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GCSE BIOLOGY (AQA)

Unit 1 - The use and abuse of drugs

End of Topic Assessment

Time allowed: 25 minutes

Instructions:

• Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen.

• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.

• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

• All working must be shown.

• Do all rough work in this book.

• Cross through any work you do not want marked.

Information:

• The maximum mark for this paper is 22.

• Mark allocations are shown in brackets.

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| | | |Total (22) | |

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|The picture below is from an advertising campaign highlighting the dangers of smoking. | |

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|[pic] | |

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|People abuse drugs because when they first take them they may change the way that person feels. Drugs change the chemical processes in people’s bodies so| |

|that they may become dependent or addicted to them. For example, cocaine leads to increased levels of neurotransmitters (chemicals released at synapses).| |

|If they stop taking the drugs they may suffer withdrawal symptoms without them. | |

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|Which system in the body is directly affected when a drug changes the way a person feels? | |

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|(i) How do the chemical changes linked with cocaine lead to someone | |

|becoming addicted. | |

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|(ii) Name a drug that is more addictive than nicotine in cigarette smoke or | |

|cocaine. | |

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|Why do withdrawal symptoms occur when someone stops taking cocaine? | |

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|2. Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco. People can be helped to stop smoking by giving them nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). The table | |

|gives the results of trials of different types of NRT. | |

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|Smokers given NRT | |

|Smokers given placebo | |

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|Type of NRT | |

|Number of | |

|smokers in trial | |

|Percentage of | |

|smokers who gave up smoking | |

|Number of | |

|smokers in trial | |

|Percentage of | |

|smokers who gave up smoking | |

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|Gum | |

|7387 | |

|20 | |

|9319 | |

|12 | |

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|Patch | |

|7708 | |

|14 | |

|5969 | |

|8 | |

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|Nasal spray | |

|448 | |

|24 | |

|439 | |

|12 | |

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|Inhaler | |

|490 | |

|14 | |

|486 | |

|8 | |

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|Tablet | |

|243 | |

|20 | |

|245 | |

|13 | |

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|(a) (i) What is a placebo? | |

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|(ii) Why was a placebo used in these NRT trials? |7 |

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|(b) (i) In which trial was the data most reliable? | |

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|(ii) Give the reason for your answer. | |

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|(c) (i) Which type of NRT was most effective? | |

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|(ii) Explain the reasons for your answer. | |

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|Turn over ► | |

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|3. Read the description of an investigation into the link between smoking cannabis and heroin addiction. | |

|Six ‘teenage’ rats were given a small dose of THC – the active chemical in cannabis – every three days between the ages of 28 and 49 days. This is the | |

|equivalent of human ages 12 to 18. | |

|The amount of THC given was roughly equivalent to a human smoking one cannabis ‘joint’ every three days. | |

|A control group of six ‘teenage’ rats did not receive THC. | |

|After 56 days catheters (narrow tubes) were inserted in all twelve of the now adult rats and they were able to self-administer heroin by pushing a lever. | |

|All the rats began to self-administer heroin frequently. After a while, they stabilised their daily intake at a certain level. | |

|The ones that had been on THC as ‘teenagers’ stabilised their heroin intake at a much higher level than the others. They appeared to be less sensitive to | |

|the effects of heroin. This pattern continued throughout their lives. | |

|Reduced sensitivity to the heroin means that the rats take larger doses. This has been shown to increase the risk of addiction. | |

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|Evaluate this investigation with respect to establishing a link between cannabis smoking and heroin addiction in humans. | |

|Remember to include a conclusion to your evaluation. | |

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|4. It is legal in the UK to use certain recreational drugs but illegal to use others. Tobacco and alcohol are legal drugs. Illegal drugs are classified | |

|as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are the most dangerous. The use of Class A drugs attracts the most serious punishments and fines. | |

|Cannabis was recently upgraded from being a Class drug to a Class B drug. | |

|These are some facts about cannabis. | |

|• It is less addictive than tobacco or alcohol. | |

|• It may cause mental illness. | |

|• It does not seem to cause major social problems. | |

|• It may be a ‘gateway’ drug to more harmful substances. | |

|• It has a higher tar content than tobacco. | |

|• It has an effect on the heart, similar to the effects of exercise. | |

|• It can upset the control of blood pressure. | |

|Use the above information to answer these questions. | |

|(a) Give two reasons why many people wanted Cannabis to be upgraded from being a Class C drug to a Class B drug. | |

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|(b) Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis should not be classified as an illegal drug. | |

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|END OF QUESTIONS | |

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