THE TENSES



THE TENSES

Règles générales

Tous les temps continus (être en train de) : be (au temps voulu) + verbe en ING

Tous les temps perfects : have (au temps voulu) + participe passé

Toutes les voix passives : be (au temps voulu) + participe passé

Exemples

Infinifive continous de eat

Present continuous de eat

Past continuous de eat

Future continuous de eat

Conditional continuous de eat

Present perfect continuous de eat

Past perfect continuous de eat

Present perfect de try

Past perfect de try

Future perfect de try

Conditional perfect de try

Present simple passive de interview

Present continuous passive de interview

Past simple passive de interview

Past continuous passive de interview

Present perfect simple passive

Future simple passive

Future perfect passive

Conditional simple passive

Conditional perfect passive

THE IMPERATIVE

ordres/invitations

Open the door, will you ?

Don’t forget to bring your books to school !

(Don’t) Let’s start the game now !!

Let’s not start the game now!

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

!!!!! –S à la 3° personne singulier/ do-does/

1/ Vérités générales/habitudes/actions répétées (Adverbes de fréquence/ twice a week/ every Tuesday/ …)

I don’t often work on Sundays

He lives in a flat

The sun rises in the East.

What do you do? –I work in a bank!

2/ Remplace un futur quand on parle « horaire » (transports en commun/cinéma/ …)

His train arrives at 8 pm tomorrow

3/ Remplace un futur simple dans une subordonnée de temps (introduite par as soon as/when/before/ …)

My parents will buy a new car when they have enough money.

As soon as I am 18, I will take my driving test.

I will tell John the story when I see him.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1/ indique qu’une action temporaire est en train de se dérouler (Now-at present-at the moment-today-this week … (for a limited period of time))

What are you doing here?

He is living in a flat (if it’s temporary).

It’s raining today.

2/ remplace un futur pour une action arrangée, planifiée par le sujet du verbe

We are going to the cinema tonight.

I am spending my holidays in Greece next summer.

3/ indique qu’une habitude de qqn ennuie le speaker (avec always) (toujours en train de ..)

He is always telling me what to do !

I am fed up. He is always complaining !!

Attention aux verbes qui ne peuvent pas se mettre au continu de par leur sens (on ne peut pas être en train de …) : understand/ love/ want/see (dans le sens de “voir”: I see a car coming mais I am seeing my girlfriend tomorrow dans le sens de “rencontrer /think (dans le sens “d’avoir une opinion” : I think this guy is crazy mais dans le sens de “rêver à”: I am thinking of my grand-father)/ taste: This soup tastes good -I am tasting the soup to check if it is ok ) etc…

To be peut se mettre au continu dans le cas d’un comportement inhabituel d’une personne.

He is mean! (c’est sa nature).-He is being mean! He isn’t usually like that! (dans cette situation bien precise, il l’est… mais pas d’habitude, ce n’est pas son caractère)

THE SIMPLE PAST

!!!-ED ou verbes irréguliers/did-didn’t

Last…/ …ago/ (the day before) yesterday

1/ habitudes dans le passé (adv. de fréquence possibles)

Did you sometimes go to school on foot when you were young ?

2/ action unique dans le passé et la durée n’est pas accentuée-un fait est mentionné

I watched tv last night.

I lived in a village when I was young.

3/ indique une action, un état imaginaire

If I was rich, I would buy a new house.

I wish I were a good guitar player

THE PAST CONTINUOUS

1/ on insiste sur la durée d’une action passée qui était en train de se dérouler …

a/ …quand une autre survint

We were playing tennis when it started to rain.

What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday ?

b/ … à un moment précis

What were you doing yesterday at 8 pm ?

c/… en même temps qu’une autre (while)

We were watching tv while my parents were reading last night.

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Have/has (not) + participe passé (régulier ou pas)

1/ indique une action répétée/ habituelle du passé jusqu’au présent (utilisation de since/ for ou in my life … exprimés ou sous-entendus en fonction du contexte)

I have seen him several times since he had his accident

I have been to Ireland many times (in my life)

How long have you lived in this village?

2/ avec les mots suivants …

Today/ this week … (on est toujours dans cette période, la période n’est pas encore passée)

I have worked hard today (et l’action est terminée pour aujourd’hui)

I have talked to her this week

Many things have happened this year (possible jusqu’en décembre) !)

This actress has played in many movies (in her life, she is still alive)

So far, in my life, it’s the first (second) time (in my life), up to now, ever, never (je vis toujours)

I have visited 10 European countries (in my life, so far, up to now)

I have never visited my cousins.

Have you ever seen a ghost ?

Recently, lately

I haven’t played tennis recently

Already, not yet

I have already finished the job but she hasn’t started yet.

Just

I have just met your brother !

3/ une action passée a des conséquences dans le présent et ce sont ces conséquences dans le présent qui sont significatives

I am looking for my wallet (consequence) ! I have lost it. Can you see it ?

It has stopped raining. We can go out now (consequence)!

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1/ une action a commencé dans le passé et est toujours en train de se dérouler maintenant (utilisation de since/for exprimée ou sous-entendue)

I have been working hard today (pas terminé!) (contraste avec I have worked hard today: action finie)

I have been reading for 2 hours

How long have you been waiting?

The ground is wet. It’s been raining. (il pleut toujours) (It has rained serait une conséquence et en plus, il ne pleut plus)

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Had + participe passé (régulier ou pas)

1/… se situe avant une autre action passée

Before we went to the restaurant yesterday, we had been to the cinema.

2/ … voir le present perfect et transposer ces règles dans le passé

When I met him yesterday, he had just finished his job.

He had been a teacher since 1975 before he died

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Be au past perfect =Had been + verbe en ing

1/… se situe avant une action passée

… voir le present perfect continuous et transposer dans le passé

We had been reading outside for 2 hours when it started to rain.

How long had you been waiting before he arrived?

When we went out last night, it had been snowing.

TO BE GOING TO

1/ indique l’ intention du sujet de la phrase mais les choses n’ont pas encore été planifiées, ni arrangées (contraste avec le Present Continuous)

They are going to spend their holidays in Greece.

What are you going to do?

She explained she was going to move to another town.

2/ Qqc va se passer, c’est clair pour le speaker en fonction des circonstances énoncées

Look at the sky (circonstances) ! It is going to rain

Please, slow down (circonstances-you are driving too fast) ! We are going to have an accident !

THE SIMPLE FUTURE

!!! will-won’t

Next…/ tomorrow/ the day after tomorrow/ in 10 years…

!!! attention ! ce temps est remplacé par le présent simple dans les subordonnées temporelles (voir le présent simple)

1/ indique que qqc se passera dans le futur mais sans connotation particulière (voir la différence avec « to be going to »)

My parents will call you when they have returned from Greece (utilisé dans la principale-pas ...be going to- quand on a une subordonnée introduite par when/ as soon as/ if…)

We will go to the USA next summer if it is possible

Moore’s new film will be released next week

2/ on prend une décision et on l’exprime spontanément

I will have a coke, please !!

Don’t worry ! I will find a solution !

3/ indique un comportement habituel chez qqn

He will always try to help you.

That’s like him! He will always repeat the same things several times !

4/ utilisé avec probably/ perhaps/ I think…/ I am sure/ It is likely that …

My father will probably buy a new car

He thinks he will find a solution

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

This time tomorrow I will be playing tennis

THE FUTURE PERFECT

By this time tomorrow I will have finished the job

Attention à la subordonnée de temps!

I will call you when I will have finished the job

THE CONDITIONAL SIMPLE

Would-wouldn’t

1/ quand il y a condition

He would be happy if you visited him

2/ indique un comportement habituel de qqn dans le passé

I remember him! He would always speak about his travels when you met him.

3/ dans le discours indirect

He told me he wouldn’t come to your party!

THE CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS

If I was not here, I would be helping my father

THE CONDITIONAL PERFECT

If I had known, I would have bought another type of car

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