenomenon may result from either a linear exposure or irritation. Conditions demonstrating linear lesions after a linear exposure to a causative agent include: molluscum contagiosum, warts and toxicodendron dermatitis (a dermatitis caused by a genus of plants including poison ivy). Warts and molluscum contagiosum lesions can be spread in linear patterns by self-scratching ("auto-inoculation"). Toxicodendron dermatitis lesions are often linear from brushing up against the plant. Causes of the Koebner phenomenon that are secondary to scratching rather than an infective or chemical cause include vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen nitidus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and keratosis follicularis (Darier disease). Also seen in Psoriasis, Pityriasis rubra pilaris, Lichen planus, Lichen nitidus, Vitiligo, Lichen sclerosus, Elastosis perforans serpiginosa, Kaposi sarcoma, Necrobiosis lipoidica and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Warts and molluscum contagiosum are often listed as causing a Koebner reaction, but this is by direct inoculation of viral particles.Koplik's spots: Measles. Koplik spots are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two days before the measles rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa near each Stensen's duct (on the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary 2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measlesLisch nodules:? Neurofibromatosis. A Lisch nodule is a pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes affecting the iris, named after Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Lisch.Livedo reticularis: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears like a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin.The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by thrombi. It can be caused by any condition that makes venules swell. The condition may be normal or may be related to more severe underlying pathology. It has a broad differential diagnosis, broadly divided into possible blood diseases, autoimmune (rheumatologic) diseases, heart (cardiovascular) diseases, cancers, and endocrine disorders. It can usually (in 80% of cases) be diagnosed by biopsy.Millian sign: Erysipelas. Involvement of the ear (Milian's ear sign) is a distinguishing feature for erysipelas since this region does not contain deeper dermis tissue. ?Nikolsky’s sign: Epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, Severe Steven –Johnson syndrome, Prophyria, Toxi Epidermolysis Necrosis, Staphylococci Scalded skin syndrome. The sign is present when slight rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer, forming a blister within minutes.Oil drop sign: Psoriasis. A translucent discolouration in the nail bed that resembles a drop of oil beneath the nail plateOllendorf sign: Secondary syphilis. AKA Buschke-Ollendorff sign - This is a sign to be elicited in case of secondary syphilis and cutaneous vasculitis, where there is deep dermal tenderness on pressing the lesion (e.g., papular lesions of syphilis) with a pinhead.Pastia’s lines: Scarlet fever. Pastia's sign, Pastia lines or Thompson's sign is a clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin creases, particularly the crease in the antecubital fossa, the soft inside depression on the inside of the arm; the folding crease divides this fossa where the forearm meets the (upper) arm (the biceps, triceps, humerus section of the upper extremity); the inside of the elbow (the inside flexor depression (fossa) of the elbow. It occurs in patients with scarlet fever prior to the appearance of the rash and persists as pigmented lines after desquamation. ................
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